Glossary for Blood vessel symptoms

Medical terms related to Blood vessel symptoms or mentioned in this section include:

• A ?-protein amyloidosis: Amyloidosis is a rare group of metabolic disorders where a protein called amyloid accumulates in body organs and tissues where it can cause damage. This particular form involves deposits of ?-proteins in the nerves resulting in Alzheimer's disease or around brain blood vessels which can cause strokes or brain bleeds.
• Accelerated hypertension: Accelerated hypertension is a condition characterized by a rapid increase in blood pressure. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Alès dysfibrinogenemia: A rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormal fibrinogen which is a protein essential to the blood clotting process. The Alès type was discovered in Alès.
• Amphetamine abuse: Use of the stimulant drugs known as amphetamines or "speed"
• Amyloidosis VII: Amyloidosis involves the abnormal deposit of a substance called amyloid in various parts of the body. In the Ohio type, the amyloid deposits in the leptomeningeal blood vessels, brainstem, spinal cord and eye causing central nervous system dysfunction, brain hemorrhages as well as vision impairment.
• Amyloidosis, oculoleptomeningeal: Amyloidosis involves the abnormal deposit of a substance called amyloid in various parts of the body. In this particular type, the amyloid deposits in the leptomeningeal blood vessels, brainstem, spinal cord and eye causing central nervous system dysfunction, brain hemorrhages and vision impairment.
• Aneurysm: Swelling or ballooning of part of an artery
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 1: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 1 is caused by a defect on chromosome 7q11.2.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 2: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 2 is caused by a defect on chromosome 19q13.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 3: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 3 is caused by a defect on chromosome 1p36.13-p34.3.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 4: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 4 is caused by a defect on chromosome 5p15.2-14.3.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 5: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 5 is caused by a defect on chromosome 2p13.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 6: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are now six different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases an individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 6 is caused by a defect on chromosome 9p21.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 7: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 7 is caused by a defect on chromosome 11q24-q25.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 8: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 8 is caused by a defect on chromosome 14q23.
• Aneurysms: An area of dilation of the wall of an artery or vein
• Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous: A rare genetic condition characterized angiomas involving both the skin and nervous system.
• Angiopathy, hereditary, with nephropathy, aneurysms and muscle cramps: An inherited disorder characterized by kidney disease, aneurysms, blood vessel disease and muscle cramps which can last from seconds to minutes.
• Antiphospholipid syndrome: An autoimmune disorder characterized by blood clots and pregnancy losses.
• Aorta conditions: Conditions that affect the aorta
• Aortic dilatation- joint hypermobility- arterial tortuosity: A rare syndrome characterized by the dilation of the aortic root, hyperextensible joints and varicose veins
• Apo A-I deficiency: Low plasma HDL cholesterol that tends to run in families.
• Arterial dissections with lentiginosis: A rare familial syndrome characterized by the association of aortic dissection and multiple lentigines (brown skin spots). The aorta can rupture in some cases and result in sudden death.
• Arterial hypertension: medical condition in which the blood pressure is chronically elevated.
• Arteriosclerosis: A group of medical conditions which are characterized by the thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial blood vessel walls
• Arteriosclerosis Obliterans: Arteriosclerosis that results in the narrowing and gradual blockage of the artery. Arteriosclerosis involves the deposition of cholesterol plaques and other material on the inside of the artery walls. The symptoms will depend on the location of the arteries affected and how severe the blockage is.
• Artery conditions: Any conditions affecting arteries
• Artery symptoms: Symptoms affecting the arteries (large blood vessels)
• Ataxia Telangiectasia: A rare inherited childhood disorder involving progressive degeneration of the nervous system.
• Atherosclerosis: A condition which is a form of arteriosclerosis where atheromas are caused by the aggregation of cholesterol and lipids
• Atrial fibrillation: A rhythm disturbance of the heart that results in irregular and chaotic ventricular contractions.
• Autonomic Dysreflexia: A complication of spinal cord injury where a particular stimulus can trigger an excessive response from the autonomic nervous system which causes blood pressure to rise - sometimes to dangerous levels. Stimuli that can trigger the response include bladder irritation, bowel irritation (e.g. due to constipation, gas, enema), skin irritation (e.g. due to burns, pressure sores, ingrown toenails), broken bones, tight clothing, labour and temperature extremes. The severity and frequency of the condition is highly variable. The condition occurs in patients with tetraplegia or with loss of sensation above the lower rib cage.
• Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease: Severe form of PKD, a genetic kidney disease.
• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Genetic kidney disease causing kidney cysts.
• Bacterial endocarditis: Infection and inflammation of the inner layers of the heart, most commonly the valves cause by bacteria.
• Barotrauma: Damage to the lungs, ear or sinuses caused by rapid or extreme changes in air pressure.
• Behcet's Disease: Recurring inflammation of small blood vessels affecting various areas.
• Bing-Neel syndrome: A rare disorder involving infiltration of the central nervous system by abnormal leukemia-like cells (lymphoplasmocytoid cells) that occur in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. The abnormality increases blood viscosity which impairs its circulation through small brain and eye blood vessels.
• Binswanger's Disease: A type of senile dementia characterized by chronic cerebrovascular disease.
• Bleeding symptoms: Any type of bleeding symptoms.
• Blood vessel damage: A condition characterized by damage to vessels that transport blood around the body
• Blood vessel inflammation: A condition characterized by inflammation of the vessels that transport blood around the body
• Body skin hyperlaxity due to vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor deficiency: A rare inherited connective tissue disorder caused by a deficiency of a blood coagulation factor.
• Boutonneuse fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Bruch's disease: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Buerger's disease: Buergers's disease is a recurring inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet
• Bulging abdominal veins: Bulging or protruding abdominal veins
• Bulging neck veins: Unusual bulging of neck veins or arteries
• Bulging veins: Abnormal protrusion or bulging of the veins
• CDG syndrome type 1A: A very rare inherited metabolic disorder where defective carbohydrate compounds are attached to glycoproteins and thus impairing glycoprotein function. Type 1A involves a phosphomannomutase enzyme defect and affects most body systems especially the nervous system and liver function.
• CDG syndrome type I: A rare genetic disorder where the body is unable to synthesize glycoproteins which results in multisystem problems.
• Cadasil: A rare inherited condition which affects the small blood vessels of the brain. Damage to the vessels causes strokes and other problems.
• Calciphylaxis: A rare fatal condition characterized by calcification of skin blood vessels and destruction of skin tissue. The condition is often associated with end-stage kidney disease.
• Capillary refill time, increased: An increase in the time taken to refill the capillaries of the peripheries
• Carbon disulfide-induced cardiovascular disease: Chronic exposure to certain chemicals can cause cardiovascular disease. For example, exposure to Carbon disulfide can lead to heart disease and carries a risk of premature death as a result. Chronic exposure to these sort of chemicals is most likely to occur in a work environment. Carbon disulfide is used mainly in viscose rayon manufacturing but is also used as a solvent and in other process. Exposure usually occurs through inhalation of vapours but skin absorption can also occur. Reported cases haf cardiovascular disease has occurred among workers exposed to carbon disulfide concentrations of 20-60 ppm.
• Cardiotoxicity - Allylamine: Exposure to Allylamines can have a toxic effect on the heart and may result in degenerative changes in the heart. The degree of toxicity may be influenced the duration and level of exposure to the chemical.
• Cardiotoxicity - Aromatic hydrocarbons: Exposure to Aromatic hydrocarbons can have a toxic effect on the heart and may result in degenerative changes in the heart. The degree of toxicity may be influenced the duration and level of exposure to the chemical.
• Cardiotoxicity - Carbon Disulfide: Exposure to Carbon Disulfide can have a toxic effect on the heart and may result in degenerative changes in the heart. The degree of toxicity may be influenced the duration and level of exposure to the chemical.
• Cardiotoxicity - Carbon Monoxide: Exposure to Carbon Monoxide can have a toxic effect on the heart and may result in degenerative changes in the heart. The degree of toxicity may be influenced the duration and level of exposure to the chemical.
• Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Familial: A rare disorder where abnormal deposits of amyloid in the brain blood vessels causes spasticity, incoordination and dementia. Brain hemorrhage and strokes may also result in severe cases.
• Cerebral Arteriosclerosis: Hardening or blockage of arteries in the brain.
• Cerebral hemorrhage: Bleeding in the brain
• Cerebral ventricle neoplasm: A tumor that occurs in the fluid-filled spaces of the brain called the ventricles. Symptoms vary depending on the size and exact location of the tumor and whether it is cancerous or not.
• Cerebrovascular symptoms: Symptoms related to the brain's arteries
• Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Heart disease that can occur as a complication of a chronic parasitic infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by insect bites or blood transfusions.
• Chemical-induced cardiovascular disease: Chronic exposure to certain chemicals can cause cardiovascular disease. For example, exposure to Carbon disulfide can lead to heart disease and carries a risk of premature death as a result. Chronic exposure to these sort of chemicals is most likely to occur in a work environment.
• Cholesterol and lipids: Levels of blood or urine cholesterol or lipids as a symptom
• Chronic necrotizing vasculitis: Inflammation and destruction of blood vessel walls which leads to death of associated tissue. Symptoms are determined by the extent and location of the blood vessel inflammation. The inflammation possibly has autoimmune origins. It can occur in condition such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma.
• Clotting symptoms: Symptoms affecting the blood's ability to clot
• Cocaine addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use cocaine on a regular basis. Chronic cocaine use can lead to dependency in as little as two weeks. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Cocaine overdose: Cocaine is an illegal and highly addictive recreational drug. Excessive doses of the drug can result in various symptoms and even death in severe cases.
• Cohen-Hayden syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental retardation, eye defect and various growth abnormalities of the bone, skin and head.
• Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Type Ia: A very rare inherited metabolic disorder where defective carbohydrate compounds are attached to glycoproteins and thus impairing glycoprotein function. Type 1A involves a phosphomannomutase enzyme defect and affects most body systems especially the nervous system and liver function.
• Congenital aneurysms of the great vessels: A bulge in one of the main blood vessels in the body - pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, vena cava and aorta. The condition is generally asymptomatic unless the aneurysm becomes very large or bursts which can result in rapid death depending on the location of the aneurysm.
• Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1A: A very rare inherited metabolic disorder where defective carbohydrate compounds are attached to glycoproteins and thus impairing glycoprotein function. Type 1A involves a phosphomannomutase enzyme defect and affects most body systems especially the nervous system and liver function.
• Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1C: A very rare inherited metabolic disorder where defective carbohydrate compounds are attached to glycoproteins and thus impairing glycoprotein function. Type 1C has a ?1,3-glucosyl-transferase enzyme defect.
• Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 2D: Congenital disorders of glycosylation is a group of very rare inherited metabolic disorder where defective carbohydrate compounds are attached to glycoproteins and thus impairing glycoprotein function. Type 2d is caused by a defect on chromosome 9p13 and involves a defect in the gene for beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase.
• Congenital thrombotic disease due to protein C deficiency: A rare blood disorder where deficiency of protein C (anticoagulation agent) results in a predisposition for the formation of blood clots. The severity of the condition is variable. Homozygotes tend to have more severe symptoms while most heterozygotes are asymptomatic. Deficiency of protein C can be an inherited trait or may be acquired through liver disease and after surgery.
• Conn's adenoma: An uncommon (but possible highly underdiagnosed) condition characterized by the excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal gland. The condition may result from the presence of an adrenal adenoma. The severity of the condition is variable with some patients simply suffering high blood pressure and no other symptoms. Due to the high degree of variation in presenting symptoms, the condition may be frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
• Conn's syndrome: An adrenal gland disorder where excess aldosterone hormone is produced resulting in symptoms such as headache, fatigue, nocturia and increased urine production. Also called primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Conn-Louis Carcinoma: An uncommon (but possible highly underdiagnosed) condition characterized by the excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal gland. The condition results from the presence of an adrenal carcinoma. The severity of the condition is variable with some patients simply suffering high blood pressure and no other symptoms. Due to the high degree of variation in presenting symptoms, the condition may be frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
• Connective tissue disorders: Any condition affecting connective tissues.
• Conor's disease: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Crack addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use crack on a regular basis. Chronic crack use can lead to dependency in as little as two weeks. Crack is a form of cocaine - powdered cocaine is heated with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate to make rocks of crack. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Crystal meth addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use crystal meth on a regular basis. Crystal meth is a powerful stimulant used illegally for its effects. It is highly addictive and known by street names such as ice, speed, glass, crank and chalk. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Decreased protein C: A protein which is necessaryto prevent theclotting cascade and is autosomal dominant with regards to inheritance
• Decreased protein S: A protein which is necessary to prevent the clotting cascade
• Deep vein thrombosis: The formation of a thrombosis in the deep veins usually within the legs
• Defective apolipoprotein B-100: A rare inherited condition where defective apolipoprotein B-100 impairs the metabolism of cholesterol and results in high blood cholesterol which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy: A rare association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness.
• Diabetes-like symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of diabetes
• Diabetic neuropathy: nerve damage which maybe motor, sensory and autonomic
• Diffuse systemic sclerosi: A rare condition that characterized by skin tightness affecting the trunk and extremities as well as organ involvement. It involves an early period of internal inflammation which distinguishes it from other forms of scleroderma and the organ involvement can be severe and even life-threatening.
• Diphallus - rachischisis - imperforate anus: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by genital abnormalities, absent anal opening and malformed vertebrae.
• Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies: A rare birth syndrome characterized by heart and blood vessel abnormalities as well as the growth of an extra row of eyelashes.
• Distichiasis with Congenital Anomalies of the heart and Peripheral Vasculature: A very rare condition characterized by congenital heart defects, a double row of eyelashes (distichiasis) and peripheral blood vessel anomalies.
• Dysbarism: A reaction caused by exposure to a sudden change in environmental pressure.
• Dyslipidemia: Abnormal lipid levels in the blood which may manifest as high cholesterol, triglycerides or LDL and low HDL.
• EDS V: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by skin hyperextensibility, moderate joint hypermobility and moderate vascular fragility.
• Ecstasy overdose: Ectsasy is an illegal and highly addictive recreational drug. Excessive doses of the drug can result in various symptoms and even death in severe cases.
• Ehlers Danlos syndrome type 4, autosomal dominant: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by delicate skin, fragile blood vessels, distinctive facial features and minimal joint problems - previously known as EDS type 4.
• Ehlers danlos syndrome: An inherited disorder of the connective tissue causing it to become weak and fragile. Connective tissue is found in skin, muscles, tendons and ligaments and hence all of these may be affected by weakness
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type I: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by hyperextensible joints, hyperextensible skin and poor wound healing.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by small joint hypermobility, easy bruising and characteristic facial appearance - a vascular or ecchymotic form of the condition.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type V: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by skin hyperextensibility, moderate joint hypermobility and moderate vascular fragility.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by lax joints, scoliosis and fragile sclera of the eye - Ehlers Danlos type with predominant ocular abnormalities.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with periventricular heterotopia: The association of a brain malformation (periventricular nodular heterotopia) with a connective tissue disorder called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 6B: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by lax joints, scoliosis and fragile sclera of the eye - Ehlers Danlos type with predominant ocular abnormalities but lysyl-hydroxylase activity is normal1.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, kyphoscoliosis type: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder caused by deficiency of the lysyl hydroxylase enzyme and is characterized by progressive scoliosis and muscle weakness and fragile sclera - previously known as EDS type 6.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, progeroid form: A connective tissue disorder caused by an enzyme (xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyl transferase) deficiency.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vascular type: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by delicate skin, fragile blood vessels, distinctive facial features and minimal joint problems - previously known as EDS type 4.
• Endocarditis, infective: A rare condition where a bacterial infection attacks the inner lining of the heart muscle and valves which is called the endocardium.
• Endomyocardial fibrosis: Heart disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of the lining of one or both lower heart cavities. This results in constriction of the heart cavity and may involve the heart valves and other structures.
• Engorged Neck Veins: Increased pressure and filling of the veins in the neck, making them appear engorged and stand out
• Engorged scalp veins: Visible enlargement of the veins on the scalp
• Erythema: Skin redness caused by congestion of capillaries such as in blushing.
• Escharonodulaire: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: A rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of a mixture of various types of antibodies (crylglobulins) in the blood.
• Essential thrombocytosis - same as essential thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder where the blood contains too many platelets due to excessive megakaryocytes (platelet-producing cells). Platelets are essential for blood clotting but in essential thrombocythemia excessive platelets can cause the blood to form abnormal clots. If the platelets are defective as well then bleeding problems can occur. The severity of the condition is variable.
• Fabry's Disease: An inherited metabolic disorder where phospholipids are deposited mostly in the blood vessels as well as other tissues and organs. Symptoms include skin lesions, small red spots on the abdomen, thighs and scrotum, fever, peripheral edema, hypertension and renal failure. Also called angiokeratoma corporis diffusion, Anderson's syndrome, Anderson-Fabry disease, Morbus Anderson-Fabry, Ruiter-Pompen syndrome or Sweeley-Klionsky disease.
• Factor V Leiden mutation: A rare genetic condition where a abnormalities in the factor V protein prevent it from being inactivated by protein C which causes the blood to clot. The normal processes which regulate the blood coagulation process is impaired. The homozygous form of the condition carries a greater risk of blood clotting than the heterozygous form.
• Familial Apolipoprotein A-I and C-III Deficiency: Familial Apolipoprotein A-I and C-III Deficiency is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by low HDL cholesterol and a lack of apolipoproteins A-I and C-III in the blood.
• Familial Apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, A-IV Deficiency: Familial Apolipoprotein A-I, C-III and A-IV Deficiency is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by low HDL cholesterol and a lack of apolipoproteins A-I and C-III in the blood.
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A genetic abnormality which causes patients to have abnormally high cholesterol levels (low-density lipoproteins). The condition usually leads to early cardiovascular disease.
• Familial atrial fibrillation: A rare inherited condition where abnormal electrical activity in the heart causes it to have a fast and irregular beat. The condition may go unnoticed or may cause stroke or sudden death in some cases.
• Familial venous malformations: A rare condition where localized areas of blood vessels undergo changes and may result in bleeding. Severity of the condition depends on the location of these lesions. Lesions can occur in internal organs where bleeding can result in death. Lesions can also occur on the skin, inside the mouth and even on the genitals.
• Felty syndrome: A rare complication of long-term rheumatoid arthritis which involves an enlarged spleen and blood abnormalities.
• Fibromuscular dysplasia of arteries: A rare disease where the blood vessel walls thicken and harden which reduces blood flow through the arteries and into various organs. The main arteries that may be affected are those in the kidney's and abdomen as well as the carotid artery which caries blood from the heart to the neck.
• Fibrosarcoma: Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor derived from fibrous connective tissue and characterized by immature proliferating fibroblasts or undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells.
• Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor: Tumors that develop in the pancreas and cause excessive secretion of one or more pancreatic hormones such as insulin, somatostatin, glucagons, gastrin, ACTH (corticosteroids) and vasoactive intestinal peptidase.
• Glucagonoma syndrome: A rare condition characterized by a tumor which secretes glucagon and a characteristic spreading rash, diabetes mellitus and various other symptoms.
• Granulomatous Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Inflammation of blood vessels in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The condition tends to recur.
• Gronblad-Strandberg-Touraine syndrome: A group of inherited, progressive connective tissue disorders affecting the skin, eyes and cardiovascular system. The condition is characterized by calcium deposits in the connective tissue which affects its ability to function. Some cases remain undiagnosed to the mildness of symptoms.
• HERNS syndrome: A rare inherited syndrome characterized by blood vessel disease which causes eye and kidney disease and strokes. Neurological manifestations tend to occur around the 2nd and 3rd decade of life due to the blood vessels in the brain being affected.
• HIV/AIDS: HIV is a sexually transmitted virus and AIDS is the progressive immune failure that HIV causes.
• Heart symptoms: Symptoms affecting the heart
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare condition characterized by acute kidney failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia (reduced blood platelet count). The condition is often caused by upper respiratory infections or infectious diarrhea.
• Hemorrhagic thrombocythemia: A rare blood disorder characterized by increased number of platelets in the blood which often results in an enlarged spleen, bleeding and blood vessel blockages.
• Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A blood disorder triggered by the use of the drug called heparin which is an anticoagulant. The severity of the condition is variable.
• Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia is an inherited condition involving abnormal lipid metabolism. Cholesterol levels tend to be with coronary artery disease usually developing before the age of 50. The heterozygous form of the condition is not as severe as the homozygous form of the disease.
• High blood pressure: Excessive blood pressure.
• Homocystinuria: A rare inherited metabolic disorder involving the amino acid methionine and resulting in a harmful accumulation of homocysteine in the body.
• Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: A rare genetic biochemical disorder where a deficiency of cystathionine beta-synthase results in high levels of methionine and homocysteine in the blood and reduced levels of cyteine in the blood. There are two subtypes of the disorder with varying manifestations. One type responds to Vitmain B6 supplementation and the other doesn't. Those who do respond to Vitamin B6 tend to have milder manifestations.
• Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a severe inherited condition involving abnormal lipid metabolism. Cholesterol levels tend to be very high with problems occurring early in life. Death from a heart attack can occur within the first few years of life in severe cases.
• Hutchinson Gilford Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by alopecia and senile-like appearance.
• Hyperhomocysteinemia: Excessive homocysteine levels in blood. It is often associated with folate or cobalamin deficiency as well as genetic defects. Severity of symptoms is determined by how high the homocysteine levels are. Sufferers are generally asymptomatic until the onset of premature arterial disease later in life. Other symptoms such as mental retardation only occur in severe cases where the homocysteine levels are extremely high.
• Hyperlipoproteinemia: Hyperlipoproteinemia is a medical term for high levels of lipids in the blood which in turn causes high cholesterol levels. Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
• Hypertension due to coarctation of the aorta: Hypertension due to coarctation of the aorta is high blood pressure resulting from a birth defect where a heart blood vessel called the aorta is abnormally narrowed. The high blood pressure tends to affect mainly the upper part of the body. Babies and very young children tend to have more severe symptoms as the degree of narrowing tends to be greater than in older children or adults.
• Hypoalphalipoproteinemia (generic term): Inherited low plasma HDL cholesterol level.
• Hypoalphalipoproteinemia, primary: Low level of plasma HDL cholesterol that runs in the family.
• Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Lung fibrosis from unknown causes.
• Immune Complex Diseases: Diseases characterized by the presence of immune complexes which are clusters of antigens and antibodies locked together. Normally these immune complexes are removed from the blood by the spleen but sometimes they continue to circulate and may become trapped in various body tissues which causes inflammation and tissue damage. Examples of immune complex diseases includes malaria, viral hepatitis and autoimmune diseases. Symptoms will depend on the location of the inflammation and tissue damage.
• Increased capillary refill time: rate at which blood refills empty capillaries
• India tick typhus: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Indian tick fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Intracranial bruit: Audible blood flow through a cranial vessel, indicating abnormal flow.
• Ischemia: Inadequate blood supply to tissues, usually caused by a problem in the blood vessel.
• Israeli spotted fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Jugular vein distention: The bulging distention of the jugular vein
• Kawasaki disease: A childhood illness that generally affects the skin, mouth and lymph nodes.
• Kenya fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Kenya tick typhus: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Kenya tick-bite fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Klippel Trenaunay Weber syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by benign skin growths made up of blood vessels, overgrowth of various limb tissues and varicose veins.
• Lassa fever: Infectious rat-borne West African disease.
• Lipoproteinemia: A disorder in which the proteins that carry fat around the body are defective.
• Liver symptoms: Symptoms affecting the liver
• Lupus: Autoimmune disease with numerous effects on various organs and linings.
• MELAS: A mitochondrial disorder characterized by stroke-like episodes, headaches, vomiting and other neurological symptoms.
• Malignant hypertension: Malignant hypertension is a condition characterized by very high blood pressure and swelling of the optic nerve. This type of hypertension is more common in people with kidney problems such as narrowed kidney blood vessels. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Marseilles fever: An infectious disease that is caused by Rickettsia conorii which is transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The disease occurs predominantly in Mediterranean areas such as India and Africa. The onset of symptoms is usually sudden and the incubation period is usually between 6 and 10 days.
• Meningococcal disease: Dangerous bacterial infection causing meningitis or bacteremia.
• Menkes Disease: Genetic disease of copper deficiency.
• Menopause: End of female reproductive years
• Methamphetamine overdose: Methamphetamine is a prescription drug mainly used to treat ADHD . Excessive doses of the drug can result in various symptoms and even death in severe cases.
• Methylmalonic aciduria - homocystinuria: A rare group of disorders characterized by methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria resulting from abnormal metabolism of vitamin B12 by the liver. There are various subtypes of the condition with varying ages of onset and severity of symptoms.
• Mitochondrial diseases: Any of a group of mitochondrial disorders affecting cell metabolism and especially muscles.
• Mitochondrial diseases, clinically indefinite: An inherited biochemical disorder which can affect many body systems such as the skeleton, heart, brain and nervous system.
• Moyamoya disease: Brain blood vessel disorder.
• Multifocal fibrosclerosis: A rare disorder characterized by the development of fibrous tissue that can occur in various parts of the body such as the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, eye area, bile ducts and thyroid gland. The severity and range of involvement is variable. There is no obvious cause for the condition.
• Multiinfarct dementia: also known as vascular dementia
• Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome: A rare disorder involving muscle degeneration, loss of skin fat and impaired immune functioning.
• Narcotic addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use narcotics on a regular basis. The drug may be used as a therapeutic medication for various conditions but it's use is also frequently abused. Examples of narcotic drugs include heroin, morphine, Demerol and codeine. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Needlefish bite: The Needlefish is long-beaked surface fish found in tropical and sub-tropical oceans. The needlefish can deliver a serious bite but has no venom. These fish are attracted to bright lights and can propel themselves out of the water towards the light source. Fisherman have reportedly received puncture wounds when fishing at night with a light.
• Neurosyphilis: Syphilis affecting the nervous system.
• Neurosyphilis - general paresis: A complication of untreated syphilis where the infection invades the brain cells and causes a range of neurological symptoms. The condition is progressive and life-threatening.
• Neurosyphilis - meningovascular: A complication of untreated syphilis where the infection invades the central nervous system and causes cranial nerve palsies and pupil abnormalities.
• Nicolau syndrome: A rare complication resulting from the injection of a drug into an artery instead of the muscles where it was intended.
• Nicotine addiction: Nicotine addiction is the uncontrollable desire to continue smoking. Smoking products contain nicotine which is a chemical that can lead to addiction if used over a period of time. Cessation causes withdrawal symptoms which can vary in nature and severity.
• Nipah virus encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain caused by the Nipah virus which can infect pigs and humans so transmission usually occurs through contact with pigs.
• Osler's disease: Genetic disease causing multiple teleangiectasias
• Osteopetrosis, intermediate form: A recessively inherited bone disease characterized bybrittle bones with increased density. The intermediate form is less severe than the infantile form but more severe than the adult form.
• PHACE association: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a brain malformation (involving the posterior fossa), large facial hemangioma and eye, heart and artery anomalies.
• Parkes-Weber syndrome I: A rare disorder involving blood vessel malformations and overgrowth of a particular limb. Usually a leg is involved and the dilated blood vessels allows blood to flow quickly through the limb which can ultimately cause heart failure.
• Peripheral vasoconstriction: The occurrence of constriction if the peripheral vasculature
• Polyarteritis nodosa: A serious blood vessel disease where small and medium-sized arteries become swollen and damaged and are unable to adequately supply oxygenated blood to various tissues in the body. The disease can occur in a mild form or a serious, rapidly fatal form.
• Polychondritis: A serious, progressive, episodic condition characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage in the body. The duration and severity of the episodes can vary.
• Polycystic kidney disease: Genetic kidney disease causing kidney cysts.
• Polycystic kidney disease, infantile type: Severe form of polycystic kidney disease which is a genetic kidney disease. Symptoms develop very early in life and may even be present during the fetal stage.
• Polycythemia vera: A condition which is characterized by myeloproliferation of unknown etiology
• Premature aging: Early appearance of the signs of aging before old age
• Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: Inflammation of blood vessels that affect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). There are three main types within this category: benign angiitis of the central nervous system (BACNS), granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system (GACNS) and atypical primary angiitis of the central nervous system (atypical ACNS). Symptoms vary depending on which particular type is involved and which part of the central nervous system is involved.
• Primary hyperoxaluria type 1: A rare inherited inborn metabolic disorder characterized by excessive amounts of oxalate in the urine and deposits of oxalate in the kidneys which leads to progressive kidney failure. There are two subtypes of Oxalosis, each with a different origin for the genetic defect involved. Type 1 involves a deficiency of a liver enzyme called Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase. Type 2 tends to cause a milder disease than type 1 with better longterm outcomes.
• Progeria: A rare fatal genetic disorder characterized by extremely premature aging.
• Protein S acquired deficiency: A rare disorder involving a deficiency of a blood protein called protein S. Protein S prevents blood from clotting in the veins. A deficiency of protein S can be acquired through liver disease, chemotherapy, lack of vitamin K or through the use of oral anticoagulants or L-asparaginase.
• Proteus like syndrome mental retardation eye defect: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental retardation, eye defect and various growth abnormalities of the bone, skin and head.
• Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: A group of inherited, progressive connective tissue disorders affecting the skin, eyes and cardiovascular system. The condition is characterized by calcium deposits in the connective tissue which affects its ability to function. Some cases remain undiagnosed to the mildness of symptoms.
• Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, forme fruste: An inherited systemic disease of connective tissue involving progressive calcification and degeneration of elastic fibers throughout the body, including the skin, eyes and cardiovascular system.
• Pulmonary edema: A condition which is characterized by engorgement of the pulmonary vessels and transudation of fluid into the alveoli
• Rambaud-Galian syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by the progressive deposition of a substance called hyaline in blood vessels of the digestive tract and kidneys. Calcification of the brain is also present.
• Raynaud's phenomenon: A condition where the body extremities sweat and turn blue and cold. Exposure to cold, emotional stress and smoking may trigger the condition. Also known as acrocyanosis.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune inflammatory condition which primarily affects the joints
• Rheumatoid vasculitis: A rare disorder where sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis with joint inflammation develop inflammation of small and medium sized blood vessels. It tends to mostly affect the blood vessels in the skin. The symptoms are determined by which part of the body is affected.
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A bacterial disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks. The condition causes fever and a characteristic rash and may be fatal in severe or untreated cases.
• Rosacea: Inflammatory rash affecting cheeks, nose, forehead, chin
• Scleroderma: A rare, progressive connective tissue disorder involving thickening and hardening of the skin and connective tissue. There are a number of forms of scleroderma with some forms being systemic (involving internal organs).
• Shock, Septic: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Septic shock is caused by infection which affects large parts of the body. This form of shock results in death in about half of the cases.
• Sickle cell anemia: Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by red blood cells which are crescent-shaped rather than the normal doughnut shape. These abnormally shaped red blood cells are unable to function normally and tend to undergo premature destruction which leads to anemia. If the genetic defect which causes the condition is inherited from both parents the condition can be quite severe whereas if it is inherited from only one parent, often there are no symptoms. The abnormally shaped red blood cells can cause problems when they clump together and block blood vessels.
• Sjogren's Syndrome: Autoimmune disease damaging the eye tear ducts and other glands.
• Sleep apnea: A condition which is characterized by transient attacks of apnea that usually occur during ones sleep
• Smoking: The smoking of cigarettes
• Sneddon Syndrome: A rare progressive inherited disorder involving the blood vessel disease and neurological symptoms.
• Spider naevi: A lesion on the skin where there is a central red spot from which blood vessels radiate, whereby, when it is pressed the red disappears.
• Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia - nephrotic syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by skeletal and immunity abnormalities. The immune defect leads to progressive kidney dysfunction which can ultimately cause death during the first decade.
• Stroke symptoms: Brain-related symptoms of bleeding or blockage.
• Superficial thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of a vein wall
• Syphilis: A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacteria (Treponema pallidum). The condition is often asymptomatic in the early stages but one or more sores may be present in the early stages. Untreated syphilis usually results in remission of visible symptoms but further severe damage may occur to internal organs and other body tissues which can result in death.
• TIA: Transient ischemic accident
• Telangiectasia: A cluster of dilated blood vessels on the skin's surface.
• Telangiectasias: Tiny red spider veins
• Temporal arteritis: Inflamed head artery causing headache.
• Thrombocythemia: A haematological disorder in which there is excessive proliferation of platelet precursor cells, resulting in increased numbers of platelets in the blood.
• Thromboembolism: Lodgement of a blood clot causing blockage
• Thrombosis: Blood clot occurring in a blood vessel
• Torticollis, keloids, cryptorchidism, renal dysplasia: A rare genetic condition characterized by undescended testes, kidney defects, torticollis and the formation of keloids which are scar-like elevations on the skin. The symptoms occur in males though females carriers can have mild symptoms.
• Transient ischemic attack: temporary disturbance of blood supply to a restricted area of the brain, resulting in brief neurologic dysfunction that persists, by definition, for less than 24 hours.
• Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of low levels of lipoprotein lipase which is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia is a condition characterized by high levels of beta-lipoproteins in the blood. The high cholesterol results from abnormally high levels of low density lipoproteins in the blood due to a deficiency of LDL receptors. There are two subtypes of this condition: type IIa and type IIb. Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
• Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type III hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare genetic condition characterized by increased blood levels of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) which in turn causes high cholesterol levels. The high IDL levels are caused by an abnormality in apolipoprotein E. Apolipoprotein E is a protein found on IDLs which allows the IDLs to bind to liver cells. Without this binding process, the level of IDLs in the blood increase. Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
• Type IIa Hyperlipoproteinemia: Familial Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare genetic condition characterized by high levels of low density lipoproteins in the blood. A deficiency of LDL receptors leads to an increased level of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) which in turn causes high cholesterol levels. Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
• Type IIb Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type IIb Hyperlipoproteinemia is a condition characterized by increased blood levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and apoprotein B (ApoB). This in turn causes high cholesterol levels. Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
• Type IV Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type IV Hyperlipoproteinemia is an inherited condition characterized by high levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the blood which in turn causes high cholesterol levels. Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream. The high VLDL levels are a result of increased production and reduced elimination of the VLDLs. Environmental factors are the driving force behind this condition.
• Type Ia Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type Ia Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of low levels of lipoprotein lipase which is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Type Ib Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type Ib Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of low levels of apolipoprotein C-II which is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Type Ic Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type Ic Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of inhibited lipoprotein lipase activity. Lipoprotein lipase is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare condition characterized by increased synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and reduced levels of lipoprotein lipase (an enzyme). Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
• Varicose Abdominal Veins: Enlarged/engorged veins on skin surface of abdomen.
• Varicose eczema: Varicose eczema is a chronic skin condition that involves the skin on or near varicose veins in the legs - usually the skin on the ankles are affected. Varicose veins occur when the valves in particular blood vessels malfunction and allow the blood to flow backwards. The condition is more likely to occur in people who are overweight.
• Varicose veins: Appearance of veins in the skin
• Vascular malformations of the brain: Conditions affecting the brain blood vessels. The type and severity of symptoms is determined by the type, location and extent of the malformation. There are six types of vascular malformations of the brain: telangiectasis, venous malformations, cavernous malformations, arteriovenous malformations, vein of Galen malformation and mixed malformations.
• Vasculitis: A condition which is characterized by inflammation to blood vessels
• Vein bruise: A haematoma that occurs around the vein.
• Vein disorders: Any disorder that affects the veins of an individual
• Vein pain: A feeling of distress and agony caused by the stimulation of pain nerve endings in the veins.
• Vein swelling: A swelling located around the vein.
• Vein symptoms: Symptoms affecting the veins (blood vessels)
• Velocardiofacial syndrome: A genetic disorder which can present with a wide range of phenotypic manifestations which has lead to a number of different names being assigned to the various presentations e.g. DiGeorge Syndrome and Cayler Anomaly Face Syndrome. There are nearly 200 different symptoms that can occur and the severity of the condition is also highly variable depending on the nature and severity of the symptoms that are present.
• Venous hum: A continuous blowing murmur heard on auscultation over the jugular vein
• Venous insufficiency: A condition which is characterized by inadequacy of the venous valves which impairs venous drainage
• Vertebral Artery Dissection: A tear that develops in the verebral artery and tends to result in a stroke. It is the most common cause of stroke in young people. Vertebral artery dissections can be caused by trauma to the neck, manipulation of the spine (chiropractics), high blood pressure or even blowing the nose in some cases.
• Viral vasculitis not HBV and HCV: Blood vessel inflammation due to a viral infection such as cytomegalovirus or immune reaction initiated by a viral infection. Blood vessels in virtually any part of the body may be infected including the brain and the heart. Symptoms depend on the location and extent of the inflammation.
• Wagener syndrome: A disorder involving the association of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, thickened heart muscle and severe neuroretinitis.
• Wegener's granulomatosis: A rare disease involving blood vessel inflammation which can affect the blood flow to various tissues and organs and hence cause damage. The respiratory system and the kidneys are the main systems affected.
• Werner syndrome: A form of premature aging where sufferers start aging during adolescence or soon after and appear old by the time they reach their 30's or 40's. Milder forms of the condition may also occur.
• Williams Syndrome: A syndrome characterised by mental retardation, facial abnormalities and emotional instability
• Wolfram Syndrome 2: Wolfram Syndrome is a condition characterized by the association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness. Type 2 is the result of a genetic defect and is similar to type 1 but there is no diabetes insipidus and patients tend to develop gastrointestinal problems.
• Xanthoma: Fatty deposits under the skin causing yellow bumps

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