COUGH
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)
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Is it acute or chronic? Acute onset of a cough would suggest an acute URI, viral pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia. A chronic cough is more suggestive of pneumoconiosis, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there chest pain? If there is chest pain along with the hemoptysis, one should suspect a pulmonary embolism.
Is there fever and/or purulent sputum? The presence of fever and ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there exudates? This is a key question when evaluating a sore throat. Most cases of sore throat with exudates will be found to have streptococcal pharyngitis. Without exudates, one could still have ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the patient an adult or a child? If the patient is a child, acute epiglottitis, acute laryngotracheitis, foreign body, congenital laryngeal stridor, laryngismus stridulus, and a retropharyngeal ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Wheezing is classically due to bronchial asthma, but there is a danger in jumping to that conclusion because it occurs in a few other conditions as well. The wheezing of bronchial asthma... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Hemoptysis is defined as coughing up blood from a source below the vocal cords. Other potential sites of bleeding (nose, mouth, throat, GI system) must be eliminated; it can be... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Sore throat is a common symptom. Many patients incorrectly believe that antibiotics improve the clinical course in all sore throats. Although the vast majority of sore throats are of viral origin and should be managed... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Stridor is characterized by a high-pitched grating sound on inhalation or exhalation, but it is caused by narrowing or obstruction of the upper airway. Wheezing is a high-pitched musical sound on... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Initial history of cough should include an assessment of the production of sputum. Additionally, associated history and physical findings, with particular attention to the quantity, quality, and circumstances... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Initial history of cough should include an assessment of the production of sputum, and the quantity, quality, and circumstances of the sputum production and coughing episodes. Additionally, associated... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Hemoptysis is defined as coughing or spitting up blood. Blood can originate from any anatomic site that communicates with the mouth (the “aerodigestive” tract): the mouth, sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Most sore throats and coughs are due to infection. Children may have 5–8 upper respiratory infections per year. The primary differential is between viral and bacterial etiologies, especially group A β-hemolytic streptococcus... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Priority of stridor evaluation is based on history and clinical presentation. A child with new stridor and respiratory distress requires immediate intervention. The most common cause of chronic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Breath sounds are made by air flow through airways. Normally they are fairly quiet and somewhat louder during inspiration as air flows toward the stethoscope. Wheezing is defined as continuous breath sounds that are more... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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A cough occurs by increased intrathoracic pressure against a closed glottis (Valsalva maneuver), followed by the abrupt opening of the glottis and a sudden expulsion of air. Increased intrathoracic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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In adults, “chronic” is often defined as more than 3 months of coughing in 2 years, but chronic cough is not as well defined in children. In general, for children, cough of... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... The differential diagnosis of cough is best developed with the use of anatomy. Cough may arise from an irritative focus anywhere along the respiratory tract. The irritation may be intrinsic, in which case it is usually
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... True hemoptysis must be distinguished from epistaxis (see page 188) and hematemesis (see page 261). If the blood is bright red and alkaline (use nitrazine paper to test) and the nasal passages and posterior pharynx
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... Breaking down the orophraynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of sore throat. What is useful is to use the
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... Both these symptoms are the result of the same pathophysiologic mechanism: obstruction in the upper air passages. That obstruction may be due to any one of the etiologies recalled by the mnemonic
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. It's most... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn't yield sputum or blood. It's one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders.
Coughing is a... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Frightening to the patient and commonly ominous, hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or tracheobronchial tree. It’s sometimes confused with... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur during expiration in severe upper airway obstruction. It... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Productive coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove. It's a sudden, forceful, noisy... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. They are caused by air flowing at a high velocity through a narrowed... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Acute
Viral upper respiratory infection
Pharyngitis
Rhinitis
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... Asthma
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Exercise- or cold-induced
Drug-induced
Aspirin
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... Pseudohemoptysis
Blood of upper gastrointestinal origin
Upper airway lesions
Epistaxis
Gingival bleeding
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... Whooping cough, also known as pertussis, is a highly contagious respiratory infection usually caused by the nonmotile, gram-negative coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis and, occasionally, by the related similar bacteria B.... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. Croup... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn’t yield sputum or blood. It’s one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders.
... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Hemoptysis
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Frightening to the patient and often ominous, hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or tracheobronchial tree. It’s sometimes confused... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Stridor
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur during expiration in severe upper airway... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. They’re caused by air flowing at a high velocity through a narrowed... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Cough
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Désirée A. Lie
Cough is among the top 10 reasons for visits to family physicians in the United States. It accounts for 200 to 400 million episodes of... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Hemoptysis
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Kathryn M. Larsen and Mary Knudtson
Hemoptysis is defined as the coughing up or expectoration of blood from the tracheobronchial tree, which can be from the... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Stridor
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Alexandra Duke and Tahany Maurice-Habashy
Stridor is a common type of wheezing (Chapter 8.9). It is characterized by a harsh, raspy, medium-pitched... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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Wheezing
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Thomas C. Bent
Wheezing is one of the most common respiratory complaints to present to primary care physicians. Although most often caused by asthma or... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Bronchitis
❑ Pneumonia
❑ Pulmonary edema
... Diagnostic Approach ... Differential Diagnosis ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Rhinovirus
❑ Group A streptococci
❑ Ebstein-Barr virus ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Wheezing
❑ Asthma
❑ Reactive airways disease
❑ Pulmonary edema ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Viral upper respiratory infection
❑ Asthma
❑ Sinusitis
❑ Mycoplasma bronchitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Upper respiratory infection
❑ Allergy
❑ Asthma
❑ Chronic bronchitis
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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Cough, barking
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. Croup syndrome is most common in... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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Hemoptysis
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Frightening to the patient and often ominous, hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or tracheobronchial tree. It’s sometimes confused with bleeding from the mouth, throat, nasopharynx, or GI tract. ... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Stridor
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Other causes include foreign-body aspiration, croup syndrome, laryngeal diphtheria, pertussis, retropharyngeal abscess, and... Assessment ... History ... Physical assessment ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Wheezing
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. They’re caused by air flowing at a high velocity through a... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Cough, productive
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden,... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn’t yield sputum. It’s one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders.
... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Frightening to the patient, hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or tracheobronchial tree. It’s sometimes confused with bleeding from the mouth,... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Stridor
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from an obstruction in the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur during expiration in severe upper airway obstruction. It may... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. Also known as sibilant rhonchi, they’re caused by air flowing at a high velocity through... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Cough
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Definedas sound that occurs on sudden release of air under high pressure,which is generated by forceful contraction of expiratory musclesagainst a closed glottis. Clinical dilemma is to determine whethercoughing is... Principal Causes of Cough ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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Hemoptysis
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Hemoptysisis the coughing up of blood or blood-stained sputum. It is a manifestation of bleeding intothe lungs or conducting airways, and as a consequence, blood also... Principal Causes of Hemoptysis ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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Sore Throat
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Sore throat refers to any painful sensationof the pharynx or surrounding tissues and is a common complaintin childhood and adolescence. Principal Causes of Sore Throat Infection Pharyngitis ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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Wheezing
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Wheezing is a high-pitched musical soundthat is usually produced by narrowing of the segmental bronchi andbronchioles. May be heard during inspiration, expiration, or both. Principal Causes of Wheezing Asthma ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Stertoris noisy, snoring-type breathing that results from airway obstructionin the nose, nasopharynx, or oropharynx. The sounds are heard onlyduring inspiration. Stridor is a low- to medium-pitchedsound that signifies airway... Principal Causes of Airway Obstruction ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A nonproductive cough is a noisy, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that doesn't yield sputum or blood. It's one of the most common complaints of patients with respiratory disorders.
... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Frightening to the patient and commonly ominous, hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or tracheobronchial tree. It's sometimes confused with bleeding from the mouth,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A loud, harsh, musical respiratory sound, stridor results from a partial to near complete obstruction of the trachea or larynx. Usually heard during inspiration, this sign may also occur... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Productive coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove. It's a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Wheezes are adventitious breath sounds with a high-pitched, musical, squealing, creaking, or groaning quality. They're caused by air flowing at a high velocity through a narrowed airway. When they originate in the large... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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The differential diagnosis of cough is best developed with the use of
anatomy. Cough may arise from an irritative focus anywhere along the
respiratory tract. The irritation... Pictures
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...
True hemoptysis must be distinguished from epistaxis and hematemesis . If the blood is bright red and
alkaline (use nitrazine paper to test) and the nasal passages and... Pictures
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...
Breaking down the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic
components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of
sore throat. What is useful is to use the mnemonic VINDICATE... Pictures
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...
Both these symptoms are the result of the same pathophysiologic
mechanism: obstruction in the upper air passages. That obstruction may be
due to any one of the etiologies recalled by the... Pictures
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