Cardiac problems: Symptom Causes

Cardiomegaly
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

... Cardiomegaly is defined as enlargement of the heart above the normal size. When looking at a chest X-ray, one must be sure that an anterior-posterior view is being used, because the heart may... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ FULL TEXT »

Gallops & Extra Heart Sounds
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

... Cardiac auscultation should be performed in a systematic manner. Normal heart sounds (S₁, S₂) should be identified, and the precordium should be examined for gallops (S₃,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ FULL TEXT »

Irregular Heart Rhythms
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

... The patient should be asked to describe the heart rhythm and to demonstrate it by either saying or tapping the speed and rhythm of the sensation. Additionally, teaching the patient to measure his or her pulse during the... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ FULL TEXT »

Abnormal Heart Sounds
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)

... Abnormal heart sounds are common in pediatric patients and usually benign. Approximately 50% of children will have an innocent murmur at some time, compared to a 1% incidence of congenital heart... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ FULL TEXT »

Heart Failure
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)

... Heart failure exists when adequate cardiac output cannot be maintained either at rest or with activity. It can be either acute, chronic, or an acute decompensation of the chronic state, and represents a wide range of anatomic and... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment ... READ FULL TEXT »

CARDIOMEGALY
(Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care)

... If an x-ray film demonstrates cardiomegaly, the physician must find out what is causing this condition ( Table 13 ). You have already listened to the patient and he or she does not have a ... READ FULL TEXT »

CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(Differential Diagnosis in Primary Care)

... With few exceptions, the etiologies of cardiac arrhythmias like those of bradycardia can best be recalled using the mnemonic VINDICATE. The exceptions are from one pathophysiologic ... READ FULL TEXT »

Congestive Heart Failure
(A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis)

... Left Heart Failure Hypertensive heart disease Coronary artery disease Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction Acute myocardial ... READ FULL TEXT »

Heart Murmurs*
(A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis)

... Systolic Early systolic    Physiologic (innocent)    Small ventricular septal defect ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiac Arrest (Sudden Cardiopulmonary Collapse)
(A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis)

... Arrhythmia (with or without digitalis intoxication)    Tachyarrhythmia         ... READ FULL TEXT »

Heart failure
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... Signs and Symptoms Left-sided: dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles, wheezing, hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, cough, cyanosis, palpitations, arrhythmias, elevated blood pressure, pulsus alternans; right-sided: dependent... Treatment (Tx) ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... Acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood, in many cases recurrent, that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ FULL TEXT »

Valvular heart disease
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur: stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening; incomplete closure of the valve; or prolapse of the valve. They can result from such disorders as endocarditis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... Signs and Symptoms Loss of consciousness, absent pulse, apnea, anuria, cool extremities Treatment (Tx) CPR, fluids, ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiac arrhythmias
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... In cardiac arrhythmias (sometimes called cardiac dysrhythmias), abnormal electrical conduction or automaticity changes heart rate and rhythm. (See Normal cardiac conduction, page 1126.)... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiac tamponade
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

... In cardiac tamponade, a rapid, unchecked rise in intrapericardial pressure impairs diastolic filling of the heart. The rise in pressure usually results from blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. If fluid accumulates... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiomegaly
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... John Coe and Ron Sand Cardiomegaly is a common, nonspecific finding that can be detected by physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest radiograph, or... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Congestive Heart Failure
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... Anthony F. Jerant Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the most frequent reason for hospitalization among older adults in the United States. Nearly one-third of a national... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Heart Murmur, Diastolic
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... David E. Anisman and Gerald F. Farnell A diastolic murmur is a finding that provides a clue to an underlying disease process. Unlike their systolic counterparts (Chapter 7.7), diastolic murmurs almost... Approach ... History ... Physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Heart Murmur, Systolic
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)

... Dale Bishop Systolic murmurs can herald significant clinical deterioration and sudden death, or they can represent stable or clinically insignificant conditions.... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiomegaly/Congestive Heart Failure
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)

... Differential Overview ❑ Congestive heart failure ❑ Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Discrete Heart Sounds
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)

... Differential Overview Phenomena ❑ S₄ gallop ❑ Midsystolic click ❑ S₃ ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... READ FULL TEXT »

Heart failure
(Handbook of Diseases)

... A syndrome characterized by myocardial dysfunction, heart failure leads to impaired pump performance (reduced cardiac output) or to frank heart failure and abnormal circulatory congestion. Congestion of systemic venous circulation may... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
(Handbook of Diseases)

... Often recurrent, acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ FULL TEXT »

Valvular heart disease
(Handbook of Diseases)

... In valvular heart disease, three types of mechanical disruption can occur: stenosis, or narrowing, of the valve opening; incomplete closure of the valve; or prolapse of the valve. They can result from such disorders as endocarditis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiac arrhythmias
(Handbook of Diseases)

... Abnormal electrical conduction or automaticity changes heart rate and rhythm in cardiac arrhythmias, also called cardiac dysrhythmias. (See Types of cardiac arrhythmias.) ... Causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiac tamponade
(Handbook of Diseases)

... With cardiac tamponade, a rapid, unchecked rise in intrapericardial pressure impairs diastolic filling of the heart. The rise in pressure usually results from blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... READ FULL TEXT »

Heart Murmurs (Asymptomatic)
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)

... Normal murmursare due to turbulence of normal blood flow. A normal murmur does not result insymptoms. Cardiovascular exam, chest radiograph, and ECG are normal.... Principal Causes of Heart Murmurs (Asymptomatic) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References ... READ FULL TEXT »

Cardiac Failure
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)

... Clinicalsyndrome resulting from inability of myocardium to meet metabolicdemands of body. Combination of tachypnea, tachycardia,cardiomegaly, and hepatomegaly is cardiac failure until... Principal Causes of Cardiac Failure ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Table 7.1. Diagnostic Classification of Common Causes of CardiacFailure ... References ... READ FULL TEXT »