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Is there weight loss? If there is weight loss, one must consider a neoplasm, endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism or diabetes mellitus, malnutrition or malabsorption, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a history of chronic blood loss? A history of peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, or other causes of chronic GI bleeding would ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Fatigue is a very common, although nonspecific, presenting symptom that refers to the sensation of exhaustion during or after usual activities, or a feeling of inadequate energy to begin these activities. Fatigue is a difficult... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin <13.5 g/dL in men or <12.0 g/dL in women. Etiologies are categorized by decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, and/or blood loss. Evaluation of anemia begins with an assessment of the MCV to>>... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Complaints of fatigue indicate a general state of decreased endurance for, or interest in, activities. It is typically associated with tiredness and sleepiness. Depression as a cause of fatigue in... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Pallor describes reduced coloring of the skin and/or mucous membranes and is very subjective. How easily pallor is diagnosed varies with skin color and the thickness and vascularity of the subcutaneous tissue.... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Anemia is decreased concentration of red cells or hemoglobin in the peripheral blood, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. It results from blood loss, decreased or failed production of red blood cells, or increased... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... In developing a list of diagnostic possibilities in cases of anemia physiology is the key. Anemia may be caused by a decrease in red cell production, a break in the transport system (blood loss), or excessive red
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... Pallor is almost invariably caused by anemia and is best analyzed with the application of pathophysiology. Anemia may be caused by decreased production of blood, increased destruction of
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... The analysis of the causes of weakness depends on a knowledge of both anatomy and biochemistry. Strength depends on an intact healthy muscle, peripheral nerve, and
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, a lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may occur with it.
... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Pallor is abnormal paleness or loss of skin color, which may develop suddenly or gradually. Although generalized pallor affects the entire body, it’s most apparent on the face, conjunctiva, oral mucosa, and nail beds. Localized... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Sideroblastic anemias are a group of heterogenous disorders with a common defect; they fail to use iron in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, despite the availability of adequate iron stores. These anemias may be hereditary or... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Aplastic, or hypoplastic, anemias result from injury to or destruction of stem cells in bone marrow or the bone marrow matrix, causing pancytopenia (anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia) and... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Folic acid deficiency anemia is a common, slowly progressive, megaloblastic anemia. It usually occurs in infants, adolescents, pregnant and lactating females, alcoholics,... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Iron deficiency anemia is caused by an inadequate supply of iron for optimal formation of red blood cells (RBCs), resulting in smaller (microcytic) cells with less color on staining. Body... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Pernicious anemia, also known as Addison’s anemia, is a megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF), a substance normally secreted by the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily but not exclusively in blacks, sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin (Hb) molecule (HbS) that causes red blood cells (RBCs) to roughen... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Sometimes called chronic Epstein-Barr virus, or myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome is typically marked... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may accompany it. ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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Pallor
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Pallor is abnormal paleness or loss of skin color, which may develop suddenly or gradually. Although generalized pallor affects the entire body, it’s most apparent on the face, conjunctiva,... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Meg Hayes
Fatigue is both a normal human response as well as a symptom of physical or psychological disease. It is a subjective sensation that is... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing. ... Diagnostic assessment
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Anemia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... S. Shekar Chakravarthi
Anemia is defined as a reduction of more than 10% below mean values in the quantity or quality of the concentration of red blood cells (RBC) or circulating hemoglobin. In 1972,... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Infectious mononucleosis
❑ Depression
❑ Diabetes
❑ ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Iron deficiency
❑ Chronic disease
❑ Vitamin B12 deficiency
❑ Subacute... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Sideroblastic anemias, a group of heterogenous disorders, produce a common defect — failure to use iron in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, despite the availability of adequate iron stores. These anemias may be hereditary or acquired;... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Aplastic and hypoplastic anemias result from injury to or destruction of stem cells in bone marrow or the bone marrow matrix, causing pancytopenia (anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia) and bone marrow hypoplasia. Although often... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A common, slowly progressive megaloblastic anemia, folic acid deficiency anemia is most prevalent in infants, adolescents, pregnant and lactating females, alcoholics, elderly people, and people with malignant or... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... With iron deficiency anemia, an inadequate supply of iron for optimal formation of red blood cells (RBCs) results in smaller (microcytic) cells with less color on staining. Body stores of iron, including plasma iron,... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Prevention ... Pictures
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... A megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia (also called Addison’s anemia) is characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF), a substance normally... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily, but not exclusively, in blacks, sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin (Hb) molecule (Hb S) that causes red blood cells (RBCs) to roughen... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) — also known as chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], benign myalgic encephalomyelitis,... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Pallor
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Pallor is abnormal paleness or loss of skin color, which may develop suddenly or gradually. Although generalized pallor affects the entire body, it’s most apparent on the face,... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Pallor
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Pallor is abnormal paleness or loss of skin color, which may develop suddenly or gradually. Although generalized pallor affects the entire body, it’s most apparent on the face, conjunctiva, oral mucosa, and nail... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Defined as lack of energy for activitiesand decreased endurance for them. Principal Causes of Fatigue Physiologiccauses Pathologic causes ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... A decreasein blood Hgb concentration or Hct (a measure of red cell mass) thatis 2 standard deviations below mean for age and gender is definedas anemia. Pallor as sign of anemia depends... Principal Causes of Pallor (Anemia) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Table 45.1. Hemoglobin Electrophoretic Patterns of Common Hemoglobinopathiesin Cord and Adult Blood ... Diagnostic Approach ... Table 45.2. Morphologic Classification of Anemia Based on Red CellMean Corpuscular Volume ... Table 45.3. Abnormal Blood Smear Findings and Possible Causes ... References
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, a lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may occur... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Pallor is abnormal paleness or loss of skin color, which may develop suddenly or gradually. Although generalized pallor affects the entire body, it's most apparent on the face, conjunctiva, oral mucosa, and nail beds.... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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...
In developing a list of diagnostic possibilities in cases of anemia,
physiology is the key. Anemia may be caused by a decrease in red cell ... Pictures
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...
Pallor is almost invariably caused by anemia and is best analyzed with
the application of pathophysiology.Anemia may be caused by
decreased production of... Pictures
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...
The analysis of the causes of weakness depends on a knowledge of both
anatomy and biochemistry. Strength depends on an intact
healthy muscle,... Pictures
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... Author:
Esther Forrester, MD
What to Do - Interpret the Data
IgA deficiency is the most common primary immunodeficiency, with an
occurrence ranging from 1/400 to 2... Suggested Readings
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