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Gastroenteritis has many possible causes, including:
❑ bacteria (responsible for acute food poisoning), such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens, and Escherichia coli
❑ amebae, especially Entamoeba histolytica
❑ parasites, such as Ascaris, Enterobius, and Trichinella spiralis
❑ viruses (may be responsible for traveler’s diarrhea) such as adenoviruses, echoviruses, or coxsackieviruses
❑ ingestion of toxins, including plants or toadstools
❑ drug reactions; for example, to antibiotics
❑ enzyme deficiencies
❑ food allergens.
The bowel reacts to any of these enterotoxins with hypermotility, producing severe diarrhea and secondary depletion of intracellular fluid. Chronic gastroenteritis is usually the result of another GI disorder such as ulcerative colitis.
Diarrhea accounts for as many as 3% of pediatric office visits and 10% of hospitalizations for patients younger than age 5. Each year, gastroenteritis affects every adult and accounts for 8 million physician visits and 250,000 hospitalizations. Traveler’s diarrhea affects 20% to 25% of people traveling from industrialized countries to developing countries.
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Salmonella has more than 2,000 serotypes. Although one can attempt to memorize all of them, a more practical method is to divide salmonella into two basic categories: invasive (enteric fever) and noninvasive (nontyphoidal). These categories are different in transmission, presentation, and management.
Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
The term 'prevalence' of Salmonella enteritidis usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing Salmonella enteritidis at any given time. The term 'incidence' of Salmonella enteritidis refers to the annual diagnosis rate, or the number of new cases of Salmonella enteritidis diagnosed each year. Hence, these two statistics types can differ: a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence, but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence. For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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