...
Is the constipation acute or chronic? If the constipation is acute and there is abdominal pain or vomiting, one must consider the possibility of ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there blood in the stool? From the algorithm, blood in the stool should indicate that there is
Salmonella
,
Shigella
, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a positive drug or alcohol history? It is well known that alcohol can cause diarrhea, as do drugs in common use, such as digitalis, diuretics, beta-blockers, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Constipation is a common complaint that must be accurately defined by the patient before initiating an extensive evaluation. Constipation may include fewer than three bowel movements (BMs) in a week, excessive... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diarrhea is defined as an increase in the volume of bowel movements. Acute diarrhea is designated as being of less than 4 weeks’ duration. Many patients describe increased frequency or decreased consistency of bowel... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Chronic diarrhea is defined as increased volume bowel movements persisting for more than 4 weeks. Mechanisms of diarrhea are categorized as increased secretion, decreased absorption, osmotic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Constipation is a common complaint, accounting for 3% of all pediatric office visits. Stool frequency can be variable in infants, who average 4 per day (SD 1.8) at 1 week, 2.2 per day (SD 1.6) at 1 month, and 1.8 per day... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Chronic diarrhea (nonbloody, without weight loss) is defined as increased total daily stool output (greater than 10 g/kg/day), associated with increased stool water content; diarrhea is classified... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diarrhea is considered chronic when it last longer than 14 days. Weight loss with diarrhea should always be concerning and deserves thorough investigation. Collectively the malabsorption syndromes are the most common... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Acute diarrhea is an abrupt onset of increased fluid content of stool above about 10 mL/kg/day and increased frequency from 4–5 to more than 20 times daily. It is a... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... The causes of constipation can be recalled on a physiologic basis. Normal defecation requires feces that are of proper consistency, good muscular contraction of the walls of the large intestine, and
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... The differential diagnosis of diarrhea may be approached from either an anatomic or a physiologic basis. The anatomic approach is used in Table 22. In the stomach and duodenum, pernicious
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... Sometimes audible without a stethoscope, hyperactive bowel sounds reflect increased intestinal motility (peristalsis). They're commonly characterized as rapid, rushing, gurgling waves of sounds. (See Characteristics of... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Hypoactive bowel sounds, detected by auscultation, are diminished in regularity, tone, and loudness from normal bowel sounds. In themselves, hypoactive bowel sounds don't herald an emergency; in fact, they're considered normal during sleep... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations
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... Constipation is defined as small, infrequent, or difficult bowel movements. Because normal bowel movements can vary in frequency and from individual to individual, constipation is relative and must be... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient's normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may be acute or chronic. Acute diarrhea may result from... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Behavioral/Psychiatric Factors
Low-residue diet
Chronic laxative and/or enema abuse
Immobility
Reduced food intake
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... Acute Diarrhea
Infections
Viral gastroenteritis (adenovirus, Norwalk agent, rotavirus, etc.)
Bacterial
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... Sometimes audible without a stethoscope, hyperactive bowel sounds reflect increased intestinal motility (peristalsis). They’re commonly characterized as rapid, rushing, gurgling waves of sounds. ... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Hypoactive bowel sounds, detected by auscultation, are diminished in regularity, tone, and loudness from normal bowel sounds. In themselves, hypoactive bowel sounds don’t herald... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Constipation is defined as small, infrequent, or difficult bowel movements. Because normal bowel movements can vary in frequency and from individual to individual, constipation must be determined in relation to the patient&rsquo... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Diarrhea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient’s normal bowel elimination habits. It varies in severity and may be acute or... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Constipation
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... W. Robert Kiser
Approach Constipation, defined as the passage of two or fewer stools per week (1), is the most frequently reported gastrointestinal (GI) complaint in primary... History ... Physical examination ... Diagnostic testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Diarrhea
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Francis G. O’Connor
Diarrhea is one of the most common clinical complaints encountered by primary care providers. Although diarrhea infrequently... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing (5) ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Lifestyle
❑ Drugs
❑ Depression
❑ Irritable bowel syndrome
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Viral gastroenteritis
❑ Staphylococcal enterotoxin
❑ E. coli
❑ Salmonella ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Altered Intestinal Motility
❑ Irritable bowel syndrome
❑ Diabetic enteropathy ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Also known as lazy colon, colonic stasis, colonic inertia, and atonic constipation, chronic constipation may lead to fecal impaction if left untreated. It’s common in elderly and... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Sometimes audible without a stethoscope, hyperactive bowel sounds reflect increased intestinal motility (peristalsis). They’re commonly characterized as rapid, rushing, gurgling waves of sound. (See Characteristics of bowel... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Diarrhea
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient’s normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may be... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Sometimes audible without a stethoscope, hyperactive bowel sounds reflect increased intestinal motility (peristalsis). They’re commonly characterized as rapid, rushing, gurgling waves of sounds. (See ... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Hypoactive bowel sounds, detected by auscultation, are diminished in regularity, tone, and loudness from normal bowel sounds. They may portend absent bowel sounds, which can indicate a life-threatening... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Constipation is defined as small, infrequent, or difficult bowel movements. Because normal bowel movements can vary in frequency and from individual to individual, constipation must be determined... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient’s normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Constipation
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Constipationis difficult passage of hard stools. Clinical problem is not infrequent passageper se, but difficult and painful bowel movements. Common... Principal Causes of Constipation ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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Diarrhea
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Definedas stools that are more fluid and frequent than normal. Can be acute or chronic (>2–3wks in duration). Acute diarrhea is discussed in first section ofthis... Principle Causes of Acute Diarrhea ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Acute Diarrhea ... Diagnostic Approach: Acute Diarrhea ... Principle Causes of Chronic Diarrhea ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Chronic Diarrhea ... Diagnostic Approach: Chronic Diarrhea ... References
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... Sometimes audible without a stethoscope, hyperactive bowel sounds reflect increased intestinal motility (peristalsis). They're commonly characterized as rapid, rushing, gurgling waves of sounds. (See ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Hypoactive bowel sounds, detected by auscultation, are diminished in regularity, tone, and loudness from normal bowel sounds. They don't herald an emergency; in fact, they're... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Constipation is defined as small, infrequent, or difficult bowel movements. Because normal bowel movements can vary in frequency and from individual to individual, constipation is relative and must be determined in relation to the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Usually a chief sign of an intestinal disorder, diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stools compared with the patient's normal bowel habits. It varies in severity and may be... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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The causes of constipation can be recalled on a physiologic basis.
Normal defecation requires feces that are of proper consistency, good
muscular contraction of... Pictures
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... Author: Craig DeWolfe, MD
What to Do - Take Action
Appropriate nutrition is vital to maintaining health and recovering from
disease and injury. Research in this... Suggested Readings
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