Causes of Schizencephaly

Schizencephaly Causes: Book Excerpts

• Differential Diagnosis - Hallucinations
• Differential Diagnosis - Hallucinations
• Differential Overview - Delirium/Hallucinations

Schizencephaly as a symptom:

Conditions listing Schizencephaly as a symptom may also be potential underlying causes of Schizencephaly. Our database lists the following as having Schizencephaly as a symptom of that condition:

• Malformations in neuronal migration
• Septo-Optic Dysplasia

Related information on causes of Schizencephaly:

As with all medical conditions, there may be many causal factors. Further relevant information on causes of Schizencephaly may be found in:

• Hidden causes of Schizencephaly

Causes of Schizencephaly: Online Medical Books

16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE! Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the causes of Schizencephaly.

Hallucinations: Differential Diagnosis
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

• Delirium
  –Develops over hours to days
  –Fluctuates throughout the day
  –Causes include dehydration, drug-induced, electrolyte imbalance, UTI, URI, hypoglycemia, and alcohol or drug withdrawal
  –Occurs in 10–30% of hospital patients
  –Drug-induced delirium (e.g., cocaine, β-blockers, alcohol, corticosteroids, pseudoephedrine, dopaminergic drugs)
• Alcohol withdrawal (delirium tremens)
  –Often presents in hospitalized patients about 3 days after admission
  –Commonly presents with tactile hallucinations (e.g., formication—the sense of insects crawling over body)
  –May be accompanied by seizure activity
• Hallucinogenic syndromes (e.g., LSD, marijuana, mescaline, phencyclidine, mushrooms, amphetamines)

• Schizophrenia
  –Auditory hallucinations are most frequent; visual hallucinations occur in about 50% of patients, tactile in 20%, olfactory in 6%
  –Progresses to positive psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder) and/or negative symptoms (e.g., anhedonia, poor concentration, flattened affect, poor social/personal function)
  –1% incidence in the general population, males >females

• Schizophreniform disorder
• Schizoaffective disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Dementia
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
  –Auditory hallucinations caused by corticosteroids; visual and tactile by lupus psychosis
• Bipolar disorder
• Psychotic depression
• Postpartum major depression
• Mass lesions
• CNS infections/encephalitis
• Seizures
• Occipital lobe injury
• Heavy metal ingestion
• Lewy body dementia

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004

Hallucinations: Differential Diagnosis
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)

• Hallucinogenic drugs
  –LSD, “mushrooms,” mescaline, and PCP are primarily hallucinogens
  –Amphetamines, cocaine, inhalants, and marijuana may also produce hallucinations
• CNS acute events
  –Trauma
  –CNS infection
  –Hypoxic events

• Psychosis
  –Defined as a mental state with significant impairment in cognition, interpersonal relations, and reality testing
  –Hallucinations may be a major or minor component
  –Psychosis may be psychiatric or organic (secondary to CNS insult)

• Schizophrenia
  –A disorder of impaired perception, cognition, interpersonal relations, and behavior with illogical and disordered thought content
  –Hallucinations (most often auditory) and delusions are common findings
  –Onset is frequently in adolescence
  –Frequently a positive family history

• Seizure disorders
  –Prominent auras may manifest as perceptual disturbances; visual and olfactory are the most common; tactile may also occur
• Narcolepsy
  –Hypnagogic hallucinations are hallucinations that occur while falling asleep; they may be visual or auditory
• Medications
  –Antipsychotics, anticholinergics, and corticosteroids can rarely cause hallucinations

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007

Delirium/Hallucinations: Differential Overview
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)

Systemic

❑ Drugs/toxins

❑ Sepsis

❑ Hypoglycemia

❑ Hypercalcemia

❑ Hyponatremia

❑ Shock

❑ Delirium tremens

❑ Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency

❑ Hypoxia

❑ Hypercapnia

❑ Thyrotoxicosis

❑ Uremia

❑ Hepatic encephalopathy

❑ Thiamine deficiency

❑ Heat stroke

❑ Hypothermia

❑ Lead intoxication

❑ Carbon monoxide poisoning

Neurologic

❑ Concussion

❑ Hypertensive encephalopathy

❑ Subdural hematoma

❑ Postictal

❑ Transient global amnesia

❑ Meningitis

❑ Right parietal stroke

❑ Encephalitis

❑ Vasculitis

❑ Carcinomatous meningitis

Hallucinations

❑ Drugs

❑ Schizophrenia

❑ Temporal lobe epilepsy

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007

 » Next page: Symptoms of Schizencephaly

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