COUGH
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)
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Is it acute or chronic? Acute onset of a cough would suggest an acute URI, viral pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia. A chronic cough is more suggestive of pneumoconiosis, chronic ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there abnormalities on the ear examination? The ear examination may reveal severe otitis externa, an epithelioma of the pinna, a foreign body, or impacted wax. It may also show ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there exudates? This is a key question when evaluating a sore throat. Most cases of sore throat with exudates will be found to have streptococcal pharyngitis. Without ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a history of drug ingestion or injection? This will help diagnose drug reactions and serum sickness, which are common and easily discovered in ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a history of drug ingestion or injection? Of course, the history should reveal that the patient has been on a certain drug or has received certain antitoxins, serums, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Fever is defined as an elevation of normal body temperature (37°C, or 98.6°F). True fever occurs when the body adopts a new thermoregulatory “set point” secondary to the release of pyrogenic cytokines in... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Sore throat is a common symptom. Many patients incorrectly believe that antibiotics improve the clinical course in all sore throats. Although the vast majority of sore throats are of viral origin and should be managed... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Initial history of cough should include an assessment of the production of sputum, and the quantity, quality, and circumstances of the sputum production and coughing episodes. Additionally, associated history... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Initial history of cough should include an assessment of the production of sputum. Additionally, associated history and physical findings, with particular attention to the... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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The etiologies of rash with fever are vast, but a systematic approach will help the clinician quickly narrow the differential. Patients who appear “toxic” with fever and... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Most sore throats and coughs are due to infection. Children may have 5–8 upper respiratory infections per year. The primary differential is between viral and bacterial etiologies, especially group... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Cyclic or periodic fever is an unexplained fever that recurs after fever-free periods at almost predictably fixed intervals. True cyclic fever is rather uncommon in childhood; it... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Recurrent or relapsing fever is a cluster of febrile episodes that occur over a period of time, with documented fever-free intervals and without an apparent medical cause for... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a term that is often misused to describe febrile illness without an obvious etiology or without other symptoms. The definition in different... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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A cough occurs by increased intrathoracic pressure against a closed glottis (Valsalva maneuver), followed by the abrupt opening of the glottis and a sudden expulsion of air. Increased intrathoracic pressure leads to dynamic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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In adults, “chronic” is often defined as more than 3 months of coughing in 2 years, but chronic cough is not as well defined in children. In general, for children, cough of more than 3... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Fever is an elevation of body temperature over the normal daily range for a specific individual in response to different insults. It occurs when the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus is reset... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... The differential diagnosis of cough is best developed with the use of anatomy. Cough may arise from an irritative focus anywhere along the respiratory tract. The irritation may be intrinsic, in which case it is
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... The analysis of earache is much like that of dysuria: It is anatomic and inflammation accounts for the vast majority of causes. Thus, otitis externa would be like urethritis and otitis media like cystitis, and so forth
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... The differential diagnosis of fever is best developed using physiology first and anatomy second.
FEVER,
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... Breaking down the orophraynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of sore throat. What is useful is to use the mnemonic VINDICATE
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... Productive coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove. It's a sudden, forceful, noisy... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Earaches usually result from disorders of the external and middle ear associated with infection, obstruction, or trauma. Their severity ranges from a feeling of fullness or blockage to deep, boring pain. At times, it... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Fever
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
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...Pyrexia
A fever is a common sign that can arise from many disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, a fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn't yield sputum or blood. It's one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders.
... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Acute
Viral upper respiratory infection
Pharyngitis
Rhinitis
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... Infection
Bacterial
Bacterial endocarditis
Sinusitis
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... Infections
Bacterial
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Salmonella spp.
Haemophilus influenzae
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... The common cold (also known as acute coryza) is an acute, usually afebrile viral infection that causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. It's the most common infectious disease, accounting for more time lost from... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Cold injuries result from overexposure to cold air or water and occur in two major forms: localized injuries such as frostbite and systemic injuries such as hypothermia. Untreated or improperly treated frostbite can... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Colorado tick fever is a benign infection caused by the Colorado tick fever arbo-virus and transmitted to humans by a tick. It occurs in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States,... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Lassa fever is an epidemic hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus, an extremely virulent arenavirus. This highly fatal disorder kills 10% to 50% of its victims, but those who survive its early stages usually recover and acquire... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... An acute infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, relapsing fever (also called tick, fowl-nest, cabin, or vagabond fever or bilious typhoid) is... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood, in many cases recurrent, that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a febrile, rash-producing illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. The disease is transmitted to humans by a tick bite.
RMSF is... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection usually caused by the nonmotile, gram-negative coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis and, occasionally, by the related similar bacteria ... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Usually developing gradually, this increased sensitivity to cold temperatures reflects damage to the body’s temperature-regulating mechanism, based on interactions between the hypothalamus... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn’t yield sputum or blood. It’s one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders.
Coughing is a necessary... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Earaches usually result from disorders of the external and middle ear associated with infection, obstruction, or trauma. Their severity ranges from a feeling of fullness or blockage to deep,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Fever is a common sign that can arise from numerous disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance.... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Cough
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Désirée A. Lie
Cough is among the top 10 reasons for visits to family physicians in the United States. It accounts for 200 to 400 million episodes of illness per year. Three causal conditions increasing in... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Fever
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Lyle J. Fagnan
Fever is a physiologic state in which the body temperature is elevated above the individual’s normal temperature. Patients and clinicians consider fever an important sign of illness... Approach to the febrile patient. ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing. ... Diagnostic assessment. ... Pictures
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... Michael L. O’Dell
Fever with an accompanying rash represents a diagnostic challenge for even the most experienced of clinicians, as this combination of signs can represent trivial or... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Rhinovirus
❑ Group A streptococci
❑ Ebstein-Barr virus ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Infection
❑ HIV
❑ Tuberculosis
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Viral upper respiratory infection
❑ Asthma
❑ Sinusitis
❑ Mycoplasma bronchitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Upper respiratory infection
❑ Allergy
❑ Asthma
❑ Chronic bronchitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... The common cold — an acute, usually afebrile viral infection — causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. It accounts for more time lost from school or work than any other cause and is the most common infectious... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Overexposure to cold air or water causes cold injuries. They occur in two major forms: localized injuries (such as frostbite) and systemic injuries (such as hypothermia). Untreated or... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Often recurrent, acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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Cough, barking
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. Croup syndrome is most common in boys... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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Cough, productive
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Fever
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Fever is a common sign that can arise from any one of several disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever,... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. Croup syndrome is most... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air ... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Earache
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Also known as otalgia, earaches usually result from disorders of the external and middle ear that are associated with infection, obstruction, or trauma. Their severity ranges from a feeling of fullness or blockage to deep,... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Fever
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Fever, or pyrexia, is a common sign that can arise from any one of several disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn’t yield sputum. It’s one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders. ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Cough
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Definedas sound that occurs on sudden release of air under high pressure,which is generated by forceful contraction of expiratory musclesagainst a closed glottis. Clinical dilemma is to determine whethercoughing is associated... Principal Causes of Cough ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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Earache
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Can be causedby external or middle ear pathology or by referred pain from another source. According to Potsic (1997), 85% ofchildren with ear pain have infection; 7%, referred pain; 5%,... Principal Causes of Earache ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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Fever
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Occurs whenpathologic process causes body temperature to exceed normal range. DuBois suggested that usual range ofnormal body temperature is 97–100.4°F (36.2–38.0°C)... Principal Causes of Acute Fever ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Acute Fever ... Diagnostic Approach: Acute Fever ... Principal Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Fever of Unknown Origin ... Diagnostic Approach: Fever of Unknown Origin ... References
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Sore Throat
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Sore throat refers to any painful sensationof the pharynx or surrounding tissues and is a common complaintin childhood and adolescence. Principal Causes of Sore Throat Infection ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. It's most prevalent in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Productive coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove. It's a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn't yield sputum or blood. It's one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders.
... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Earaches usually result from disorders of the external and middle ear associated with infection, obstruction, or trauma. Their severity ranges from a feeling of fullness or blockage to deep, boring pain. At... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A fever is a common sign that can arise from many disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, a fever in the absence of other signs usually has... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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...
The differential diagnosis of cough is best developed with the use of
anatomy. Cough may arise from an irritative focus anywhere along the
respiratory tract... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
The analysis of earache is much like that of dysuria: It is anatomic, and
inflammation accounts for the vast majority of causes.
Thus, otitis externa would be like urethritis and otitis media like... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
The differential diagnosis of fever is best developed using
physiology first and anatomy second.
Physiology. Increased heat in the body is caused by... Pictures
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...
Breaking down the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic
components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of
sore throat.... Pictures
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... Cynthia R. Jacobstein, MD Sore Throat - BASICS Sore Throat - description Sore throat or pain with swallowing is a common presenting complaint in the pediatric population. The majority of... Sore Throat - DIAGNOSIS ... Sore Throat - TREATMENT ... Sore Throat - FOLLOW UP ... Sore Throat - bibliography ... Sore Throat - CODES ... Sore Throat - FAQ
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