Prevalence and Incidence of Rubella
Rubella: Rare Disease
Rubella is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Rubella, or a subtype of Rubella,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Rubella Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Incidence (annual) of Rubella:
364 cases annually (1998); incidence greatly reduced by MMR vaccination programs ... see also overview of Rubella.
Incidence Rate:
approx 1 in 747,252 or 0.00% or 364 people in USA [Source statistic for calcuation: "364 cases annually (1998); incidence greatly reduced by MMR vaccination programs" -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence extrapolations for USA for Rubella:
364 per year,
30 per month,
7 per week,
0 per day,
0 per hour,
0 per minute,
0 per second.
[Source statistic for calculation: "364 cases annually (1998); incidence greatly reduced by MMR vaccination programs" -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence statistics for Rubella:
The following statistics relate to the incidence of Rubella:
- 267 annual cases notified in USA 1999 (MMWR 1999)
- 23 new cases of German measles annually in the US 2001 (Health, United States, 2003, NCHS, CDC)
- 0.09 per 100,000 in Canada 20001
- 1.3 new cases of rubella per 100,000 population was notified in Australia 2002 (Yohannes K, Roche P, Blumer C et al. 2004, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- 255 new cases of rubella was notified in Australia 2002 (Yohannes K, Roche P, Blumer C et al. 2004, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- more statistics...»
More Statistics about Rubella:
Hospitalization statistics
All statistics for Rubella
Prevalence/Incidence of Rubella: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Rubella.
Jaundice - Case 15-1: 14-Day-Old Boy:
III. Incidence and Pathophysiology
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
Galactosemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism that occurs in 1 of every
60,000 infants. It is caused by the absence of an enzyme of galactose
metabolism. Presenting signs in the galactose-exposed, affected neonate can
include jaundice, hepatomegaly, seizures, lethargy, vomiting, hypoglycemia,
cataracts, and failure to thrive. In addition, babies with galactosemia exhibit
a heightened susceptibility to bacterial infection, particularly
Escherichia colisepsis. Although galactosemia is widely assessed in state newborn screening
programs, the onset of life-threatening clinical illness may precede the
completion of testing.
The hydrolysis of dietary lactose produces glucose and galactose. Galactose is
subsequently phosphorylated to galactose-1-phosphate. This compound, in turn,
is converted by the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase enzyme to uridine
diphosphate (UDP)-galactose. These conversions enable galactose to enter the
glycolytic pathway of the cell. If the transferase enzyme is missing, as it is
in
“classic” galactosemia, galactose-1-phosphate accumulates in the tissues, and signs and
symptoms of the disease become evident. Classic galactosemia is caused by a
mutation in the
GALT gene, which codes for the galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase enzyme. In
addition, there are two other types of
“nonclassic” galactosemia. Galactokinase deficiency, a deficiency of the enzyme necessary
for the phosphorylation of galactose, can cause jaundice, cataracts, and
elevations of plasma galactose levels but does not result in mental deficiency.
A second and still rarer type of galactosemia is caused by uridyl
diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase deficiency. This condition behaves very much
like classic galactosemia.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Seizures - Case 19-1: 8-Day-Old Girl:
III. Incidence and Epidemiology
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
L. monocytogenes, a motile gram-positive rod, was first isolated in 1926 during an investigation
of epidemic perinatal infection among a colony of rabbits. It is a common
veterinary pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in sheep and cattle. It is
widespread in the environment and is found commonly in soil and decaying
vegetation. Many foods are contaminated with this organism; it has been
recovered from raw vegetables, fish, poultry, unpasteurized milk, and certain
types of cheese. The organism has been isolated from the stools of 5% of
healthy adults, and higher rates of recovery have been reported for household
contacts of patients with clinical infection. Infection in humans is uncommon
but occurs most frequently in neonates, pregnant women, and elderly or
immunosuppressed patients. Approximately 30% of all
L. monocytogenes infections occur in neonates.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Seizures - Case 19-2: 10-Day-Old Boy:
III. Incidence and Epidemiology
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
Hyperparathyroidism has a prevalence rate of 0.15%, with a peak incidence
between 30 and 50 years of age. Approximately 80% of cases are due to a
solitary adenoma that requires resection, and 15% are due to chief cell
hyperplasia. Maternal symptoms are not apparent until the serum calcium level
exceeds 12 to 13 mg/dL. However, even mild maternal hypercalcemia leads to
chronic fetal hypercalcemia, which in turn suppresses fetal production of PTH.
After birth, calcium levels decrease but PTH production cannot be rapidly
increased. In this condition, neonatal hypoparathyroidism is transient, lasting
only several days to several weeks. Eventually, as the parathyroids become more
active, increasing PTH levels stimulate vitamin D production and extra calcium
absorption from the plentiful supply in the gut. Clinically detectable
hypocalcemia develops in 15% to 25% of infants born to mothers with
hyperparathyroidism. As in this case, neonatal seizures or tetany often leads
to a search that identifies a maternal parathyroid adenoma.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
German Measles (Third Disease, Rubella):
German Measles - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Spread person to person via airborne transmission; worldwide infection
- Infection most contagious when rash is erupting. However, virus may be shed beginning 7 days before rash to 14 days after.
- Infants with congenital rubella syndrome may shed virus for up to 1 year.
German Measles - incidence
- In temperate regions, peaks in late winter and early spring
- In prevaccine era, incidence of infection in US was ~58 per 100,000 population
- From 2001 to 2004, nearly 1/2 of the 57 cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) occurred in persons born outside the US.
- 2004: No longer endemic in the US
- Infection occurs equally in following age groups: <5 years, 5–19 years, and 20–39 years
- Congenital rubella syndrome:
- 1964: 20,000 newborns
- 1980s: Reported rarely, with <5 cases annually
- 1990–1991: ~30 cases reported annually
- 2001–2004: Total of 4 cases reported to CDC, only one with mother born in the US.
>>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Measles (Rubeola, First Disease):
Measles - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Measles is a highly contagious disease in nonimmune persons.
- Hospital or clinic waiting rooms (especially pediatric emergency department waiting rooms) have been identified as a major risk, accounting for up to 45% of the known exposures.
- With adequate immunization (2 doses 99% effective), measles could be eliminated as a disease. It is no longer endemic in the US, and goals have been set for worldwide elimination.
Measles - incidence
- Before the 1963 licensure of vaccine, approximately 500,000 cases of measles (330 cases per 100,000) population were reported annually.
- By 1983, there were only 0.7 cases per 100,000 population.
- Delays in immunization facilitated large outbreaks in the US from 1989–1991, peaking in 1990 when 27,672 cases were reported, 89 of which were fatal.
- From 1997–2001 only 540 cases of measles were reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 67% of which were associated with international importation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Rubella usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Rubella at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Rubella refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Rubella diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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