Glossary for Diabetes-like symptoms

Medical terms related to Diabetes-like symptoms or mentioned in this section include:

• $18p minus syndrome$: A rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 18 is missing which is characterized by mental and growth deficiencies, drooping upper eyelid and prominent ears. The type and severity of symptoms is determined by the amount of genetic material that is missing.
• Abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome: A syndrome characterized by a group of conditions that are considered major risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
• Acanthosis nigricans muscle cramps acral enlargement: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by muscle cramps, dark velvety patches of skin and large hands and feet.
• Aceruloplasminemia: A rare genetic disorder characterized by a lack of the protein ceruloplasmin in the blood resulting in a buildup of iron in the liver, brain and pancreas. This in turn causes diabetes and degeneration of the neural system causing tremors and walking abnormalities.
• Achard-Thiers Syndrome: A rare hormonal disorder that occurs in diabetic postmenopausal women where body hair grows in a masculine manner. Hormonal therapy is used to correct the endocrine imbalance.
• Acid-Base Imbalance: A disruption to the normal acid-base equilibrium in the body. There are four main groups of disorder involving an acid-base imbalance: respiratory acidosis or alkalosis and metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Obviously the severity of symptoms is determined by the degree of imbalance.
• Acinic cell carcinoma: A usually slow-growing malignant tumor that that can occur in various parts of the body but is most often found in the pancreas, salivary glands, palate and upper lip. Symptoms are determined by the size and location of the growth.
• Acquired total lipodystrophy: A rare acquired disorder that involves adipose tissue abnormalities and is characterized by loss of adipose tissue through the body. The disorder is very similar to the congenital form but the liver involvement is more severe.
• Acromegaly: An abnormal enlargement of the limbs due to increased secretion of growth hormone after the cessation of puberty
• Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome: The association of a sudden kidney disorder with eye inflammation. Autoimmune processes are believed to be involved.
• Adrenal Cancer: A malignant cancer that develops in the adrenal gland. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids. Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal Cortex Diseases: Diseases of the adrenal cortex. Examples includes Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome and adrenal fatigue.
• Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms: A tumor that develops in the adrenal gland. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids.
• Adrenal adenoma, familial: A benign tumor that develops in the adrenal gland and tends to run in families. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids . Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal gland hyperfunction: Excessive activity of the adrenal gland which causes excessive production of one or more adrenal hormones (aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The increased adrenal gland activity may be caused by an adrenal gland tumor or by excessive stimulation of the gland. Pituitary hormones stimulate adrenal gland activity.
• Adrenal incidentaloma: A tumor of the adrenal gland that is discovered incidentally while performing an imaging examination for reasons other than an adrenal tumor. The tumor may be asymptomatic or can causes excessive secretion of adrenal hormones and resulting symptoms. The tumor may also be malignant or benign.
• Adrenocortical carcinoma: A condition which is characterized by malignancy which affects the adrenocortex.
• Adult Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition characterized by the production of thick sticky mucus by the mucus glands in the lungs, intestines, liver and pancreas. The condition is most often diagnosed in children or young adults but occasionally, relatively mild symptoms may lead to frequent misdiagnosis or no diagnosis at all unless the symptoms become worse. The condition may be misdiagnosed as emphysema, asthma or chronic bronchitis. It is usually females with a mild form of the disease who tend to be diagnosed at a later age.
• Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing syndrome: The excessive consumption of alcohol can result in symptoms similar to a condition called Cushing's syndrome. When alcohol consumption is stopped, symptoms regress.
• Amlodipine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Anophthalmia - hypothalamo-pituitary insufficiency: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by small or absent eyes and malformations of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
• Anophthalmia - hypyothalamo-pituitary insufficiency: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by small or absent eyes and malformations of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
• Anophthalmia - short stature - obesity: A very rare syndrome characterized by absent eyes, short stature and obesity.
• Apolipoprotein C 2I deficiency: A rare inherited condition where a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II impairs lipoprotein metabolism and results in a build up of chylomicrons and VLDL.
• Arizona Bark Scorpion poisoning: A bite from the Arizona Bark scorpion contains chemicals toxic to the nerve system and can cause serious, life-threatening symptoms.
• Aromatase deficiency: A congenital deficiency of the enzyme called aromatase which is needed to convert androgens to estrogens.
• Ataxia Telangiectasia: A rare inherited childhood disorder involving progressive degeneration of the nervous system.
• Atherosclerosis, premature - deafness - diabetes mellitus - photomyoclonus - nephropathy - degenerative neurologic disease: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by deafness, diabetes, epilepsy, kidney disease and premature hardening of the arteries.
• Atherosclerosis- deafness - diabetes - epilepsy - nephropathy: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by deafness, diabetes, epilepsy, kidney disease and premature hardening of the arteries.
• Autoimmune Diabetes Insipidus: Autoimmune disorder leading to diabetes insipidus.
• Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome: An inherited autoimmune condition characterized by proliferation of lymphocytes and autoimmunity against the body's own blood cells resulting in premature death of certain blood cells.
• Autonomic neuropathy: A condition which is characterized by a functional disturbance or pathological change in the autonomic nervous system
• Bard-Pic syndrome: A complication of advanced pancreatic cancer marked by jaundice and enlarged gallbladder.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 1: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 1 is caused by a defect in chromosome 11q13.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 10: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 10 is caused by a defect in chromosome 12q.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 11: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 11 is caused by a defect in chromosome 9q33.1.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 12: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 12 is caused by a defect in chromosome 4q27.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 2: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 2 is caused by a defect in chromosome 16q21.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 3: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 3 is caused by a defect in chromosome 3p12-q13.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 4: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 4 is caused by a defect in chromosome 15q22.3.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 5: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 5 is caused by a defect in chromosome 2q31.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 6: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 6 is caused by a defect in chromosome 20p12.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 7: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 7 is caused by a defect in chromosome 4q27.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 8: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 8 is caused by a defect in chromosome 14q32.11.
• Bardet-Biedl syndrome, type 9: A rare genetic disorder characterized by mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and retinal pigmentation as well as other abnormalities. Type 9 is caused by a defect in chromosome 7p14.
• Biliary cirrhosis: Biliary cirrhosis is a condition where the bile ducts are unable to transport bile effectively due to blockage, inflammation, scarring or some other damage to the bile ducts. The condition may result from such things as congenital defect of the bile ducts (e.g. biliary atresia), cystic fibrosis, gallstones or a variety of other secondary conditions. The cause of primary biliary cirrhosis is not fully understood.
• Bobble-head doll syndrome: A rare condition where a child's head bobs up and down continuously due to either fluid on the brain or a large cyst in the third ventricle of the brain.
• Bruns-Garland syndrome: Spinal cord damage that occurs in some diabetics and results in weakness and wasting in the arms and legs.
• Brunzell syndrome: A rare recessively inherited syndrome characterized by a lack of skin fat (Seip syndrome), cystic angiomatosis of the long bones which can lead to fractures.
• Carcinoid syndrome: Carcinoid heart disease is a rare, metastatic disease that occurs predominantly in the right heart. The tricuspid and pulmonic valves are affected, leading to right heart failure, which results in increased morbidity and mortality.
• Cardiomyopathy diabetes deafness: A rare syndrome characterized by the association of heart muscle disease, diabetes and deafness.
• Cataract, juvenile, with microcornea and glucosuria: A rare disorder characterized by the association of juvenile cataracts, small corneas and excessive glucose in the urine.
• Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy: A rare acquired disorder that involves adipose tissue abnormalities and is characterized by loss of adipose tissue mainly in the trunk and arms.
• Chemical poisoning - 1,3-Dichloropropene: 1,3-Dichloropropene is a chemical used in solvents and soil fumigants for nematode control. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Amitraz: Amitraz is a chemical used mainly as a topical parasitic preventative in livestock and fruit trees. It is also used as an insect repellant and a prevention of mite infestation. The chemical is readily absorbed through the skin. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Cadmium: Cadmium is a chemical used mainly in batteries, solder, amalgams, cigarettes, PVC pigments and phosphate fertilizer production. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Christian-Demyer-Franken syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental retardation and skeletal abnormalities.
• Chromosome 15q duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder involving an extra copy of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 15. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the duplicated genetic material.
• Chromosome 15q, deletion: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 15.
• Chromosome 15q, trisomy: A rare chromosomal disorder involving an extra copy of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 15. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the duplicated genetic material.
• Congenital partial lipodystrophy: A rare congenital disorder that involves adipose tissue abnormalities and is characterized by loss of adipose tissue mainly in the trunk and limbs.
• Cortisone reductase deficiency: An inborn error of steroid metabolism due to a deficiency of an enzyme called cortisone reductase (11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). This enzyme is needed to convert cortisone to cortisol.
• Cushing syndrome, familial: A hormonal disorder caused by high levels of the cortisol hormone due to the abnormal development of the adrenal gland.
• Cushing-like symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of Cushing's disease
• Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus) glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure.
• DEND syndrome: An inherited disorder characterized by developmental delay, epilepsy and diabetes.
• DIDMOAD Syndrome, Mitochondrial form: A rare association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness which results in mitochondrial defects.
• Decreased sugar tolerance in diabetics: A decrease in the bodies ability in diabetes to lower the blood sugar levels
• Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase deficiency: A rare metabolic abnormality involving a deficiency of a particular enzyme (Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase) which affects amino acid metabolism and causes mental retardation and convulsions.
• Diabetes insipidus: A condition which is characterized by polyuria causing dehydration and resulting in great thirst
• Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy: A rare association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness.
• Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, mitochondrial form: A rare association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness which results in mitochondrial defects.
• Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal - pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis: A rare syndrome characterized by the abnormal development of the cerebellum and pancreas which results in diabetes mellitus.
• Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal: A form of infant diabetes that starts usually in the month of life but then usually disappears within a year. The condition predisposes the infant to diabetes later in life.
• Diabetes-like symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of diabetes
• Diabetes-like symptoms in pregnancy: Diabetes-like symptoms in pregnancy refers to elevated blood sugar levels (causing polyuria, polydipsia etc), or low blood sugar levels (causing light-headedness etc).
• Diabetic ketoacidosis: A metabolic acidosis that results from the accumulation of ketones when diabetes mellitus is poorly controlled
• Diabetic neuropathy: nerve damage which maybe motor, sensory and autonomic
• Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes where the microvasculature of the eye is effected resulting in sight loss
• Diarrhea: Loose, soft, or watery stool.
• Diarrhea - polyendocrinopathy - infections, X-linked: A rare X-linked disorder characterized by diarrhea and severe, fatal infections during infancy. The body's immune system attacks it's own endocrine glands and various other organs. Females are carriers and can have mild symptoms whereas males suffer the fatal course of the disease.
• Diarrhea chronic with villous atrophy: A very rare metabolic disorder which causes abnormalities in the intestinal lining which results in chronic diarrhea. The reported patients died at 12 years of age and suffered a variety of other problems.
• Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: A type of degenerative joint disease where spinal column ligaments lose their flexibility due to calcification.
• Digestive symptoms: Any symptoms affecting the digestive tract.
• Endocrine pancreatic cancer: Any disease that affects the endocrine pancreas
• Erdheim-Chester syndrome: A very rare lipid storage disorder involving lipid deposits in various organs and hardening of the ends of long bones which affects the growth of the bone. The severity of the condition is variable.
• Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type 3: A genetic disorder characterized by abnormal lipid (cholesterol and triglyceride) breakdown which causes it to accumulate in the blood. The disorder tends to run in families (familial).
• Familial hypopituitarism: Impaired pituitary gland hormone-producing activity that tends to run in families. The failure of the pituitary gland in turn affects other hormone-producing glands which rely on the hormones from the pituitary gland for their activity. Symptoms are determined by the degree and type of hormone deficiency involved.
• Familial isolated deficiency of vitamin E: A rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by an inherited condition where the body is unable to absorb vitamin E from the food consumed.
• Feigenbaum-Bergeron-Richardson syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by deafness, diabetes, epilepsy, kidney disease and premature hardening of the arteries.
• Felodipine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Friedreich ataxia: A progressive inherited neuromuscular disorder involving slow degeneration of the spinal cord and brain.
• Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor: Tumors that develop in the pancreas and cause excessive secretion of one or more pancreatic hormones such as insulin, somatostatin, glucagons, gastrin, ACTH (corticosteroids) and vasoactive intestinal peptidase.
• Furukawa-Takagi-Nakao syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by muscle weakness and wasting, ataxia, diabetes and eye problems.
• Gastrocutaneous syndrome: A arare inherited disorder characterized by peptic ulcers, hiatus hernia, eye abnormalities and skin pigmentation.
• Gastroparesis: A condition characterized by the paralysis of the stomach
• Gestational diabetes: The occurrence of diabetes that's onset occurs during pregnancy
• Gigantism: Gigantism refers to abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) while the epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood.
• Glucagonoma: Rare cancer of the glucagon-producing pancreas cells.
• Glucagonoma syndrome: A rare condition characterized by a tumor which secretes glucagon and a characteristic spreading rash, diabetes mellitus and various other symptoms.
• Glucosuria: The abnormal presence of glucose in the urine
• Glutaric aciduria 2: A metabolic disorder involving an enzyme deficiency - electron transfer flavoprotein ubiquinone oxydoreductase. The severity of symptoms depends on the level of deficiency. The infant onset form is the most severe and often results in death. Severe cases usually develop during childhood or infancy and usually involve metabolic acidosis and its associated symptoms. Milder cases may simply present with muscle weakness initially that develops in adulthood. Some cases may involve additional symptoms such as heart, liver and kidney problems, facial anomalies and genital abnormalities.
• Glycosuria: High levels of sugars in the urine
• HAIR-AN Syndrome: A very rare syndrome that affects females only and is characterized mainly by insulin resistance, dark velvety patches of skin and increased male hormone production in females.
• Hand-Schüller-Christian Syndrome: A group of blood disorder involving excess production of histiocytes (type of immune cell) throughout the body. Accumulation of histiocytes results in non-cancerous growths which can damage organs and other body tissues such as bones. Symptom vary hugely and depend on location and size of tumor growths.
• Hematochromatosis: Hemochromatosis is the abnormal accumulation of iron in parenchymal organs, leading to organ toxicity. It is the most common inherited liver disease in whites and the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder.
• Hemochromatosis: Excess of iron leading to problems with joints, liver, heart and pancreas.
• Hemochromatosis type 1: A genetic disorder where too much iron is absorbed from food and it is stored in various parts of the body which can cause damage. Type 1 is the most common form of the disorder, has an adult onset and is inherited recessively.
• Hemochromatosis type 2: A rare genetic disorder where too much iron is absorbed from food and it is stored in various parts of the body which can cause damage. Type 2 is a more severe type, has a juvenile onset and is inherited recessively.
• Hemochromatosis type 3: A rare genetic disorder where too much iron is absorbed from food and it is stored in various parts of the body which can cause damage. Type 3 has an onset that is between type 1 and type 2 and is inherited recessively.
• Hemochromatosis type 4: A rare genetic disorder where too much iron is absorbed from food and it is stored in various parts of the body which can cause damage. Type 4 has an adult onset but is inherited dominantly.
• Hereditary Hemochromatosis: A genetic disorder where too much iron is absorbed from food and it is stored in various parts of the body which can cause damage. There are 4 types of hemochromatosis and they are distinguished by age of onset, genetic cause and type of inheritance. Some sufferers may be asymptomatic.
• Hereditary pancreatitis: A rare inherited condition involving recurring bouts of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) often leading to chronic pancreatitis due to scarring of the pancreas.
• High blood sugar: An increase in the glucose levels of the blood above normal
• Hyperadrenalism: Excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the body. Symptoms depend on which hormone is involved and the degree of involvement. Adrenal hormones are aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• Hyperglycemia: Where there is an increase above normal of the blood sugar levels
• Hyperinsulinism due to glucokinase deficiency: An inherited condition characterized by high insulin levels due to deficiency of glucokinase. The lack of glucokinase prevents the pancreas from detecting low blood sugar so insulin continues to be secreted which keeps the blood sugar level low. Severe symptoms such as seizures and coma can result if sugar levels drop too low.
• Hyperinsulinism, diffuse: A rare inherited condition where there are abnormal islet cells spread throughout the pancreas. The islet of Langerhans cells produce insulin which regulates the body's sugar level.
• Hyperparathyroidism: Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands.
• Hyperprolactinemia: High levels of prolactin in the blood.
• Hyperprolinemia type 2: A rare metabolic abnormality involving a deficiency of a particular enzyme (Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase) which affects amino acid metabolism and causes mental retardation and convulsions.
• Hyperthyroidism: The excessive activity of the thyroid gland
• Hypopituitarism - micropenis - cleft lip palate: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by low pituitary hormone level, small penis and a cleft lip and palate.
• IDDM: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
• Ichthyosis and male hypogonadism: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by scaly skin and insufficient hormone production by the male gonads.
• Ichthyosis male hypogonadism: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by scaly skin and insufficient hormone production by the male gonads.
• Insulin resistance, short fifth metacarpals: A rare syndrome characterized by short fifth fingers and fifth hand bones as well as insulin resistance.
• Insulin-resistance syndrome, type A: A syndrome characterized by insulin resistance resulting in distinctive skin lesions called acanthosis nigricans. It is the least severe form of insulin resistance.
• Insulin-resistance type B: A very rare syndrome where insulin resistance is associated with autoimmune disease. The disorder is caused by antibodies which attack the bodies insulin receptors.
• Insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans, type A: A patch of velvety, pigmented skin that occurs in association with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus.
• Isoniazid toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Isradipine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Juvenile tropical pancreatitis syndrome: A disease that tends occurs in tropical developing countries. It involves calcification and chronic inflammation of the pancreas. The condition tends to affect mainly young people.
• Kearns-Sayre Syndrome: A rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by pigmented deposits on the retina, heart disease and progressive paralysis of some eye muscles.
• Kyrle disease: A skin disorder often associated with diabetes mellitus or kidney failure.
• Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A condition which is characterized by proliferation of Langerhans cells
• Lawrence-Seip syndrome: Lawrence-Seip syndrome is a relatively uncommon condition involving generalized loss of skin fat that is acquired rather than congenital as in Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome. Patients can also develop diabetes mellitus and other problems. The loss of skin fat tends to occur during childhood or adolescence and is often triggered by infections such as measles and hepatitis. The diabetes tends to occur after fat loss begins. The limbs and face tend to be the most affected.
• Leprechaunism: A very rare genetic disorder characterized by insulin resistance which leads to growth delay and endocrine system abnormalities.
• Leschke syndrome: A condition involving weakness, high blood sugar and brown skin spots which may be the early symptoms of conditions such as bronze diabetes or xanthoma diabeticorum.
• Lipoatrophy with diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cardiomyopathy, and leukomelanodermic papules: A rare inherited disorder characterized by loss of fat under the skin, diabetes, heart muscle disease, fatty liver
• Lipodystrophy: A rare group of disorders that can be acquired or inherited and involves adipose tissue abnormalities. The disorder is characterized by varying degrees of loss of body fat. The three forms of the condition are: total lipodystrophy, partial lipodystrophy and localized lipodystrophy.
• Lipodystrophy, familial partial, due to AKT2 mutations: An inherited disorder characterized by the loss of fatty tissue from the extremities while fatty tissue on the face, neck and trunk is normal or increased.
• Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 1 (FPLD1): An inherited disorder characterized by the loss of fatty tissue from the extremities while fatty tissue on the face, neck and trunk is normal or increased.
• Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 3 (FPLD3): A rare metabolic disorder involving abnormal fat gradually disappears from the limbs, trunk and buttocks but stays the same or accumulates on areas such as the face, shoulders, neck and genitals.
• Lipodystrophy-HIV related: The loss of subcutaneous fat tissue in a patient infected with the HIV virus. The fat loss usually affects the face, extremities and trunk but fat accumulation occurs on the chin, back of neck and in the abdomen.
• Liver failure: When the liver fails to function
• Lupus: Autoimmune disease with numerous effects on various organs and linings.
• MODY diabetes: Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young affects approximately one or two per cent of people who have diabetes, and may often go unrecognised in its early stages. It is a form of diabetes that develops before the patient reaches 25. It also runs in families, and can pass from one generation to the next. MODY does not always require insulin treatment.
• MODY syndrome: A dominantly inherited form of type II diabetes that occurs in young people (less than 25 years old) and is not insulin-dependent. The diabetes results due to genetic mutations which leads to dysfunctional insulin-producing pancreatic cells. There are 6 different genetic mutations that can cause this type of diabetes.
• MODY syndrome, type 1: A dominantly inherited form of type II diabetes that occurs in young people (less than 25 years old) and is not insulin-dependent. MODY type 1 is due to a mutation of the HNF4A gene on chromosome 20.
• MODY syndrome, type 2: A dominantly inherited form of type II diabetes that occurs in young people (less than 25 years old) and is not insulin-dependent. MODY type 2 is due to a mutation of the glucokinase gene on chromosome 7. This particular type is quite mild and usually only discovered incidentally or may become evident during pregnancy.
• MODY syndrome, type III: A dominantly inherited form of type II diabetes that occurs in young people (less than 25 years old) and is not insulin-dependent. MODY type 3 is due to a mutation of the hepatic transcriptor factor-1 gene on chromosome 12q24.2. The hyperglycemia in this form of the condition tends to increase with time and hence eventually requires treatment in the form of medication in many patients.
• MODY syndrome, type IV: A dominantly inherited form of type II diabetes that occurs in young people (less than 25 years old) and is not insulin-dependent. MODY type 4 is due to a mutation of the insulin promoter factor-1 gene on chromosome 13q12.1.
• Mandibuloacral dysplasia: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a prematurely aged appearance and bone abnormalities. There are two subtypes with type B involving loss of fat layers under the skin mainly in the extremities, face and trunk whereas type A involves mainly the extremities. The severity of the symptoms is variable.
• Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a prematurely aged appearance and bone abnormalities. Loss of fat layers under the skin occurs mainly in the extremities in type B. The severity of the symptoms is variable.
• Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a prematurely aged appearance and bone abnormalities. Loss of fat layers under the skin occurs mainly in the extremities, face and trunk in type B. The severity of the symptoms is variable.
• Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness: A rare disorder characterized by deafness associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
• Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness with cardiomyopathy: A rare inherited disorder characterized by deafness, heart muscle disease and diabetes.
• Mental retardation - epileptic seizures - hypogonadism - hypogenitalism -microcephaly - obesity: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental deficiency, epilepsy, small head, small genitals and obesity. Death occurs within the first two years of life.
• Mental retardation - skeletal dysplasia - abducens palsy: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental retardation, skeletal abnormalities and weakness of an eye muscle.
• Mental retardation syndrome, Belgian type: A rare form of mental retardation reported in a Belgian family.
• Mental retardation, epileptic seizures, hypogonadism and hypogenitalism, microcephaly, and obesity: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental deficiency, epilepsy, small head, small genitals and obesity. Death occurs within the first two years of life.
• Metabolic disorder: occurs when abnormal chemical reactions occur in the body
• Microgastria short stature diabetes: A rare syndrome characterized by a very small stomach, diabetes and a growth hormone deficiency.
• Multiple endocrine abnormalities - adenylyl cyclase dysfunction: A rare syndrome characterized by an enzyme defect (adenylyl cyclase) and a number of endocrine abnormalities.
• NIDDM: Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
• Neuropathy, hereditary motor and sensory, Okinawa type: A dominantly inherited, slow-progressing motor and sensory nerve disease which primarily involves the proximal muscles (i.e. the muscles closest to the trunk of the body).
• Niacin overdose: Excessive vitamin B3 (niacin) supplement or medication
• Nifedipine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Nimodipine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Gradual onset of metabolic disturbance of the blood sugars that can be controlled without insulin
• Norrie syndrome: A rare form of blindness that occurs at birth or soon after due to eye defects. The severity and range of symptoms is variable.
• Obesity due to congenital leptin deficiency: A form of monogenic obesity caused by a genetic mutation which results in a deficiency of leptin. Monogenic obesity is obesity caused by a mutation in a single gene.
• POEMS: Very rare plasma cell disorder
• POEMS syndrome: A very rare disorder that has widespread effects on the body: P - polyneuropathy, O - organopathy, E - endocrinopathy, M - monoclonal gammopathy, S - skin changes.
• Pancreas agenesis, dorsal: A very rare disorder where the back portion of the pancreas fails to develop.
• Pancreas symptoms: Symptoms affecting the pancreas gland
• Pancreatic Islet Cell Cancer: A malignant carcinoma that is located in the islet cells of the pancreas
• Pancreatic beta cell agenesis with neonatal diabetes mellitus: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by abnormal development of the pancreas resulting in infant diabetes mellitus. The insulin-producing beta cells are absent from birth.
• Pancreatic islet cell tumors (functioning tumor): A tumor that arises from the pancreatic islet cells and produces too many hormones.
• Pancreatitis: Any inflammation that occurs in the pancreas
• Panhypopituitarism: A rare condition where all pituitary hormones are absent or reduced. The condition may be congenital or acquired through such things as pituitary tumors. The pituitary gland regulates the activity of other endocrine glands as well as controlling growth. Other endocrine glands include adrenal, parathyroid, thyroid, pancreas, ovaries and testes. Symptoms can vary greatly depending on the degree of deficiency of the various hormones.
• Phenytoin toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Pheochromocytoma: pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that usually starts in the cells of the adrenal glands
• Physical inactivity: When an individual is physically inactive
• Pituitary Cancer: Cancer of the pituitary gland.
• Pituitary cancer, childhood: Cancer (malignant) of the pituitary gland in children. The pituitary gland produces various hormones and some pituitary tumors (functioning tumors) can affect the secretion of one or more of these hormones resulting in a range of symptoms depending on the exact location of the tumor. Some pituitary tumors do not affect hormone production (nonfunctioning tumors).
• Pituitary tumors, adult: A benign or cancer tumor that develops in the tissue of the pituitary gland in adults. The pituitary gland produces various hormones and some pituitary tumors (functioning tumors) can affect the secretion of one or more of these hormones resulting in a range of symptoms depending on the exact location of the tumor. Some pituitary tumors do not affect hormone production (nonfunctioning tumors).
• Polycystic ovary syndrome: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects approximately 5% of all women.
• Polyendocrine deficiency syndrome: Various rare syndromes causing multiple gland-attacking autoimmune diseases.
• Polyendocrine deficiency syndrome type 2: Multi-endocrine syndrome usually affecting young adults.
• Powell-Buist-Stenzel syndrome: A rare syndrome inherited in a X-linked manner and characterized by diarrhea, endocrine disease and severe infections during infancy which lead to death. The condition is possibly due to an overactive immune system.
• Premature aging, Okamoto type: A form of premature aging.
• Primary Hyperaldosteronism: An adrenal gland disorder where excess aldosterone hormone is produced resulting in symptoms such as headache, fatigue, nocturia and increased urine production. Also called Conn's syndrome.
• Primary lipodystrophies: A group of rare diseases which involve loss of body fat. The body fat loss may be localized to certain parts of the body or may be generalized depending on the particular subtype.
• Prolactinoma: Benign cancer of the pituitary gland producing prolactin.
• Pyogenic arthritis - pyoderma gangrenosum - acne: A very rare autoinflammatory disorder involving the joints and skin. Sufferers develop arthritis, skin lesions and severe acne during adolescence. Usually only one joint is affected during episodes and various joints can be affected - especially the elbows, knees and ankles.
• Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne: A very rare autoinflammatory disorder involving the joints and skin. Sufferers develop arthritis, skin lesions and severe acne during adolescence. Usually only one joint is affected during episodes and various joints can be affected - especially the elbows, knees and ankles.
• Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome: A very rare genetic disorder involving severe insulin resistance which is where the body fails to be able to use insulin which is needed to control blood sugar levels.
• Radio digito - facial dysplasia: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by abnormalities of the arm bones and facial anomalies.
• Renal tubular acidosis, distal, type 4: A rare disorder where the kidney tubules fail to remove acids from the blood and into the urine which results in high blood acidity. The disorder is caused by low levels of the aldosterone hormone or the kidneys inability to respond to the hormone.
• Retinohepatoendocrinologic syndrome: A rare inherited disorder characterized mainly by eye, liver and endocrine function abnormalities.
• Rieger anomaly - partial lipodystrophy: A very rare disorder characterized by short stature, low birth weight and loss of skin fat. SHORT is an acronym for short stature, hyperextensible joints and/or hernia, ocular depression, Reiger anomaly and teething delay. Additional symptoms are also variably present.
• Schofer beetz bohl syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by brain calcification, mental retardation, short stature, diabetes insipidus and unusual facial appearance.
• Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis: Secondary biliary cirrhosis is a condition where the bile ducts are unable to transport bile effectively due to a secondary cause which results in blockage, inflammation, scarring or some other damage to the bile ducts. The condition may result from such things as congenital defect of the bile ducts (e.g. biliary atresia), cystic fibrosis, gallstones or a variety of other secondary conditions.
• Septo-Optic Dysplasia: A rare birth defect characterized by impaired vision and pituitary deficiency.
• Short stature cranial hyperostosis hepatomegaly diabetes: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by enlarged liver, diabetes, short stature and a thickened skull.
• Short stature, cranial hyperostosis, hepatomegaly and diabetes: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by enlarged liver, diabetes, short stature and a thickened skull.
• Siderosis: Deposits of iron oxide dust in the lungs usually occurs in an occupational setting.
• Sohval-Soffer syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental retardation, hypogonadism and skeletal abnormalities.
• Somatostatinoma: A very rare disorder where tumors in glands that produce somatostatin affect the secretion of the hormone. The tumor mainly occurs in the pancreas but can also occur in the intestinal tract.
• Thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by megaloblastic anemia, hearing loss and diabetes. The condition is caused by a deficiency of a thiamine (vitamin B1) transporter protein which means that the body is unable to effectively utilize thiamine from the diet.
• Troell-Junet syndrome: A disorder involving enlarged extremities, diabetes, skull abnormalities and excessive thyroid hormone production.
• Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare condition characterized by increased synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and reduced levels of lipoprotein lipase (an enzyme). Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the bloodstream and high levels of them in the bloodstream means that there are high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
• Van Goethem syndrome: A syndrome which is characterised by multiple birth defects.
• Werner syndrome: A form of premature aging where sufferers start aging during adolescence or soon after and appear old by the time they reach their 30's or 40's. Milder forms of the condition may also occur.
• Whipple's Disease: Rare malabsorption disease from bacterial digestive infection
• Wolfram Syndrome 2: Wolfram Syndrome is a condition characterized by the association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness. Type 2 is the result of a genetic defect and is similar to type 1 but there is no diabetes insipidus and patients tend to develop gastrointestinal problems.
• Wolfram Syndrome, Mitochondrial form: A rare association of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and deafness which results in mitochondrial defects.
• Wolfram's disease: A condition that is inherited and consists of multiple symptoms
• X-linked sideroblastic anemia: X-linked sideroblastic anemia is a rare inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of iron in the red blood cells which makes them unable to function properly. The body continues to absorb more iron from digesting food in order to try and correct the problem but this simply leads to excessive iron being deposited in body tissues as the it can't use the iron properly. The severity of the condition is variable.

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