...
Is there a history of chronic blood loss? A history of peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, or other causes of chronic GI bleeding would indicate ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there associated headache, papilledema, dementia, or focal neurologic signs? These findings would suggest a space-occupying lesion. This is something the clinician does not want to miss.
... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there weight loss? If there is weight loss, one must consider a neoplasm, endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism or diabetes ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it acute or gradual onset? If it is acute onset, Bell's palsy, diabetic neuropathy, and cerebral vascular accident must be considered. If it is gradual onset, one must ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Anemia is defined as a hemoglobin <13.5 g/dL in men or <12.0 g/dL in women. Etiologies are categorized by decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, and/or blood loss. Evaluation of anemia begins with an assessment of the MCV>>... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Fatigue is a very common, although nonspecific, presenting symptom that refers to the sensation of exhaustion during or after usual activities, or a feeling of inadequate energy to begin these... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Differentiate supranuclear facial palsy from peripheral (nuclear) facial palsy. Supranuclear palsy involves predominantly the lower part of the face. Emotional responses may be intact (e... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Anemia is decreased concentration of red cells or hemoglobin in the peripheral blood, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. It results from blood loss, decreased or failed production of red blood cells, or... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Complaints of fatigue indicate a general state of decreased endurance for, or interest in, activities. It is typically associated with tiredness and sleepiness. Depression as a cause of fatigue in adolescents frequently... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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...
Although Bell palsy is the most frequent etiology, it is a diagnosis of exclusion; one must thoroughly rule out infections, congenital, developmental, and other causes. Serial electrical testing provides... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Distal weakness is most likely secondary to neuropathy, and is often associated with loss of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) either with or without sensory abnormalities. In contrast, increased DTRs... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Proximal weakness is usually due to dysfunction of the lower motor unit; that is, anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, neuromuscular junction (NMJ), or the muscle itself. The neurologic examination, EMG, and nerve... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... In developing a list of diagnostic possibilities in cases of anemia physiology is the key. Anemia may be caused by a decrease in red cell production, a break in the transport system (blood loss), or excessive red
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... The analysis of the causes of weakness depends on a knowledge of both anatomy and biochemistry. Strength depends on an intact healthy muscle, peripheral nerve, and lower and upper motor
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... It is simple enough to administer a sedative and refer the emotionally distressed patient to a psychiatrist, but the astute diagnostician will want to rule out an organic disease first. Almost every endocrine disease is
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... A facial palsy is usually considered to be Bell palsy and it frequently is. Nevertheless, the clinician who begins treatment without ruling out other possibilities will eventually get burned. Anatomy is the key to recalling these
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... This symptom, as opposed to generalized weakness and fatigue (see page 541), is almost invariably due to a neurologic disorder. Consequently, a comprehensive list of causes is developed
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... Depression is a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. These feelings may be accompanied by somatic complaints, such as changes in appetite,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Flaccid muscles are profoundly weak and soft, with decreased resistance to movement, increased mobility, and a greater than normal range of motion (ROM). The result of disrupted muscle innervation, flaccidity... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Paralysis, the total loss of voluntary motor function, results from severe cortical or pyramidal tract damage. It can occur with a cerebrovascular disorder, degenerative neuromuscular disease, trauma, tumor, or... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, a lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may occur with... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Depression of the anterior fontanel below the surrounding bony ridges of the skull is a sign of dehydration. A common disorder of infancy and early childhood, dehydration can result from insufficient fluid intake,... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... Acute or Subacute*
Electrolyte abnormality
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
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... Acute (Developing in Hours)
Spinal cord injury
Spinal cord hemorrhage (secondary to vascular malformation, coagulopathy, anticoagulant therapy, trauma)
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... Sometimes called chronic Epstein-Barr virus, or myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome is typically marked by debilitating fatigue,... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Also known as unipolar disorder, major depression is a syndrome of persistently sad, dysphoric mood, accompanied by disturbances in sleep and appetite, lethargy, and an inability to... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Aplastic, or hypoplastic, anemias result from injury to or destruction of stem cells in bone marrow or the bone marrow matrix, causing pancytopenia (anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia) and bone marrow hypoplasia. Although... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Folic acid deficiency anemia is a common, slowly progressive, megaloblastic anemia. It usually occurs in infants, adolescents, pregnant and lactating females, alcoholics, elderly people, and people with malignant... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Iron deficiency anemia is caused by an inadequate supply of iron for optimal formation of red blood cells (RBCs), resulting in smaller (microcytic) cells with less color on staining. Body stores of iron, including plasma... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Pernicious anemia, also known as Addison’s anemia, is a megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF), a substance normally... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily but not exclusively in blacks, sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin (Hb) molecule (HbS) that causes red blood cells... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Sideroblastic anemias are a group of heterogenous disorders with a common defect; they fail to use iron in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, despite the availability of adequate iron stores. These anemias may be... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Vocal cord paralysis results from disease of or injury to the superior or, most commonly, the recurrent laryngeal nerve. It may also be congenital.
Causes
Vocal cord paralysis... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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Depression
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Depression is a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. These feelings may be accompanied by somatic complaints, such as changes in appetite, sleep... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Flaccid muscles are profoundly weak and soft, with decreased resistance to movement, increased mobility, and greater than normal range of motion. The result of disrupted muscle innervation, flaccidity can be localized to a limb or... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Paralysis
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Paralysis, the total loss of voluntary motor function, results from severe cortical or pyramidal tract damage. It can occur with a cerebrovascular disorder, degenerative neuromuscular disease, trauma, tumor, or central nervous system... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may accompany... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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... Depression of the anterior fontanel below the surrounding bony ridges of the skull is a sign of dehydration. A common disorder of infancy and early childhood, dehydration can result... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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Anemia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... S. Shekar Chakravarthi
Anemia is defined as a reduction of more than 10% below mean values in the quantity or quality of the concentration of red blood cells (RBC) or circulating hemoglobin. In 1972, the World... Pictures
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Depression
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Jeffrey M. Lyness
Depression is a major public health problem because of its high prevalence and attendant morbidity and mortality. Although commonly seen in primary care... Approach. ... History and mental status examination (MSE) ... Physical examination. ... Testing. ... Diagnostic assessment
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Fatigue
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Meg Hayes
Fatigue is both a normal human response as well as a symptom of physical or psychological disease. It is a subjective sensation that is multicausal and... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing. ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Iron deficiency
❑ Chronic disease
❑ Vitamin B12 deficiency
❑ Subacute blood loss... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Dysthymia
❑ Major depression
❑ Adjustment disorder with... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Infectious mononucleosis
❑ Depression
❑ Diabetes
❑ Hypothyroidism ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) — also known as chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], benign myalgic encephalomyelitis,... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Aplastic and hypoplastic anemias result from injury to or destruction of stem cells in bone marrow or the bone marrow matrix, causing pancytopenia (anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia) and bone marrow hypoplasia. Although... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Also known as unipolar disorder, major depression is a syndrome of persistently sad, dysphoric mood accompanied by disturbances in sleep and appetite, lethargy, and an inability to experience pleasure ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A common, slowly progressive megaloblastic anemia, folic acid deficiency anemia is most prevalent in infants, adolescents, pregnant and lactating females, alcoholics, elderly people, and people with malignant or intestinal... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... With iron deficiency anemia, an inadequate supply of iron for optimal formation of red blood cells (RBCs) results in smaller (microcytic) cells with less color on staining. Body stores of iron, including plasma iron, decrease, as does... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Prevention ... Pictures
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... A megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia (also called Addison’s anemia) is characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and deficiency of intrinsic factor (IF), a... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A congenital hemolytic anemia that occurs primarily, but not exclusively, in blacks, sickle cell anemia results from a defective hemoglobin (Hb) molecule (Hb S) that causes red blood cells (RBCs) to roughen and become sickle shaped.... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Sideroblastic anemias, a group of heterogenous disorders, produce a common defect — failure to use iron in hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis, despite the availability of adequate iron stores. These anemias... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Paralysis of the vocal cords results from disease of or injury to the superior or, most often, the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Causes
Vocal cord paralysis commonly results from the accidental... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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Paralysis
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Paralysis, the total loss of voluntary motor function, results from severe cortical or pyramidal tract damage. It can occur with a cerebrovascular disorder, degenerative... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Paralysis, the total loss of voluntary motor function, results from severe cortical or pyramidal tract damage. It can occur with a cerebrovascular disorder, degenerative neuromuscular disease, trauma, tumor, or central... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may occur with it. ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Fatigue
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Defined as lack of energy for activitiesand decreased endurance for them. Principal Causes of Fatigue Physiologiccauses Pathologic causes Anemia Infection ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... A decreasein blood Hgb concentration or Hct (a measure of red cell mass) thatis 2 standard deviations below mean for age and gender is definedas anemia. Pallor as sign of anemia depends on... Principal Causes of Pallor (Anemia) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Table 45.1. Hemoglobin Electrophoretic Patterns of Common Hemoglobinopathiesin Cord and Adult Blood ... Diagnostic Approach ... Table 45.2. Morphologic Classification of Anemia Based on Red CellMean Corpuscular Volume ... Table 45.3. Abnormal Blood Smear Findings and Possible Causes ... References
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... Flaccid muscles are profoundly weak and soft, with decreased resistance to movement, increased mobility, and a greater than normal range of motion (ROM). The result of... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Paralysis, the total loss of voluntary motor function, results from severe cortical or pyramidal tract damage. It can occur with a cerebrovascular disorder, degenerative neuromuscular disease, trauma, tumor, or central nervous system... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Fatigue is a feeling of excessive tiredness, a lack of energy, or exhaustion accompanied by a strong desire to rest or sleep. This common symptom is distinct from weakness, which involves the muscles, but may occur with it. ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Depression of the anterior fontanel below the surrounding bony ridges of the skull is a sign of dehydration. A common disorder of infancy and early childhood, dehydration can result from insufficient fluid intake, but typically... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
In developing a list of diagnostic possibilities in cases of anemia,
physiology is the key. Anemia may be caused by a decrease in red cell
production, a break in the transport system (blood loss), or... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
The analysis of the causes of weakness depends on a knowledge of both
anatomy and biochemistry. Strength depends on an intact
healthy muscle, peripheral nerve,... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
It is simple enough to administer a sedative and refer the emotionally
distressed patient to a psychiatrist, but the astute diagnostician will want
to rule out an
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
A facial palsy is usually considered to be Bell palsy and it frequently
is. Nevertheless, the clinician who begins treatment without ruling out
other possibilities will eventually get burned. Anatomy is the... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
This symptom, as opposed to generalized weakness and fatigue , is almost invariably due to a
neurologic disorder. Consequently, a comprehensive list of causes is
developed using neuroanatomy. Muscle... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
