All statistics for Scarlet fever
Prevalence/Incidence of Scarlet fever: Online Medical Books
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Colorado tick fever:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Colorado tick fever is transmitted to humans by a hard-shelled wood tick called Dermacentor andersoni. The adult tick acquires the virus when it bites infected rodents and remains permanently infective.
Incidence is high in Colorado, where up to 15% of people who regularly camp show past exposure. It's much less common in the rest of the United States.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Lassa fever:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
A chronic infection in rodents, Lassa virus is transmitted to humans by contact with infected rodent urine, feces, and saliva. The virus enters the bloodstream, lymph vessels, and respiratory and digestive tracts. It then multiplies in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. In the early stages of this illness, when the virus is in the throat, human transmission may occur through inhalation of infected droplets.
As many as 100 cases of Lassa fever occur annually in western Africa; the disease is rare in the United States.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Relapsing fever:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis) carries louse-borne relapsing fever (B. recurrentis), which typically occurs in epidemics during wars, famines, and mass migrations. Cold weather and crowded living conditions also favor the spread of body lice.
Inoculation takes place when the victim crushes the louse, causing its infected blood or body fluid to soak into the victim's bitten or abraded skin or mucous membranes.
Louse-borne relapsing fever is most common in North and Central Africa, Europe, Asia, and South America. No cases of louse-borne relapsing fever have been reported in the United States since 1900.
Tick-borne relapsing fever, however, is found in the United States and is caused by at least 15 Borrelia species; the three species most commonly identified with tick carriers are B. hermsii (associated with Ornithodoros hermsi), B. turicatae (associated with O. turicata), and B. parkeri (associated with O. parkeri). This form of the disease is most prevalent in Texas and other western states, usually during the summer when ticks and their hosts (chipmunks, goats, squirrels, rabbits, mice, rats, owls, lizards, and prairie dogs) are most active. In the colder weather, outbreaks sometimes afflict people such as campers who sleep in tick-infested cabins.
Because tick bites are virtually painless and most Ornithodoros ticks feed at night but don’t imbed themselves in the victim’s skin, many people are bitten unknowingly.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Rheumatic fever appears to be a hypersensitivity reaction to a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection, in which antibodies manufactured to combat streptococci react and produce characteristic lesions at specific tissue sites, especially in the heart and joints. Because very few persons (3%) with streptococcal infections ever contract rheumatic fever, altered host resistance must be involved in its development or recurrence. Although rheumatic fever tends to be familial, this may merely reflect contributing environmental factors. For example, in lower socioeconomic groups, incidence is highest in children between ages 5 and 15, probably as a result of malnutrition and crowded living conditions. This disease strikes generally during cool, damp weather in the winter and early spring. In the United States, it’s most common in the northern states.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rocky Mountain spotted fever:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
R. rickettsii is transmitted to a human or small animal by the prolonged bite (4 to 6 hours) of an adult tick — the wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) in the west and by the dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) in the east. Occasionally, it's acquired through inhalation (it can occur in laboratory settings where aerosolization of blood and specimens may occur) or through the contact of abraded skin with tick excreta or tissue juices. (This explains why people should'nt crush ticks between their fingers when removing them from other people and animals.) In most tick-infested areas, 1% to 5% of the ticks harbor R. rickettsii.
Endemic throughout the continental United States, RMSF is particularly prevalent in the southeast and southwest. Because RMSF is associated with outdoor activities, such as camping and backpacking, the incidence of this illness is usually higher in the spring and summer. Epidemiologic surveillance reports for RMSF indicate that the incidence is also higher in children ages 5 to 9, men and boys, and whites.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Fever - Case 11-1: 18-Month-Old Girl:
III. Epidemiology and Incidence
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
NF1 and NF2 are genetic disorders in which affected patients develop both benign
and malignant tumors at increased frequency. NF1 is associated with cutaneous
lesions, vision loss, and skeletal problems; cataract formation and hearing
loss are more typically associated with NF2. NF1, also known as von
Recklinghausen
's neurofibromatosis or peripheral neurofibromatosis, is an autosomal dominant
condition. Half of the cases occur in patients with a family history of NF1,
and the other half occur as spontaneous mutations. The incidence is
approximately 1 in 3,000. The clinical manifestations of NF1 result from
alterations of the NF1 gene located on chromosome 17. The gene product, termed
neurofibromin, is thought to function as a tumor suppressor, but research is
still ongoing.
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Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Fever - Case 11-4: 7-Month-Old Girl:
III. Epidemiology and Incidence
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
AIN can occur as an isolated phenomenon (primary AIN) or in association with a
known precipitating factor (secondary AIN), such as other autoimmune disorders,
infections, medications, and malignancies. In infants and young children, the
term
primary AIN usually refers to AIN in infancy (formerly known as chronic benign neutropenia).
The average age at diagnosis of AIN in infancy is 8 months (range, 1 to 38
months). Two thirds of patients are diagnosed between 5 and 15 months of age.
The estimated frequency is 1 per 100,000 children, making it more common than
the severe chronic neutropenias such as cyclic neutropenia.
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Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Fever and Petechiae:
Fever and Petechiae - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Although there are no strong epidemiologic data, the presentation of fever and petechiae is rare compared with the presentation of fever alone.
- A great majority of patients (between 70–80%) presenting with fever and petechiae have defined or presumed viral infections, which are most often caused by enterovirus or adenovirus.
- Several prospective studies have documented that between 2–15% of children presenting with fever and petechiae will have an invasive bacterial disease, most commonly Neisseria meningitides.
- Infants and toddlers are at greatest risk of having an invasive bacterial infection with fever and petechiae.
- Teenagers and young adults are most commonly affected by outbreaks of meningococcemia, presenting with fever and petechiae.
- Streptococcal pharyngitis may cause fever and petechiae in the well-appearing child.
- Other etiologies, such as acute leukemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) are responsible for between 5–10% of cases of fever and petechiae.
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Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Scarlet Fever:
Scarlet Fever - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- No sex predilection
- Occurs uncommonly before the age of 3 years or after the age of 15 years, possibly related to the requirement for prior sensitization and toxin-specific immunity
- All forms of streptococcal pharyngitis (i.e., with or without pyrogenic toxin) are more common in temperate and cold climates and winter and spring months, with some areas reporting an increased incidence in the fall.
- Incubation period is usually 24–48 hours.
Scarlet Fever - incidence
Peak incidence during the 1st few school years
Scarlet Fever - prevalence
By age 10, 80% of children have developed toxin-specific antibodies.
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Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Fever and Neutropenia:
Epidemiology
(Pediatric Infectious Disease)
Patients undergoing chemotherapy are at considerable risk for serious infection.
The primary cell line affected by aggressive chemotherapy is the neutrophil.
The absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is calculated by multiplying the total
number of white blood cells by the combined percentage of segmented neutrophils
and band forms.
A neutrophil count of less than 1,000/m3 is frequently associated with serious invasive infection. An absolute
neutrophil count of less than 100/m
3, often seen in patients undergoing chemotherapy, is considered life
threatening. The most recent guidelines suggest that
neutropenia be defined as an absolute neutrophil count of less than 500/m3, or less than 1,000/ m3 if there is the expectation that the counts will decrease to less than 500/m3.
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Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
Outpatient Evaluation of Fever:
Epidemiology and Etiology
(Pediatric Infectious Disease)
More than one half of all women have bacterial genital tract colonization, often
with group B streptococcus. About one half of neonates born to colonized women
themselves become colonized. Of these colonized infants, about 1% develop
invasive disease. Risk factors for invasive neonatal disease include
prematurity, maternal fever during delivery, and prolonged rupture of
membranes.
There are certain patient populations in which the chance of a serious bacterial
infection is high and the physical exam and laboratory evaluations nonspecific
enough that a full workup and empiric antibiotics are always indicated. Such a
patient is the child in the first month of life.
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Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Scarlet fever usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Scarlet fever at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Scarlet fever refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Scarlet fever diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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