Cardiac problems

CARDIOMEGALY
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)

... Is there a murmur? Cardiomegaly with cardiac murmurs suggests valvular disease, but it also suggests congestive heart failure and advanced myocardiopathies. One should ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP ... READ EXCERPTS »

CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)

... Is it acute or chronic? An acute cardiac arrhythmia should make one consider a myocardial infarction first. Is the heart rate slow, normal, or fast? A rapid cardiac arrhythmia may be associated ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP ... READ EXCERPTS »

CARDIAC MURMURS
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)

... Could the murmur be extracardiac in origin? Extracardiac murmurs include the pericardial friction rub and cardiorespiratory murmurs. Is the murmur ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiomegaly
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

... Cardiomegaly is defined as enlargement of the heart above the normal size. When looking at a chest X-ray, one must be sure that an anterior-posterior view is being used, because the heart may appear falsely enlarged... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »

Gallops & Extra Heart Sounds
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

... Cardiac auscultation should be performed in a systematic manner. Normal heart sounds (S₁, S₂) should be identified, and the precordium should be examined for gallops (S₃, S₄)... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »

Irregular Heart Rhythms
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

... The patient should be asked to describe the heart rhythm and to demonstrate it by either saying or tapping the speed and rhythm of the sensation. Additionally, teaching the... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »

Abnormal Heart Sounds
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)

... Abnormal heart sounds are common in pediatric patients and usually benign. Approximately 50% of children will have an innocent murmur at some time, compared to a 1% incidence of congenital... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »

Heart Failure
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)

... Heart failure exists when adequate cardiac output cannot be maintained either at rest or with activity. It can be either acute, chronic, or an acute decompensation of the chronic state, and represents a wide range of anatomic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ EXCERPTS »

CARDIOMEGALY
(Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care)

... If an x-ray film demonstrates cardiomegaly, the physician must find out what is causing this condition ( Table 13 ). You have already listened to the patient and he or she does not have a murmur. This seems to ... READ EXCERPTS »

CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care)

... With few exceptions, the etiologies of cardiac arrhythmias like those of bradycardia can best be recalled using the mnemonic VINDICATE. The exceptions are from one pathophysiologic cause: obstruction and consequent ... READ EXCERPTS »

Congestive Heart Failure
(A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis)

... Left Heart Failure Hypertensive heart disease Coronary artery disease Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction ... READ EXCERPTS »

Heart Murmurs*
(A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis)

... Systolic Early systolic    Physiologic (innocent)    Small ventricular septal defect    ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiac Arrest (Sudden Cardiopulmonary Collapse)
(A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis)

... Arrhythmia (with or without digitalis intoxication)    Tachyarrhythmia        Ventricular ... READ EXCERPTS »

Heart failure
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... Signs and Symptoms Left-sided: dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles, wheezing, hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, cough, cyanosis, palpitations, arrhythmias, elevated blood pressure, pulsus alternans; right-sided: dependent... Treatment (Tx) ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... Acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood, in many cases recurrent, that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ EXCERPTS »

Valvular heart disease
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur: stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening; incomplete closure of the valve; or prolapse of the valve. They can result... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... Signs and Symptoms Loss of consciousness, absent pulse, apnea, anuria, cool extremities Treatment (Tx) CPR, fluids, ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiac arrhythmias
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... In cardiac arrhythmias (sometimes called cardiac dysrhythmias), abnormal electrical conduction or automaticity changes heart rate and rhythm. (See Normal cardiac conduction, page 1126.) Arrhythmias vary in severity, from... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiac tamponade
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... In cardiac tamponade, a rapid, unchecked rise in intrapericardial pressure impairs diastolic filling of the heart. The rise in pressure usually results from blood or fluid accumulation in the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiomegaly
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... John Coe and Ron Sand Cardiomegaly is a common, nonspecific finding that can be detected by physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest radiograph, or echocardiogram. With rare... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Congestive Heart Failure
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... Anthony F. Jerant Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the most frequent reason for hospitalization among older adults in the United States. Nearly one-third of a national cohort of 170... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Heart Murmur, Diastolic
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... David E. Anisman and Gerald F. Farnell A diastolic murmur is a finding that provides a clue to an underlying disease process. Unlike their systolic counterparts (Chapter 7.7), diastolic murmurs almost... Approach ... History ... Physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Heart Murmur, Systolic
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... Dale Bishop Systolic murmurs can herald significant clinical deterioration and sudden death, or they can represent stable or clinically insignificant conditions. Although technologic... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiomegaly/Congestive Heart Failure
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)

... Differential Overview ❑ Congestive heart failure ❑ Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy ❑ Anterior myocardial... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Discrete Heart Sounds
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)

... Differential Overview Phenomena ❑ S₄ gallop ❑ Midsystolic click &... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... READ EXCERPTS »

Heart failure
(Handbook of Diseases)

... A syndrome characterized by myocardial dysfunction, heart failure leads to impaired pump performance (reduced cardiac output) or to frank heart failure and abnormal circulatory congestion. Congestion of systemic... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
(Handbook of Diseases)

... Often recurrent, acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ EXCERPTS »

Valvular heart disease
(Handbook of Diseases)

... In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur: stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening; incomplete closure of the valve; or prolapse of the valve. They can result from such disorders as endocarditis (most... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiac arrhythmias
(Handbook of Diseases)

... Abnormal electrical conduction or automaticity changes heart rate and rhythm in cardiac arrhythmias, also called cardiac dysrhythmias. (See Types of cardiac arrhythmias.) Arrhythmias vary in severity... Causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiac tamponade
(Handbook of Diseases)

... With cardiac tamponade, a rapid, unchecked rise in intrapericardial pressure impairs diastolic filling of the heart. The rise in pressure usually results from blood or fluid... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ EXCERPTS »

Heart Murmurs (Asymptomatic)
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)

... Normal murmursare due to turbulence of normal blood flow. A normal murmur does not result insymptoms. Cardiovascular exam, chest radiograph, and ECG are normal.Other terms used... Principal Causes of Heart Murmurs (Asymptomatic) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References ... READ EXCERPTS »

Cardiac Failure
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)

... Clinicalsyndrome resulting from inability of myocardium to meet metabolicdemands of body. Combination of tachypnea, tachycardia,cardiomegaly, and hepatomegaly is cardiac failure until proved... Principal Causes of Cardiac Failure ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Table 7.1. Diagnostic Classification of Common Causes of CardiacFailure ... References ... READ EXCERPTS »

CARDIOMEGALY
(Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care)

... If an x-ray film demonstrates cardiomegaly, the physician must find out what is causing this condition (Table 13). You have already listened to the patient and he or she does not have a murmur.... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »

CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care)

... With few exceptions, the etiologies of cardiac arrhythmias like those of bradycardia can best be recalled using the mnemonic VINDICATE. The exceptions are from one pathophysiologic cause: ... Pictures ... READ EXCERPTS »