...
Is it unilateral? Diplopia that is unilateral is rare, but it can be encountered in ectopia lentis as associated with Marfan's disease, as well as in congenital double pupil, cataracts, and ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there redness of the eye? Redness of the eye suggests definite eye pathology. Without redness, one should suspect disease in the adjacent ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the nystagmus pendular? Pendular nystagmus without a fast or slow component suggests ocular nystagmus due to albinism, partial blindness, or other ocular ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the onset acute or gradual? An acute onset would suggest optic neuritis, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? If the scotomas are transient, then migraine, transient ischemic attacks, and retrobulbar neuritis should be suspected.
... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Diplopia, or double vision, is a common ophthalmologic complaint. Diplopia may be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. It occurs secondary to paralysis, paresis, and/or restriction of the extraocular muscles. Most cases are... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Nystagmus is defined as involuntary, rhythmic, biphasic oscillation of eyes. It is characterized as horizontal, vertical, rotary, or a combination; fast or slow; symmetric or asymmetric; and pendular (equal speed in... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Papilledema is defined as swelling or edema of the optic discs; it is usually bilateral and is due to increased intracranial pressure. Clinically, the disk appears elevated and the margins appear indistinct or... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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A red eye is a diagnostic sign of ocular inflammation, which may be caused by a multitude of conditions. Most cases are benign and can be effectively managed by the primary care... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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The most common cause of eye discharge in pediatric patients is viral conjunctivitis. Many clinicians treat viral conjunctivitis as bacterial conjunctivitis because the similarities in history and physical examination make a definitive... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diplopia of sudden onset is more related to neurologic disease than to ocular disease. Other than space-occupying orbital lesions, most diplopia can be related to a neurologic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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...
Nystagmus is defined as involuntary rhythmic oscillations of the eyes. The finding is usually bilateral, and the abnormal movements occur identically in both eyes. Ophthalmologists distinguish between types of nystagmus by the... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Red eye is a “basket” term that encompasses a wide range of ophthalmic conditions. Most conditions are self-limited; however, red eye can be a sign of serious eye disease. Presence of pain helps to... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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True optic disc swelling or edema can be a very ominous sign. Papilledema is defined as disc swelling produced by increased ICP; it may be asymmetric, UL, or BL. Acutely, the vision,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest
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... Why not consider the differential diagnosis of nystagmus under vertigo, because anatomic pathophysiology is the key to the differential in both? The reason is that there are two forms
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... No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension,
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... Most textbooks consider the causes of red eye as conjunctivitis, iritis, or glaucoma, but it may be the result of taking the night plane from Los Angeles to New York. If these
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... Diplopia is double vision — seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation.... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Pictures
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... Nystagmus refers to the involuntary oscillations of one or, more commonly, both eyeballs. These oscillations are usually rhythmic and may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed. They may be transient or sustained and may... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Ocular deviation refers to abnormal eye movement that may be conjugate (both eyes move together) or disconjugate (one eye moves separately from the other). This common sign may result from ocular,... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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...Negative oculocephalic reflex
An indicator of brain stem dysfunction, the absence of the doll's eye sign is detected by rapid, gentle turning of the patient's head... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Raccoon eyes are bilateral periorbital ecchymoses that don’t result from facial soft-tissue trauma. Usually an indicator of basilar skull fracture, this sign develops when damage at... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Setting-sun sign refers to the downward deviation of an infant’s or a young child’s eyes as a result of pressure on cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. With this late and ominous sign of increased... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Pendular*
Congenital
Spasmus nutans
Associated with bilateral central loss of vision before 2 years of age
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... Vision, the most complex sense, has recently been the focus of some of the greatest medical and surgical innovations. Disorders that affect the eye generally lead to vision loss or impairment; routine ophthalmic... Review of anatomy ... Ocular layers ... The lens and accommodation ... Lacrimal apparatus and eyelids ... Depth perception ... Vision testing ... Subjective testing ... Pictures
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... Usually associated with conjunctivitis, an eye discharge is the excretion of any substance other than tears. This common sign may occur in one or both eyes, producing scant to copious discharge... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Diplopia
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Nystagmus
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Nystagmus refers to the involuntary oscillations of one or, more commonly, both eyeballs. These oscillations are usually rhythmic and may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Ocular deviation refers to abnormal eye movement that may be conjugate (both eyes move together) or disconjugate (one eye moves separately from the other). This common sign may result from ocular, neurologic,... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Scotoma
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... An indicator of brain stem dysfunction, the absence of the doll’s eye sign is detected by rapid, gentle turning of the patient’s head from side to side. The eyes remain fixed in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Raccoon eyes are bilateral periorbital ecchymoses that don’t result from facial soft-tissue trauma. Usually an indicator of basilar skull fracture, this sign develops... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Setting-sun sign refers to the downward deviation of an infant’s or young child’s eyes as a result of pressure on cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. With this late and ominous sign of increased... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Diplopia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Richard C. Mauer
Diplopia, or true double vision, not simply blurred vision, can be a very useful clinical symptom. A range of problems can be limited to the eye or be as severe as an... Approach ... History ... Physical examination. Focused physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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Nystagmus
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Michael J. Puk
Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmically repeated oscillation of one or both eyes in any or all fields of gaze. Eye movements are... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Diagnostic assessment ... Testing
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Papilledema
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Richard C. Mauer
Papilledema is optic disc swelling produced by increased intracranial pressure. The diagnostic assessment of papilledema is critical... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Red Eye
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... John E. Sutherland
The most frequent causes of “red eye”—conjunctivitis, trauma, allergies, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and lid problems—are usually benign. Some... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Scotoma
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Michael J. Puk
Scotoma is defined as a blind or partially blind area in the visual field. A basic understanding of neuroanatomy helps to localize the visual... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testin ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Conjunctivitis
❑ Corneal abrasion
❑ Foreign body
❑ Sinusitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Viral conjunctivitis
❑ Allergic conjunctivitis
❑ Bacterial... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Diplopia
❑ Alcohol
❑ Diabetes
❑ Brainstem ischemia/lesion ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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Eye pain
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, itching, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Ocular deviation
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Ocular deviation refers to abnormal eye movement that may be conjugate (both eyes move together) or disconjugate (one eye moves separately from the other). This common sign may result from ocular, neurologic, endocrine, and systemic... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Usually associated with conjunctivitis, an eye discharge is the excretion of any substance other than tears. This common sign may occur in one or both eyes, producing scant to... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Diplopia is the clinical term for double vision, or seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Eye pain, or ophthalmalgia, may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Nystagmus refers to the involuntary oscillations of one or, more commonly, both eyeballs. These oscillations are usually rhythmic and may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Ocular deviation refers to abnormal eye movement that may be conjugate (both eyes move together) or disconjugate (one eye moves separately from the other). This common sign may result... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Scotoma
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Nystagmus
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Nystagmusis the rhythmic to and fro oscillation of the eyes in any or allfields of gaze. Described by type (jerk or pendular),direction (horizontal, vertical, torsional), amplitude (small, medium,large),... Principal Causes of Nystagmus ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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Red Eye
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Most cases of a red eye are due to relativelyminor infectious or allergic causes. Some cases, however, reflectmore serious eye pathology, which must be investigated further. ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Usually associated with conjunctivitis, eye discharge is the excretion of a substance other than tears. This common sign may occur in one or both eyes, producing scant to copious discharge. The discharge may... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Nystagmus refers to the involuntary oscillations of one or, more commonly, both eyeballs. These oscillations are usually rhythmic and may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed. They... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Ocular deviation refers to abnormal eye movement that may be conjugate (both eyes move together) or disconjugate (one eye moves separately from the other). This common sign may... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... An indicator of brain stem dysfunction, the absence of the doll's eye sign is detected by rapid, gentle turning of the patient's head from side to side. The eyes remain fixed in midposition, instead of the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Raccoon eyes are bilateral periorbital ecchymoses that don't result from facial soft-tissue trauma. Usually an indicator of basilar skull fracture, this sign develops when damage at the time of a fracture tears the meninges and causes... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Setting-sun sign refers to the downward deviation of an infant's or a young child's eyes as a result of pressure on cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. With this late and ominous sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP),... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the
eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities
for eye pain.
M—... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
Why not consider the differential diagnosis of nystagmus under vertigo,
because anatomic pathophysiology is the key to the differential in
both? The reason is that there are two... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases
of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable
extracranial conditions... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
Most textbooks consider the causes of red eye to be conjunctivitis,
iritis, or glaucoma, but it may be the result of taking the night plane from
Los Angeles to New York. If these are all the causes you can remember,... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
