Causes of Rubella
Rubella Causes: Book Excerpts
Related information on causes of Rubella:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Rubella may be found in:
Causes of Rubella: Online Medical Books
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for more information about the causes of Rubella.
Rubella:
Causes
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The rubella virus is transmitted through contact with the blood, urine, stools, or nasopharyngeal secretions of infected people and, possibly, by contact with contaminated articles of clothing. Transplacental transmission, especially in the first trimes-ter of pregnancy, can cause serious birth defects, such as microcephaly, mental retardation, patent ductus arteriosus, glaucoma, and bone defects. (See Congenital rubella syndrome.) Humans are the only known hosts for the rubella virus. The disease is contagious from about 10 days before the rash appears until 5 days after it has appeared.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rubella:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
The rubella virus is transmitted through contact with the blood, urine, stools, or nasopharyngeal secretions of infected persons and possibly by contact with contaminated articles of clothing. Transplacental transmission, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, can cause serious birth defects.
Humans are the only known hosts for the rubella virus. The period of communicability lasts from about 10 days before until 5 days after the rash appears.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Jaundice - Case 15-1: 14-Day-Old Boy:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
The differential diagnosis for the systemically ill neonate is quite broad.
Infectious causes are often considered first, especially common bacterial
pathogens (e.g., group B
Streptococcus, staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes) and viruses (e.g., HSV, enterovirus). Less often, fungi (e.g., Candida species) and other classes of organisms (e.g., parasites) are implicated.
Congenital heart disease is another critically important consideration in sick
neonates; ductal-dependent anatomic lesions (e.g., coarctation of the aorta,
hypoplastic left heart syndrome) and tachydysrhythmias may manifest early in
life with profound cardiovascular compromise. Shock can also be seen in
severely anemic infants
—for instance, after a placental catastrophe or even a major intracranial
hemorrhage. Multiorgan dysfunction can also result from perinatal asphyxia,
neonatal surgical emergencies, and a multiplicity of endocrine and metabolic
abnormalities (including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, glucose and
electrolyte derangements, and numerous inborn errors of metabolism).
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the neonate, such as that seen in the patient
described here, also has a multiplicity of causes. Among the possibilities are
idiopathic neonatal hepatitis,
α1-antitrypsin deficiency, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, bile acid synthesis
deficiency, exposure to intravenous hyperalimentation, and long lists of
infections and disorders of hepatobiliary anatomy. Similarly, neonatal
hepatomegaly is seen in a wide variety of settings, including infections
—either congenitally acquired (e.g., TORCH) or acute-onset (e.g., sepsis);
neonatal hepatitis; liver or gall bladder disease (e.g.,
α1-antitrypsin deficiency, biliary atresia, choledochal cyst); hydrops or
congestive heart failure; tumors; and metabolic disease (e.g., glycogen storage
diseases, galactosemia, tyrosinemia).
In addition to jaundice and hepatomegaly, the baby in this case study had
elevated liver enzymes and possible liver synthetic dysfunction (as a potential
contributing factor in his coagulopathy). In addition, his hepatobiliary
scintigraphic examination was concerning for its lack of excretion at 4 hours.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Seizures - Case 19-1: 8-Day-Old Girl:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
Seizures are a feature of almost all brain disorders in the newborn. The time of
onset of the first seizure is helpful in determining the cause. The causes of
neonatal seizures that occur after the first 72 hours of life include
intracranial infection, intracranial hemorrhage, metabolic abnormalities,
developmental defects, and drug withdrawal. Intracranial infections occur in 5%
to 10% of neonatal seizures, and after 72 hours of life group B streptococci
and
Listeria monocytogenes are common bacterial causes. Seizures with HSV typically occur during the second
week of life, and 30% of infected infants present with a vesicular rash.
Intracranial hemorrhages are frequently associated with hypoxic-ischemic or
traumatic birth injury. Intraventricular hemorrhages principally occur in the
premature infant, and subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages usually occur in
the term infant. Metabolic abnormalities include disturbances of glucose,
calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Hypocalcemia is associated with low birth
weight, asphyxia, maternal diabetes, transient neonatal hypoparathyroidism, and
microdeletions of chromosome 22q11. Other metabolic abnormalities include
inborn errors of metabolism, especially aminoacidurias, because protein and
glucose feedings have been initiated. Aberrations of brain development are
usually related to a disturbance of neuronal migration such as lissencephaly,
pachygyria, or polymicrogyria. Passive addiction of the newborn and drug
withdrawal may involve narcotic-analgesics (methadone), sedative-hypnotics
(shorter-acting barbiturates), cocaine, alcohol, or tricyclic antidepressants.
In the case described, the results of CSF analysis were suggestive of
intracranial infection, but interpretation of the Gram stain was misleading.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Seizures - Case 19-2: 10-Day-Old Boy:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
Many neonatal seizures are idiopathic. The most common definable etiologic
agents are asphyxia, intracranial infection, trauma, nontraumatic hemorrhage,
strokes, metabolic disorders, CNS malformations, and maternal drug abuse.
Seizures due to perinatal asphyxia typically occur within the first 24 hours of
life. Common infectious causes in the first week of life include bacterial
meningitis due to group B
Streptococcus and Escherichia coli. Neonates with HSV meningitis typically present during the second week of life,
but up to 40% develop symptoms within the first 5 days of life. Intracranial
hemorrhage of any cause can provoke seizures. Neonatal seizures related to
birth trauma with subsequent subarachnoid hemorrhage or subdural and epidural
hematomas usually occur within the first 72 hours of life. Nontraumatic causes
of intracranial hemorrhage, including ruptured arteriovenous malformations and
underlying disorders of coagulation, can occur at any time. Metabolic disorders
include hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and pyridoxine dependency. Neonatal
hypocalcemia occurring after the third day of life is usually caused by
transient relative hypoparathyroidism. The immature neonatal parathyroid may be
unable to handle an excessive phosphate load, particularly if the infant is fed
a formula with a relatively low ratio of calcium to phosphorus. Rarely,
prolonged phototherapy induces hypocalcemia. Phototherapy decreases melatonin
secretion, which decreases glucocorticoid secretion, which in turn leads to an
increase in bone calcium uptake with subsequent hypocalcemia. Multiple defects
in urea cycle and organic acid metabolism may cause seizures in the neonatal
period. Infants with these disorders usually have unexplained stupor, coma, and
vomiting in addition to seizures. Infants born to mothers who have used heroin
or methadone may have seizures, although other symptoms, such as poor feeding,
diarrhea, sweating, jitteriness, and irritability, are more common.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
German Measles (Third Disease, Rubella):
German Measles - pathophysiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Respiratory transmission
- Replication in nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes
- Viremia 5–7 days after exposure, with spread of virus throughout body
- In congenital rubella syndrome, transplanted infection of fetus occurs during viremia
German Measles - etiology
Rubella virus
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Measles (Rubeola, First Disease):
Measles - pathophysiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Transmission of measles is thought to occur mainly by microaerosolized droplets of respiratory secretions.
Measles - etiology
- Measles is a paramyxovirus, genus Morbillivirus.
- 1st isolated in 1954 in human and monkey kidney tissue cultures
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
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