...
Is it true or false melena? False melena may be induced by iron ingestion, bismuth ingestion, charcoal ingestion, red wine ingestion, and many other substances.
Is there a ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there blood in the stool? From the algorithm, blood in the stool should indicate that there is
Salmonella
,
Shigella
,
Campylobacter jejuni
, ulcerative colitis, and ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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...
Is there a positive drug or alcohol history? It is well known that alcohol can cause diarrhea, as do drugs in common use, such as ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Lower GI tract bleeding occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz (which separates the duodenum from the jejunum) and refers to the passage of either bright red blood per rectum ... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diarrhea is defined as an increase in the volume of bowel movements. Acute diarrhea is designated as being of less than 4 weeks’ duration. Many patients describe increased frequency or decreased consistency of bowel movements as... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Chronic diarrhea is defined as increased volume bowel movements persisting for more than 4 weeks. Mechanisms of diarrhea are categorized as increased secretion, decreased absorption,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Hematochezia refers to bright red blood per rectum (BRBPR). When the blood is maroon, the bleeding source is usually colonic. Massive upper GI bleed may rarely present with BRBPR because blood is a cathartic and... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Chronic diarrhea (nonbloody, without weight loss) is defined as increased total daily stool output (greater than 10 g/kg/day), associated with increased stool water content; diarrhea is classified as chronic when it... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diarrhea is considered chronic when it last longer than 14 days. Weight loss with diarrhea should always be concerning and deserves thorough investigation. Collectively the malabsorption syndromes are the most common etiologic factors. ... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Acute diarrhea is an abrupt onset of increased fluid content of stool above about 10 mL/kg/day and increased frequency from 4–5 to more than 20 times daily. It is a major... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... The differential diagnosis of diarrhea may be approached from either an anatomic or a physiologic basis. The anatomic approach is used in Table 22. In the stomach and duodenum, pernicious anemia and Zollinger–
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... Hematemesis means vomiting or regurgitation of frank bright red blood or coffee-ground material that is positive for occult blood. It may be differentiated from hemoptysis because it usually gives an acidic reaction to
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient's normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may be acute or chronic. Acute... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Fecal incontinence, the involuntary passage of feces, follows a loss or an impairment of external anal sphincter control. It can result from many GI, neurologic, and psychological disorders; the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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...Rectal bleeding
The passage of bloody stools, also known as hematochezia, usually indicates — and may be the first sign of — GI bleeding below the ligament of Treitz However, this... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations
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... A common sign of upper GI bleeding, melena is the passage of black, tarry stools containing digested blood. The characteristic color results from bacterial degradation and hydrochloric... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Acute Diarrhea
Infections
Viral gastroenteritis (adenovirus, Norwalk agent, rotavirus, etc.)
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... Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Inflammation
Esophageal ulcer
Gastric ulcer*
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Diarrhea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient’s normal bowel elimination habits. It varies in severity and may be acute... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Fecal incontinence, the involuntary passage of feces, follows any loss or impairment of external anal sphincter control. It can result from various GI, neurologic, and psychological disorders;... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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Melena
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A common sign of upper GI bleeding, melena is the passage of black, tarry stools containing digested blood. Characteristic color results from bacterial degradation and hydrochloric acid... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... The passage of bloody stools, also known as hematochezia, usually indicates—and may be the first sign of—GI bleeding below the ligament of Treitz. However, this sign... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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Diarrhea
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Francis G. O’Connor
Diarrhea is one of the most common clinical complaints encountered by primary care providers. Although diarrhea infrequently requires a significant diagnostic evaluation and no more than... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing (5) ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Mark B. Stephens
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is responsible for 1% to 2% of all hospital admissions in the United States (1). Bleeding can be either acute or chronic. The source can be upper or... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Laboratory evaluation ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Upper GI
❑ Peptic ulcer disease
❑ Gastritis
❑... DIagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Viral gastroenteritis
❑ Staphylococcal enterotoxin
❑ E. coli ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Altered Intestinal Motility
❑ Irritable bowel syndrome
❑ Diabetic enteropathy
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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Diarrhea
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient’s normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may be acute or chronic. Acute... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Hematochezia
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... The passage of bloody stools, also known as hematochezia, usually indicates — and may be the first sign of — GI bleeding below the ligament of Treitz. However,... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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Melena
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... A common sign of upper GI bleeding, melena is the passage of black, tarry stools containing digested blood. Characteristic color results from bacterial degradation and hydrochloric acid acting on the blood as it... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient’s normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may be... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... The passage of bloody stools, also known as hematochezia, usually indicates — and may be the first sign of — GI bleeding below the ligament of Treitz. However, this sign —... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Melena
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... A common sign of upper GI bleeding, melena is the passage of black, tarry stools containing digested blood. Characteristic color results from bacterial degradation and hydrochloric acid acting on the blood... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Diarrhea
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Definedas stools that are more fluid and frequent than normal. Can be acute or chronic (>2–3wks in duration). Acute diarrhea is discussed in first section ofthis... Principle Causes of Acute Diarrhea ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Acute Diarrhea ... Diagnostic Approach: Acute Diarrhea ... Principle Causes of Chronic Diarrhea ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Chronic Diarrhea ... Diagnostic Approach: Chronic Diarrhea ... References
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... Definedas fecal soiling beyond 4 yrs of age. Until this age, children arelearning normal bowel control and bowel habits. Primary fecal incontinence exists whenchild has never achieved adequate bowel control; secondary fecal... Principal Causes of Fecal Incontinence ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Can occuranywhere from nose and mouth to anus. Bleeding that occurs proximal to ligamentof Treitz is considered upper tract bleeding, whereas bleeding thatoccurs distal to this ligament is considered lower tract bleeding... Principal Causes of Gastrointestinal Bleeding ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient's normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may be acute or chronic. Acute diarrhea may result from... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Fecal incontinence, the involuntary passage of feces, follows a loss or an impairment of external anal sphincter control. It can result from many GI, neurologic, and psychological disorders; the effects... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A common sign of upper GI bleeding, melena is the passage of black, tarry stools containing digested blood. The characteristic color results from bacterial degradation and hydrochloric acid acting on the blood as it travels through the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... The passage of bloody stools, also known as hematochezia, usually indicates—and may be the first sign of—GI bleeding below the ligament of Treitz. However, this sign—usually preceded by hematemesis&mdash... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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...
Hematemesis means vomiting or regurgitation of frank bright red
blood or coffee-ground material that is positive for occult blood. It may be
differentiated from hemoptysis because it... Pictures
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