...
Is there fever? A significant fever would suggest either pyelonephritis, particularly in females, or acute prostatitis in males.
Is the urine grossly bloody or are ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Was the test used specific for glucose? Glucose oxidase tests (Clinistix, etc.) are specific for glucose, whereas other tests (Benedict's, etc.) are not. Thus, the latter ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there daytime frequency of urination also? If there is daytime frequency, the differential diagnosis of polyuria should be considered.
Is there associated pain or difficulty ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? Migraine, asthma, and drugs such as diuretics may produce transient polyuria.
Is it massive? Massive polyuria is usually due to ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there significant numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine? This would suggest a UTI. If there are white cell casts or clumps, the ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Most cases of urethral discharge in both males and females are due to gonorrhea or
Chlamydia trachomatis
. When the smear and culture are negative for gonorrhea, a course of tetracycline can be given as a therapeutic
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Has the patient been on any drugs? Sulfonamides are notorious for causing renal failure, but one must also consider amphotericin B, gold compounds that might be administered in ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Dysuria is a painful or burning sensation during or immediately after urination. This is a common symptom in primary care; nearly 20% of women aged 20–55 will have one episode of dysuria per year. Women have... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Polyuria is defined as urine output greater than 3 L per day. The output of a large volume of dilute urine leads to extracellular dehydration, which stimulates the thirst centers to... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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A perceived or observed decrease in the strength or flow of one's urine stream is a common complaint. This is often of concern to the patient because of the concern about both a serious medical... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Dysuria is defined as pain with urination and is a very common complaint in female children. It is commonly due to either urinary tract infection or perineal irritation from a variety of causes.
... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Proteinuria in children is defined as a quantitative 24-hour urine collection with >4 mg/m2/hour (>100 mg/m2/day) of protein. Semiquantitative definitions include urine dipstick ≥... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Dysuria is difficult or painful micturition. One could cover most of the causes simply by considering the inflammatory lesions of the genitourinary tract in ascending order. Thus, there may be a
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... The finding of glycosuria should prompt one to consider first the conditions that are associated with faulty regulation of the blood sugar and sugar metabolism. First and foremost on that list is diabetes mellitus. However, the
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... Incontinence may be due to loss of voluntary control of urination, in which case neurologic disorders are usually the cause, or it may result from overflow of a distended bladder (overflow incontinence), in which case the cause may be bladder
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... The differential diagnosis of nocturia is similar to that of polyuria. A pathophysiologic analysis of the symptom would indicate that the patient is producing excessive urine at night, there is
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... Polyuria is an absolute increase in the urine output in a 24-hour period. The average individual excretes 1,500 mL of urine a day. Many physiologic conditions increase the output of urine (stress, exercise, and warm
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... There are many causes of proteinuria. The mnemonic VINDICATE is a helpful way of developing a list of possibilities.
PROTEINURIA
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... A significant purulent urethral discharge invariably signals the diagnosis of gonorrhea and, until a Gram stain is done, little consideration is given to the other causes of a nonbloody urethral discharge. However,
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ANURIA AND OLIGURIA
ANURIA AND OLIGURIA
Diminished output of urine (oliguria with less than 500 mL
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... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary tract... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Nocturia — excessive urination at night — may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally, more urine is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, oliguria is clinically defined as urine output of less than 400 ml/24 hours. Typically, this sign occurs abruptly and may herald... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is aggravated by... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... This excretion from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection. ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Hesitancy — difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream — can result from a urinary tract infection, a partial lower urinary tract obstruction, a neuromuscular... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may be transient or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the accumulation of even... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Central diabetes insipidus
Renal disease
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, congenital
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... Benign/Physiologic
Fever
Exercise
Orthostatic
Contrast dye
Usually Nonnephritic
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... Urethral
Congenital urethral stenosis, web, atresia
Posterior urethral valves
Inflammation or stricture
Trauma
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... Urinary frequency refers to an increased urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, urinary frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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Dysuria
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Dysuria—painful or difficult urination—is commonly accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency, or hesitancy. This symptom usually reflects lower urinary tract infection (UTI)—a common disorder,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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Nocturia
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Nocturia—excessive urination at night—may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally, more urine is concentrated... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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Oliguria
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, oliguria is clinically defined as urine output of less than 400 ml/24 hours. Typically, this sign occurs abruptly and may herald serious&mdash... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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Polyuria
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Urethral discharge from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection.
History ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Urinary hesitancy—difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream—can result from a urinary tract infection (UTI), a partial lower urinary tract... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may be transient or permanent and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate accompanied by bladder pain is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the accumulation of even small amounts of... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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Dysuria
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... David M. Quillen
Approach Dysuria is defined as “painful urination.” Acute dysuria is a frequent problem seen in ambulatory practices, accounting for more than three million office visits a... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Nocturia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Anna M. Wright and Vincent H. Ober
Approach Nocturia, defined as awakening from sleep to urinate, is a frequent symptom in patients of all... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Proteinuria
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Irene M. Hamrick
The prevalence of proteinuria in the general population is 3%, and 5% in healthy adolescents (1). Heavy and persistent proteinuria is associated with the development of end-stage renal
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Urethral Discharge
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... George P.N. Samraj
Discharge from the urethra is a common symptom. The characteristics and the cause of urethral discharge (UD) vary widely. Discharge can be profuse or scanty; clear, yellowish, or... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Urinary Incontinence
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Richard Rathe
Urinary incontinence (UI) in adults is one of the most prevalent and underdiagnosed afflictions in the United States (>25 million effected individuals, >50%... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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Oliguria and Anuria
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Marcia W. Funderburk
Oliguria and anuria are important clinical signs that should be recognized quickly so that the cause can be identified and treatment... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Lower urinary tract infection
❑ Acute pyelonephritis
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Urinary tract infection
❑ Diabetes mellitus
❑ Diuretic therapy
❑ Bladder outlet obstruction ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Diabetes
❑ Drugs/toxins
❑ Acute tubular necrosis
❑ ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Cystitis
❑ Benign prostatic hypertrophy
❑ Pelvic floor relaxation
❑ Drugs
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Acute tubular necrosis
❑ Prerenal azotemia
❑ Tubular toxins
❑ Bladder outlet obstruction ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, urinary frequency is a cardinal... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Dysuria
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... Dysuria (painful or difficult urination) is commonly accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency, or hesitancy. This symptom usually reflects lower urinary tract infection (UTI) — a common disorder, especially in women. ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Nocturia — excessive urination at night — may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination.... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, oliguria is clinically defined as urine output of less than 400 ml/24 hours. Typically, this sign occurs abruptly and may herald serious — possibly life-threatening —... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Urethral discharge from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection.... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Urinary hesitancy — difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream — can result from a urinary tract infection (UTI), a partial lower urinary tract... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign,... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Dysuria
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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...Dysuria (pain on urination) is usually producedby inflammation of urethra or bladder or both. Principal Causes of Dysuria Urinarytract infection Urethritis ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Table 15.1. Criteria for Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections ... References
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Proteinuria
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
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... Proteinuriais a common finding in childhood and adolescence. Usual pathogenesis involves increasein permeability of glomerular basement membrane. Less common isdecreased absorption or... Principal Causes of Proteinuria ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Urinaryincontinence or enuresis refers to the involuntary passage of urine. Most children have achieved urine continenceduring the day by 4 yrs of age, and during the night by 6 yrs ofage.... Principal Causes of Urinary Incontinence ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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...Polyuria (excessive urine volume) is usuallyassociated with polydipsia (excessive thirst). Principal Causes of Polyuria and Polydipsia Diabetesmellitus ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, frequency is a... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Dysuria—painful or difficult urination—is commonly accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency, or hesitancy. This symptom usually reflects lower urinary tract infection (UTI)... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Nocturia—excessive urination at night—may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, oliguria is clinically defined as urine output of less than 400 ml/24 hours. Typically, this sign occurs abruptly and may herald serious—possibly... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It's usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is aggravated by... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Urethral discharge is an excretion from the urinary meatus that may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Hesitancy—difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream—can result from a urinary tract infection (UTI), a partial lower urinary tract obstruction, a neuromuscular... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Urinary incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate (urinary urgency), accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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...
Dysuria is difficult or painful micturition. One could cover most of
the causes simply by considering the inflammatory lesions of the
genitourinary tract in ascending order. Thus, there... Pictures
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...
The finding of glycosuria should prompt one to consider first the
conditions that are associated with faulty regulation of the blood
sugar and sugar metabolism. First and foremost on that list is... Pictures
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...
Incontinence may be due to loss of voluntary control of urination, in
which case neurologic disorders are usually the cause, or it may result from
overflow
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...
The differential diagnosis of nocturia is similar to that of polyuria.
A pathophysiologic analysis of the symptoms would indicate that the patient
is producing excessive urine at night, there is an... Pictures
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...
Polyuria is an absolute increase in the urine output in a 24-hour
period. The average individual excretes 1,500 mL of urine a day. Many
physiologic conditions increase the output of urine (stress, exercise,... Pictures
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...
There are many causes of proteinuria. The mnemonic VINDICATE is a
helpful way of developing a list of possibilities.
V—Vascular category should call to mind... Pictures
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...
A significant purulent urethral discharge invariably signals the
diagnosis of gonorrhea and, until a Gram stain is done, little consideration
is given to the other causes of a nonbloody urethral discharge. However,... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
Diminished output of urine (oliguria with less than 500 mL of output in
24 hours) and no output of urine (anuria) are best understood using
pathophysiology. The causes may be divided into prerenal ... Pictures
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