... A patient with orthopnea is able to breathe without significant subjective difficulty in the sitting or upright position but almost invariably develops shortness of breath in the recumbent position. This symptom is most characteristic of
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Is the patient an adult or a child? If the patient is a child, acute epiglottitis, acute laryngotracheitis, foreign body, congenital laryngeal ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Wheezing is classically due to bronchial asthma, but there is a danger in jumping to that conclusion because it occurs in a few other conditions as well. The wheezing of bronchial... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the dyspnea acute? If the dyspnea is acute onset, one should ask if there is a drug history, particularly a history of mainlining narcotics. If so, adult ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there excessive snoring? Excessive snoring would indicate obstructive sleep apnea from large tonsils, deviated nasal septum, cleft palate, other abnormalities, and obesity.
Is there ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Orthopnea is defined as difficulty breathing (dyspnea) while in the recumbent position. The dyspnea is due to increased venous return to the lungs while recumbent, resulting in increased... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Tachypnea is defined as an increase in the normal respiratory rate. The normal respiratory rate varies with age (24–38 respirations per minute for children <1 year of age; 12–19 rpm for adults).>... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Dyspnea is defined as an abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing. It is one of the cardinal symptoms of cardiac and pulmonary disease, but may also result from abnormalities of the chest wall, neurologic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is defined as severe difficulty breathing or air hunger that awakens the patient from sleep (usually 1–3 hours after lying down) and forces... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Stridor is characterized by a high-pitched grating sound on inhalation or exhalation, but it is caused by narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway. Wheezing is a high-pitched musical sound on inhalation or exhalation that is... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Apnea is defined as the cessation of breathing; how long a pause is physiologically significant depends on age. History will often be more helpful than physical exam. Central apnea refers to a lack of respiratory effort accompanied by a lack... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Priority of stridor evaluation is based on history and clinical presentation. A child with new stridor and respiratory distress requires immediate intervention. The most common cause of chronic stridor in infants... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Tachypnea is defined as rapid breathing. The younger the child, the faster the average respiratory rate, and the wider the acceptable range of normal. The average newborn... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Breath sounds are made by air flow through airways. Normally they are fairly quiet and somewhat louder during inspiration as air flows toward the stethoscope. Wheezing is defined as continuous breath sounds that are more prominent... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Dyspnea is defined as “shortness of breath,” so it is important to determine the effect of activity on breathing. Worsening when supine does not reliably differentiate left-sided cardiac disease... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Dyspnea is the subjective feeling of rapid or difficult breathing. The patient will often say, “I can’t get my breath!” Tachypnea is the objective finding of a rapid
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... Nurses frequently become distressed and summon the intern during the night about these signs. Cheyne–Stokes respirations are a frequent source of bewilderment because they may occur at times with no direct
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... The differential diagnosis of sleep apnea may be arrived at by utilizing both physiology and anatomy. Normal sleep requires an unobstructed pathway from the nasopharynx to the lung
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... Both these symptoms are the result of the same pathophysiologic mechanism: obstruction in the upper air passages. That obstruction may be due to any one of the etiologies recalled by the mnemonic MINT.
M&
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... When breathing requires extra effort, the accessory muscles — the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major, trapezius, internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles — stabilize the thorax during respiration.... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Apnea
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
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... Apnea, the cessation of spontaneous respiration, is occasionally temporary and self-limiting, as occurs during Cheyne-Stokes and Biot’s respirations. More commonly, however, it’s a life-threatening... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Commonly preceding life-threatening apnea or respiratory arrest, bradypnea is a pattern of regular respirations with a rate of fewer than 10 breaths/minute. This sign results from neurologic and... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Asymmetrical chest expansion is the uneven extension of portions of the chest wall during inspiration. During normal respiration, the thorax uniformly expands upward and outward, and then contracts downward and... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... The most common pattern of periodic breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a waxing and waning period of hyperpnea that alternates with a shorter period of apnea. This pattern can occur normally in... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations
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... Hyperpnea indicates increased respiratory effort for a sustained period — a normal rate (at least 12 breaths/minute) with increased depth (a tidal volume greater than 7.5 ml/kg), an increased rate (more than 20 breaths/minute) with... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Orthopnea — difficulty breathing in the supine position — is a common symptom of cardiopulmonary disorders that produce dyspnea. It’s usually a subtle symptom; the patient may complain that he can’t catch... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Respirations are shallow when a diminished volume of air enters the lungs during inspiration. In an effort to obtain enough air, the patient with shallow respirations usually breathes at an accelerated rate. However,... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Characterized by a harsh, rattling, or snoring sound, stertorous respirations usually result from the vibration of relaxed oropharyngeal structures during sleep or coma, causing partial airway obstruction. Less... Emergency interventions ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... A cardinal sign of respiratory distress in infants and children, retractions are visible indentations of the soft tissue covering the chest wall. They may be suprasternal (directly above the sternum and clavicles), intercostal (between the... Emergency interventions
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur during expiration in severe upper airway... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... A common sign of cardiopulmonary disorders, tachypnea is an abnormally fast respiratory rate — 20 or more breaths/minute. Tachypnea may reflect the need to increase minute volume — the amount of air... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Typically a symptom of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, dyspnea is the sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing. It's usually reported as shortness of breath. Its severity varies greatly... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Typically dramatic and terrifying to the patient, this sign refers to an attack of dyspnea that abruptly awakens the patient. Common findings include diaphoresis, coughing, wheezing, and chest discomfort. The attack abates... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. They are caused by air flowing at a high velocity through a narrowed... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Asthma
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Exercise- or cold-induced
Drug-induced
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... Acute
Pleuropulmonary causes
Obstructive lung disease
Asthma
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... When breathing requires extra effort, the accessory muscles—the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major, trapezius, internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles—stabilize the... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Apnea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Apnea, the cessation of spontaneous respiration, is occasionally temporary and self-limiting, as in Cheyne-Stokes and Biot’s respirations. In most cases, though, it’s a life-threatening emergency... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Bradypnea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Commonly preceding life-threatening apnea or respiratory arrest, bradypnea is a pattern of regular respirations with a rate of fewer than 10 breaths/minute. This sign may result... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Asymmetrical chest expansion is the uneven extension of portions of the chest wall during inspiration. During normal respiration, the thorax uniformly expands upward and outward, then contracts downward... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... The most common pattern of periodic breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a waxing and waning period of hyperpnea that alternates with a shorter period of apnea. This pattern... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Hyperpnea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Hyperpnea indicates increased respiratory effort for a sustained period—a normal rate (at least 12 breaths/minute) with increased depth (a tidal volume greater than 7.5 ml/kg... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Orthopnea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Orthopnea—difficulty breathing in the supine position—is a common symptom of cardiopulmonary disorders that produce dyspnea. It’s often a subtle symptom; the patient may complain that... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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... Characterized by a deep, low-pitched grunting sound at the end of each breath, grunting respirations are a chief sign of respiratory distress in infants and children. They may be soft and heard... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Respirations are shallow when a diminished volume of air enters the lungs during inspiration. In an effort to obtain enough air, the patient with shallow respirations usually breathes at an accelerated rate. However, as he tires or as his... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Characterized by a harsh, rattling, or snoring sound, stertorous respirations usually result from the vibration of relaxed oropharyngeal structures during sleep or coma, causing partial airway obstruction. Less often, these respirations... Emergency interventions ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... A cardinal sign of respiratory distress in infants and children, retractions are visible indentations of the soft tissue covering the chest wall. They may be suprasternal (directly above the sternum and clavicles),... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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Stridor
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur during expiration in severe upper airway obstruction. It may begin as low... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Tachypnea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A common sign of cardiopulmonary disorders, tachypnea is an abnormally fast respiratory rate—20 or more breaths/minute. Tachypnea may reflect the need to increase minute volume... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Dyspnea
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Typically a symptom of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, dyspnea is the sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing. It’s usually described as shortness of breath. Its severity varies greatly and is usually unrelated to the... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Typically dramatic and terrifying to the patient, this sign refers to an attack of dyspnea that abruptly awakens the patient. Common findings include diaphoresis, coughing, wheezing, and chest discomfort. The attack... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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Stridor
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Alexandra Duke and Tahany Maurice-Habashy
Stridor is a common type of wheezing (Chapter 8.9). It is characterized by a harsh, raspy, medium-pitched sound produced as air flows through a partially... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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Wheezing
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Thomas C. Bent
Wheezing is one of the most common respiratory complaints to present to primary care physicians. Although most often caused by asthma or... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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Shortness of Breath
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Robert M. Theal
Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, accounts for 3.7% of all visits to medical clinics (1).
Approach The initial history, physical examination, and chest... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Wheezing
❑ Asthma
❑ Reactive airways disease
❑ Pulmonary edema
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Asthma
❑ COPD exacerbation
❑ Left heart failure ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
❑ Congestive heart failure
❑ Asthma ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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Apnea
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Apnea is the cessation of spontaneous respiration and is usually a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate intervention to prevent death. It may occur as a temporary and self-limiting event, such as Cheyne-Stokes and Biot’s... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Bradypnea
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Commonly preceding life-threatening apnea or respiratory arrest, bradypnea is a pattern of regular respirations with a rate of less than 10 breaths/minute. This sign results... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Asymmetrical chest expansion is the uneven extension of portions of the chest wall during inspiration. During normal respiration, the thorax uniformly expands upward and outward, and then contracts downward and inward. When this... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a waxing and waning period of hyperpnea that alternates with a shorter period of apnea. It’s the most common pattern of periodic breathing. This pattern can... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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Hyperpnea
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Hyperpnea indicates increased respiratory effort for a sustained period — a normal rate (at least 12 breaths/minute) with increased depth (a tidal volume greater than 7.5 ml/kg), an increased rate (more than 20... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Characterized by a deep, low-pitched grunting sound at the end of each breath, grunting respirations are a chief sign of respiratory distress in infants and children. They may be... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Respirations are shallow when a diminished volume of air enters the lungs during inspiration. In an effort to obtain enough air, the patient with shallow respirations usually breathes at an accelerated rate. However, as... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Characterized by a harsh, rattling, or snoring sound, stertorous respirations usually result from the vibration of relaxed oropharyngeal structures during sleep or coma, causing partial airway... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... A cardinal sign of respiratory distress in infants and in children, retractions are visible indentations of the soft tissue covering the chest wall. They may be suprasternal ... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Stridor
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Other causes include foreign-body aspiration, croup syndrome, laryngeal diphtheria, pertussis, retropharyngeal abscess... Assessment ... History ... Physical assessment ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Tachypnea
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... A common sign of cardiopulmonary disorders, tachypnea is an abnormally fast respiratory rate — 20 or more breaths/minute. Tachypnea may reflect the need to increase minute volume — the amount of air... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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Wheezing
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. They’re caused by air flowing at a high velocity through a narrowed airway. When they originate in... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Dyspnea
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Typically a symptom of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, dyspnea is the sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing. It’s usually reported as shortness of breath. Its severity varies greatly and is usually unrelated to the... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... When breathing requires extra effort, the accessory muscles — the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major, trapezius, internal intercostal, and abdominal muscles ... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Commonly preceding life-threatening apnea or respiratory arrest, bradypnea is a pattern of regular respirations with a rate of less than 10 breaths/minute. This sign results from neurologic and metabolic disorders and drug overdose, which... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Asymmetrical chest expansion is the uneven extension of portions of the chest wall during inspiration. During normal respiration, the thorax uniformly expands upward and outward, then contracts... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... The typical patient with hyperpnea breathes at a normal or increased rate and inhales deeply, displaying marked chest expansion. He may complain of shortness of breath if a respiratory disorder is causing hypoxemia, or he may not be... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Orthopnea — difficulty breathing in the supine position — is a common symptom of cardiopulmonary disorders that produce dyspnea. In many patients, it’s a subtle symptom; the patient may complain that he... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Characterized by a deep, low-pitched grunting sound at the end of each breath, grunting respirations are a chief sign of respiratory distress in infants and children. They may be soft and heard only on auscultation, or loud... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Respirations are shallow when a diminished volume of air enters the lungs during inspiration. In an effort to obtain enough air, the patient with shallow respirations usually breathes at an... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Characterized by a harsh, rattling, or snoring sound, stertorous respirations usually result from the vibration of relaxed oropharyngeal structures during sleep or coma, causing partial airway... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A cardinal sign of respiratory distress in infants and children, retractions are visible indentations of the soft tissue covering the chest wall. They may be suprasternal (directly above the sternum and clavicles),... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Stridor
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur during expiration in severe upper airway obstruction. It may begin as... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A common sign of cardiopulmonary disorders, tachypnea is an abnormally fast respiratory rate — 20 or more breaths/minute. Tachypnea may reflect the need to increase minute volume — the amount of air... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. Also known as sibilant rhonchi, they’re caused by air flowing at a high velocity through a narrowed airway... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Dyspnea
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Typically a symptom of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, dyspnea is the sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing. It’s usually reported as shortness of breath. Its... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Wheezing
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Wheezing is a high-pitched musical soundthat is usually produced by narrowing of the segmental bronchi andbronchioles. May be heard during inspiration, expiration, or both. Principal Causes of Wheezing Asthma ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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...Signs of respiratory distress include tachypnea,dyspnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, and cyanosis. Apneais an extreme form of respiratory distress. Respiratory distress(neonatal and... Principal Causes of Respiratory Distress (Neonatal) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Respiratory Distress (Neonatal) ... Principal Causes of Respiratory Distress (Postneonatal) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Respiratory Distress (Postneonatal) ... Diagnostic Approach: Respiratory Distress ... Principal Causes of Apnea ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Apnea ... Diagnostic Approach: Apnea ... References
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... Stertoris noisy, snoring-type breathing that results from airway obstructionin the nose, nasopharynx, or oropharynx. The sounds are heard onlyduring inspiration. Stridor is a low- to... Principal Causes of Airway Obstruction ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... When breathing requires extra effort, the accessory muscles—the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major, trapezius, internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles—stabilize the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Apnea, the cessation of spontaneous respiration, is occasionally temporary and self-limiting, as occurs during Cheyne-Stokes and Biot's respirations. More commonly, it's a life-threatening... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Commonly preceding life-threatening apnea or respiratory arrest, bradypnea is a pattern of regular respirations with a rate of fewer than 10 breaths/minute. This sign results from neurologic and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Asymmetrical chest expansion is the uneven extension of portions of the chest wall during inspiration. During normal respiration, the thorax uniformly expands upward and outward, and then... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... The most common pattern of periodic breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a waxing and waning period of hyperpnea that alternates with a shorter period of apnea. This pattern can occur... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Hyperpnea indicates increased respiratory effort for a sustained period—a normal rate (at least 12 breaths/minute) with increased depth (a tidal volume greater than 7.5 ml/kg), an increased rate (more than 20 breaths/minute) with... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Orthopnea—difficulty breathing in the supine position—is a common symptom of cardiopulmonary disorders that produce dyspnea. It's usually a subtle symptom; the patient may complain that he can... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Characterized by a deep, low-pitched grunting sound at the end of each breath, grunting respirations are a chief sign of respiratory distress in infants and children. They may be soft and heard only on... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Respirations are shallow when a diminished volume of air enters the lungs during inspiration. In an effort to obtain enough air, the patient with shallow respirations usually breathes at an accelerated rate. However, as he tires or as his... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Characterized by a harsh, rattling, or snoring sound, stertorous respirations usually result from the vibration of relaxed oropharyngeal structures during sleep or coma, causing partial airway obstruction. Less commonly,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... A cardinal sign of respiratory distress in infants and children, retractions are visible indentations of the soft tissue covering the chest wall. They may be suprasternal (directly above the sternum and clavicles),... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from a partial to near complete obstruction of the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur during expiration in severe... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A common sign of cardiopulmonary disorders, tachypnea is an abnormally fast respiratory rate—greater than 20 breaths/minute. Tachypnea may reflect the need to increase minute volume—the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Typically a symptom of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, dyspnea is the sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing. It's usually reported as shortness of breath. Its severity varies greatly and is usually unrelated to... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Typically dramatic and terrifying to the patient, this sign refers to an attack of dyspnea that abruptly awakens the patient. Common findings include diaphoresis, coughing, wheezing, and chest discomfort. The attack abates after the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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...
Nurses frequently become distressed and summon the intern during the
night about these signs. Cheyne–Stokes respirations are a frequent source
of bewilderment because they may occur at times with no... Pictures
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...
The differential diagnosis of sleep apnea may be arrived at by
utilizing both physiology and anatomy. Normal sleep
requires an unobstructed... Pictures
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...
Both these symptoms are the result of the same pathophysiologic
mechanism: obstruction in the upper air passages. That obstruction may be
due to any one of the etiologies recalled by the mnemonic ... Pictures
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...
Dyspnea is the subjective feeling of rapid or difficult
breathing. The patient will often say, “I can’t get my breath!”
Tachypnea... Pictures
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... Charles Schwartz, MD Dyspnea - BASICS Dyspnea - description Shortness of breath. A subjective feeling of having difficulty breathing. Dyspnea - DIAGNOSIS Dyspnea - signs ... Dyspnea - TREATMENT ... Dyspnea - FOLLOW UP ... Dyspnea - bibliography ... Dyspnea - CODES ... Dyspnea - FAQ
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