Glossary for High blood pressure

Medical terms related to High blood pressure or mentioned in this section include:

• Abdominal obesity metabolic syndrome: A syndrome characterized by a group of conditions that are considered major risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
• Absence of pulmonary artery: The absence of a pulmonary artery at birth.
• Acid-Base Imbalance: A disruption to the normal acid-base equilibrium in the body. There are four main groups of disorder involving an acid-base imbalance: respiratory acidosis or alkalosis and metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Obviously the severity of symptoms is determined by the degree of imbalance.
• Acquired total lipodystrophy: A rare acquired disorder that involves adipose tissue abnormalities and is characterized by loss of adipose tissue through the body. The disorder is very similar to the congenital form but the liver involvement is more severe.
• Acrodynia: A disease occurring in infants or young children. Symptoms include edema, pruritis, skin rash, extremities are pink, cheeks and nose are scarlet, profuse sweating, digestive disturbance, photophobia, polyneuritis, irritability, listlessness, apathy and failure to thrive.
• Acromegaly: An abnormal enlargement of the limbs due to increased secretion of growth hormone after the cessation of puberty
• Acute intermittent porphyria: A rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by a disturbed porphyrin metabolism resulting in increased production of porphyrin or its precursors. Symptoms include abdominal pain, photosensitivity and neurological disturbances such as seizures, coma, hallucinations and respiratory paralysis.
• Acute kidney failure: The sudden and acute loss of kidney function
• Adams Nance syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, small eyes and the presence of excess glycine in the urine.
• Adrenal Cancer: A malignant cancer that develops in the adrenal gland. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids. Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal Cortex Diseases: Diseases of the adrenal cortex. Examples includes Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome and adrenal fatigue.
• Adrenal adenoma, familial: A benign tumor that develops in the adrenal gland and tends to run in families. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids . Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal gland hyperfunction: Excessive activity of the adrenal gland which causes excessive production of one or more adrenal hormones (aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The increased adrenal gland activity may be caused by an adrenal gland tumor or by excessive stimulation of the gland. Pituitary hormones stimulate adrenal gland activity.
• Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, due to 11-Beta-hydroxylase deficiency: A rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia characterized by a deficiency of 11-Beta-hydroxylase which results in excess androgen production and hypertension. The disorder can occur in virilizing, hypertensive and salt-wasting forms and symptoms may range from mild to severe.
• Adrenal hypertension: Adrenal hypertension is high blood pressure caused by adrenal gland problems. For example, an adrenal tumor can cause excessive production of aldosterone which in turn causes salt-retention and high blood pressure. Severity of symptoms varies depending on the underlying cause.
• Adrenal incidentaloma: A tumor of the adrenal gland that is discovered incidentally while performing an imaging examination for reasons other than an adrenal tumor. The tumor may be asymptomatic or can causes excessive secretion of adrenal hormones and resulting symptoms. The tumor may also be malignant or benign.
• Adrenal medulla neoplasm: A tumor that develops in the part of the adrenal gland called the medulla which produces adrenalin and noradrenaline. The tumor is usually benign but can be malignant.
• Adult Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition characterized by the production of thick sticky mucus by the mucus glands in the lungs, intestines, liver and pancreas. The condition is most often diagnosed in children or young adults but occasionally, relatively mild symptoms may lead to frequent misdiagnosis or no diagnosis at all unless the symptoms become worse. The condition may be misdiagnosed as emphysema, asthma or chronic bronchitis. It is usually females with a mild form of the disease who tend to be diagnosed at a later age.
• Albuminuria: The presence of albumin (a blood protein) in the urine.
• Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing syndrome: The excessive consumption of alcohol can result in symptoms similar to a condition called Cushing's syndrome. When alcohol consumption is stopped, symptoms regress.
• Allain Babin Demarquez syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by premature fusion of skullbones, abnormal development of skeletal bones and hypertension.
• Alveolar capillary dysplasia: The abnormal development of the lung blood vessels. The normal barrier across which air and blood can diffuse fails to develop properly. Death usually results within weeks of birth but rare cases can survive for months.
• Amphetamine abuse: Use of the stimulant drugs known as amphetamines or "speed"
• Amphetamine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of amphetamine drugs.
• Amyloidosis: A disease characterized by the accumulation of insoluble amyloid protein in tissues and organs which in turn affects the functioning of these tissues and organs.
• Amyloidosis, familial visceral: A rare genetic disorder involving widespread amyloidosis (abnormal buildup of amyloid protein in tissues) which tends the affect the kidneys severely.
• Analgesic nephropathy syndrome: Kidney damage caused by excessive use of pain-killing drugs. Aspirin and phenacetin mixtures are the most common causes.
• Analgesic syndrome: The use of large quantities of pain-killer drugs can sometimes cause serious kidney damage as well as various other problems.
• Angiotensin renin aldosterone hypertension: The RAAS (rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) is involved in regulating blood volume and vascular resistance and an imbalance of any of these components can cause high blood pressure.
• Angiotensin/rennin/aldosterone hypertension: A group of disorder characterized by high blood pressure due to abnormalities in angiotensin, rennin and aldosterone levels. Adequate levels of these chemicals help to control blood volume and blood vessel resistance which in turn influences blood pressure.
• Anxiety: Excessive worry, anxiety, or fear.
• Aortic coarctation: A rare inherited birth defect where the heart blood vessel called the aorta has a narrowed area which affects blood flow. The degree of constriction is variable which mild cases asymptomatic until adulthood. The poor blood flow to the lower body gives results in it appearing less developed than that upper body.
• Apnea: Periods of absence of breathing
• Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess, type 2: A form of inherited high blood pressure that starts during early childhood. The condition is caused by a genetic defect which results in an inborn error of metabolism of peripheral cortisol. Type 2 causes similar symptoms to type 1 but the urinary steroid levels are different.
• Apparent mineralocorticoid excess: A form of inherited high blood pressure that starts during early childhood. The condition results from a genetic defect which causes impaired metabolism of cortisol.
• Aristolochic Acid poisoning: Aristolochic acid is derived from a forest herb from the Aristocholochia family. It is often used in herbal preparations such as Aristolochia Fang Ch, Bragantia and Asarum. It is usually used in herbal preparations to promote weight loss. The substance is believed to cause kidney failure and urinary tract cancer.
• Arizona Bark Scorpion poisoning: A bite from the Arizona Bark scorpion contains chemicals toxic to the nerve system and can cause serious, life-threatening symptoms.
• Arterial hypertension: medical condition in which the blood pressure is chronically elevated.
• Arterial occlusive disease, progressive - hypertension - heart defects - bone fragility - brachysyndactyly: A rare syndrome characterized by narrowing or blockage of a number of arteries (in the kidneys, abdomen, brain and heart) as well as fragile bones, heart defects and finger abnormalities. Fractures and high blood pressure often start during the first years of life.
• Arteriosclerosis: A group of medical conditions which are characterized by the thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial blood vessel walls
• Atheroma: A region of plaque occurring in atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis: A condition which is a form of arteriosclerosis where atheromas are caused by the aggregation of cholesterol and lipids
• Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and kidney failure that has no obvious cause.
• Autoimmune Vasculitis: A inflammation of the blood vessels caused by an autoimmune reaction
• Autonomic dysreflexia syndrome: A complication caused by injury to the neck or upper back region of the spinal cord. Symptoms are induced by stimulation below the level of the injury which can be caused by such things as distended bladder, scratching the feet, squeezing the penis, stimulation of the rectum or accumulation of gas.
• Autonomic nerve symptoms: Symptoms affecting the autonomic nervous system
• Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease: Severe form of PKD, a genetic kidney disease.
• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Genetic kidney disease causing kidney cysts.
• Avasthey syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by pulmonary hypertension, lymphedema and malformation of brain blood vessels.
• Binswanger's Disease: A type of senile dementia characterized by chronic cerebrovascular disease.
• Black widow spider envenomation: The black widow spider bite is toxic to the nerves and can cause serious symptoms. The black widow spider is most commonly found in North America.
• Bleeding symptoms: Any type of bleeding symptoms.
• Blood pressure symptoms: High (hypertension) or low blood pressure (hypotension).
• Blood vessel conditions: Conditions that affect the blood vessels
• Bone cement implantation syndrome: A complication that can occur after using bone cement during implantation of an internal prosthesis. Circulation may be affected and a blockage in the pulmonary artery may develop.
• Brachydactyly - arterial hypertension: A rare syndrome characterized by the association of hypertension with short digits. Premature death (by the fifth decade) due to stroke occurs in untreated patients.
• Brachydactyly with hypertension: A very rare disease characterized by the association of hypertension with brachydactyly (abnormally short fingers and/or toes).
• Brain symptoms: Symptoms affecting the brain
• Bright's Disease: A condition where the parts of the kidneys that are responsible for filtering become inflamed and results in blood and proteins accidentally leaking into the urine. The condition can occur after certain infections and serious kidney dysfunction can result in severe or chronic complications.
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A condition which is characterized by dysplasia of the brochopulmonary vessels
• COPD: Severe obstruction of bronchial air flow typically from bronchitis and/or emphysema.
• Cadmium poisoning: A type of heavy metal poisoning caused by excessive exposure to cadmium.
• Carnevale-Canun-Mendoza syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by loss of bone tissue in the wrists and ankles as well as kidney problems.
• Carotid Paraganglioma: A rare, usually benign tumor found in the carotid artery in the neck. The tumor develops from glomus cells which are located along blood vessels involved in automatic body activities such as regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.
• Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A very rare disorder where the blood clotting system becomes dysfunctional and clots too easily due to the abnormal presence of antphospholipid antibodies. It results in blood flow blockages to various body organs. It is possible that the condition has autoimmune origins. The disorder is often triggered by infections, certain drugs (e.g. anticoagulants), minor surgery and hysterectomy.
• Cathinone poisoning: Cathinone comes from the leaves of the Khat plant which is native to eastern Africa. Cathinone is a stimulant as well as have pain killing, weight loss and neuromuscular effects. The psychoactive effects are usually utilized by chewing on the leaves of the plant but sometimes dried leaves are used.
• Chemical poisoning - Acetaldehyde: Acetaldehyde is a chemical used in the production of various products - mirrors, disinfectants, plastics, explosives, varnish and food flavoring. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Choking: Sensation of blockage or inability to breathe.
• Choroideremia - hypopituitarism: A rare inherited disorder characterized by eye disease and hypopituitarism.
• Chronic Kidney Disease: Long-term and generally irreversible disease of the kidneys due to infection, obstruction, congenital diseases or generalised diseases causing failure of the kidneys' normal functions.
• Chronic pyelonephritis: chronic pyelonephritis is persistent kidney inflammation that can scar the kidneys and may lead to chronic renal failure
• Cocaine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of cocaine.
• Cockayne syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by a senile-like appearance, hearing and vision impairment and sun sensitive skin.
• Codeine withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Codeine use is discontinued or reduced. Codeine is a sedative pain-killer. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Collagen type III glomerulopathy: A rare progressive form of kidney disease characterized by the abnormal deposits of type III collagen in the kidneys. The severity and rate of progression of the condition is variable.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency: A rare genetic condition involving deficiency of 17-alpha-hydroxylase which impairs androgen production by the testes and estrogen production by the ovaries. This results in lack of development of secondary sexual characteristics and hypertension as well as other anomalies.
• Congenital hepatic porphyria: A rare congenital disorder where there is an excess of porphyrin (pigments) in the body. The liver is responsible for making porpyrins.
• Congenital mitral malformation: Malformations of the mitral valve that are present at birth. The mitral valve allows blood to flow between the two chambers on the left side of the heart. Types of mitral malformation are atresia (absent mitral valve), stenosis (narrowed mitral valve) and parachute mitral valve.
• Congenital mitral stenosis: A heart malformation that is present at birth. The mitral valve is narrower than normal which affects blood flow between the upper and lower chambers on the left side of the heart. It usually occurs in conjunction with other malformations
• Conn's adenoma: An uncommon (but possible highly underdiagnosed) condition characterized by the excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal gland. The condition may result from the presence of an adrenal adenoma. The severity of the condition is variable with some patients simply suffering high blood pressure and no other symptoms. Due to the high degree of variation in presenting symptoms, the condition may be frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
• Conn's syndrome: An adrenal gland disorder where excess aldosterone hormone is produced resulting in symptoms such as headache, fatigue, nocturia and increased urine production. Also called primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Conn-Louis Carcinoma: An uncommon (but possible highly underdiagnosed) condition characterized by the excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal gland. The condition results from the presence of an adrenal carcinoma. The severity of the condition is variable with some patients simply suffering high blood pressure and no other symptoms. Due to the high degree of variation in presenting symptoms, the condition may be frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
• Cushing syndrome, familial: A hormonal disorder caused by high levels of the cortisol hormone due to the abnormal development of the adrenal gland.
• Cushing's disease: A condition of hyperadrenocorticism which is secondary to excessive pituitary secretion of ACTH
• Cushing-like symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of Cushing's disease
• Cyclosporine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease affecting the exocrine (mucus) glands of the lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestines, causing progressive disability due to multisystem failure.
• Cystic hamartoma of lung and kidney: A very rare condition characterized mainly by benign cysts in the lungs and kidneys.
• Dexamethasone sensitive hypertension: A very rare inherited genetic involving excessive aldosterone levels which usually causes high blood pressure. The severity of the disorder is greatly variable.
• Diabetes-like symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of diabetes
• Diffuse systemic sclerosi: A rare condition that characterized by skin tightness affecting the trunk and extremities as well as organ involvement. It involves an early period of internal inflammation which distinguishes it from other forms of scleroderma and the organ involvement can be severe and even life-threatening.
• Disequilibrium syndrome: A complication that can occur during or after dialysis and probably caused by abnormal water balance within the brain. Swelling of the brain causes a range of neurological symptoms.
• Down Syndrome: A chromosome syndrome causing physical effects and mental retardation.
• Eclampsia: serious complication of pregnancy and is characterised by high blood pressure and convulsions
• Ecstasy abuse: Use of the illicit drug called ecstasy
• Ectopia lentis, isolated: A rare syndrome characterized by dislocation of eye lenses which often occurred at birth.
• Eisenmenger Syndrome: Increased lung blood pressure that can result from conditions such as a hole in the wall between the two heart chambers.
• Electrical burns: Burns caused when an electric current pass through the body or part of it. The symptoms and severity of the burn depends on the strength of the electrical current, the duration of the exposure and the part of the body involved. Prompt treatment in more severe cases can improve the prognosis.
• Elevated blood pressure: systolic pressure more than 130 mm Hg and diastolic more than 90 mm of Hg
• Environment associated hypertension: High blood pressure caused by environmental factors such as poor diet, stress and lack of exercise.
• Ephedrine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of ephedrine drugs.
• Essential hypertension: esential hypertension refers to high blood pressure with no identifiable cause
• Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia: A rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of a mixture of various types of antibodies (crylglobulins) in the blood.
• Fabry's Disease: An inherited metabolic disorder where phospholipids are deposited mostly in the blood vessels as well as other tissues and organs. Symptoms include skin lesions, small red spots on the abdomen, thighs and scrotum, fever, peripheral edema, hypertension and renal failure. Also called angiokeratoma corporis diffusion, Anderson's syndrome, Anderson-Fabry disease, Morbus Anderson-Fabry, Ruiter-Pompen syndrome or Sweeley-Klionsky disease.
• Familial renal cell carcinoma: A genetic form of kidney cancer that develops in the lining of the tubules in the kidney and tends to run in families.
• Faye-Petersen-Ward-Carey syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by excess fluid in the skull, a blood disorder and bone and bone abnormalities.
• Fibromuscular dysplasia of arteries: A rare disease where the blood vessel walls thicken and harden which reduces blood flow through the arteries and into various organs. The main arteries that may be affected are those in the kidney's and abdomen as well as the carotid artery which caries blood from the heart to the neck.
• Fitzsimmons-Walson-Mellor syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by spastic paraplegia, progressive kidney disease and deafness.
• Fowler-Christmas-Chapple syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by the association of polycystic ovaries with the abnormal functioning of the urinary valve.
• Gaucher disease type 3: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme called glucocerebrosidase and accumulation of glycosylceramide (glucocerebroside). There are three forms of this disease: type 1, 2 and 3. Type 3 is a subacute neurological form which often first appears in childhood.
• Gestational hypertension: Hypertension that occurs to a mother during pregnancy
• Glomerulonephritis: A condition which affects the kidneys and is characterized by inflammatory changes that occur in the glomeruli
• Glomerulonephritis, membranous congenital due to anti-maternal NEP alloimmunisation: An immune reaction involving maternal antibodies which attack the fetus and causes kidney problems. The condition occurs when a mother with a deficiency of NEP becomes exposed to NEP antigen produced by the fetus which results in the production of antibodies that attack NEP and cause kidney damage.
• Glucocorticoid resistance: A rare condition where all or parts of the body are unable to respond to glucocorticoids. Symptoms depend on the level or resistance.
• Glycine encephalopathy, classical neonatal early-onset form: A rare disorder of amino acid metabolism where glycine are unable to be metabolized properly due to defects in the glycine cleavage system. The early onset classical neonatal form usually starts after a period of normal development during the first 6 months of life.
• Glycine encephalopathy, classical neonatal form: A rare disorder of amino acid metabolism where glycine are unable to be metabolized properly due to defects in the glycine cleavage system.
• Glycine encephalopathy, classical neonatal late-onset form: A rare disorder of amino acid metabolism where glycine are unable to be metabolized properly due to defects in the glycine cleavage system. The late onset classical neonatal form usually starts during childhood.
• Glycine synthase deficiency: A rare genetic disorder characterized by high blood glycine levels which is toxic to the body. The severity of the condition varies according to the degree of deficiency and age of onset. The classical neonatal form is generally quite severe, the atypical mild form which generally includes symptoms such as aggressiveness, behavioral problems and speech problems. The transient neonatal form involves high blood glycine levels at birth which then returns to normal within a couple of months - there was no neurological or developmental impairment.
• Glycine synthase deficiency, type 1: A rare genetic disorder characterized by high blood glycine levels. It is caused by a defect in the P protein (pyridoxal phosphate-dependent glycine decarboxylase) in the energy creating center of cells (mitochondria).
• Glycine synthase deficiency, type 2: A rare genetic disorder characterized by high blood glycine levels. It is caused by a defect in the T protein (tetrahydrofolate-requiring enzyme) in the energy creating center of cells (mitochondria).
• Goodpasture syndrome: A rare disease involving inflammation of membranes in the lung and kidneys.
• Gram's syndrome: A postmenopausal syndrome involving high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis of the knee and the development of multiple lipomas.
• Grange syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by the abnormal narrowing of various arteries, high blood pressure, heart defects, fragile bones and short, webbed digits. The congenital heart defects are not present in all cases.
• Granulomatous arthritis of childhood: A rare chronic inflammatory condition that starts during early childhood and is characterized by arthritic joints, uveitis and a skin rash that forms on the trunk and limbs.
• Graves disease: A condition which is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid resulting hyperthyroidism
• HELLP syndrome: A rare potentially fatal condition that occurs in pregnant women and is frequently associated with pre-eclampsia.
• Head injury: Any injury that occurs to the head
• Heart conditions: Any condition that affects the heart
• Heart injury: An injury to the heart
• Heart symptoms: Symptoms affecting the heart
• Heavy metal poisoning: symptoms vary depending on the nature and the quantity of heavy metal ingested
• Hemangiomatosis, familial pulmonary capillary: A rare condition involving the excessive proliferation of lung capillaries which results in pulmonary hypertension.
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare condition characterized by acute kidney failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia (reduced blood platelet count). The condition is often caused by upper respiratory infections or infectious diarrhea.
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical, childhood: A rare disorder involving destruction of blood cells and kidney disease. Unlike typical hemolytic uremic syndrome which usually follows a bacterial infection, the atypical form is possibly a genetic disorder. The distinguishing feature of the atypical form is that no diarrhea is involved. The atypical form has a poorer prognosis than the typical form.
• Hepatorenal tyrosinemia: A rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of particular enzymes which prevents the breakdown of tyrosine which then builds up in the liver. Type 1 involves a deficiency of the enzyme fumaril acetoacetate hydrolase.
• Herbal Agent adverse reaction - Ginseng: Ginseng can be used as a herbal agent, usually in the form of a tea, to help combat stress. Some people may develop an adverse reaction to Ginseng.
• Herbal Agent overdose - Ginseng: Ginseng can be used as a herbal agent, usually in the form of a tea, to help combat stress. Excessive doses of ginseng can cause overdose symptoms - 3 to 15 g per day for a number of years can cause overdose symptoms.
• Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 3: A very rare inherited disorder affecting the peripheral and autonomic nervous system and characterized by reduced tear production, excessive sweating, poor body temperature control, blood pressure problems, impaired sensation and poor muscle control.
• High blood pressure: Excessive blood pressure.
• High blood pressure in pregnancy:
• Hydronephrosis congenital: A rare kidney disorder that is present at birth and involves enlargement of the part of the ureter closest to the kidney due to obstruction of the flow of urine out of the kidney. The severity of the condition is determined by the degree of obstruction.
• Hyperadrenalism: Excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the body. Symptoms depend on which hormone is involved and the degree of involvement. Adrenal hormones are aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• Hypereosinophilic syndrome: A rare condition where too many eosinophils are produced over an extended period of time for no apparent reason. The eosinophils can infiltrate various organs and tissues and cause dysfunction or damage
• Hyperparathyroidism: Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands.
• Hypertension: Excessive blood pressure.
• Hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis: Hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Hypertension due to coarctation of the aorta: Hypertension due to coarctation of the aorta is high blood pressure resulting from a birth defect where a heart blood vessel called the aorta is abnormally narrowed. The high blood pressure tends to affect mainly the upper part of the body. Babies and very young children tend to have more severe symptoms as the degree of narrowing tends to be greater than in older children or adults.
• Hypertension in children:
• Hypertension of pregnancy: Pregnancy hypertension is the development of high blood pressure during pregnancy. Hypertension is a serious health condition due to the fact that it often causes no symptoms until it is severe. The increased blood pressure can cause complications in pregnancy women e.g. eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. The blood pressure usually returns to normal after delivery.
• Hypertensive heart disease: Heart disease that is caused by hypertension
• Hypertensive hypokalemia familial: A rare inherited form of high blood pressure. The high blood pressure is due to a kidney tubule abnormality results in too much sodium being reabsorbed into the blood stream instead of being excreted.
• Hyperthyroidism: The excessive activity of the thyroid gland
• Hypothyroidism: The decreased activity of the thyroid gland
• IgA nephropathy: A rare disorder where kidney inflammation leads to a build up of the antibody (IgA) in the kidney which results in the characteristic symptom of blood in the urine.
• Increased intracranial pressure: Increased pressure inside the skull due to brain swelling or fluid accumulation
• Indian Tobacco poisoning: The Indian Tobacco plant contains alkaloids such as lobeline which can result in similar effects to nicotine. The plant is sometimes used in herbal preparations which is usually how poisoning occurs.
• Ischemia: Inadequate blood supply to tissues, usually caused by a problem in the blood vessel.
• Jimsonweed poisoning: The Jimsonweed is a herb that bears single large white or lavender flowers and seeds surrounded by a spiny shell. The plant contains tropane alkaloids (mainly the seeds and leaves) which can cause symptoms if eaten in large quantities.
• Kallikrein hypertension: Hypertension caused by a reduced level of Kallikrein which is involved in controlling blood pressure through it's effect on kidney function. Reduced kallikrein secretion can be associated with hypertension.
• Kashani-Strom-Utley syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a narrowed pulmonary aorta and urinary obstructive disease.
• Kidney arteriovenous fistula: An abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the kidneys.
• Kidney disease: Reduced kidney function from various causes.
• Kidney symptoms: Symptoms affecting one or both kidneys.
• Lead poisoning: A type of heavy metal poisoning caused by excessive exposure to lead.
• Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis: A rare disorder that primarily affects the skin and blood vessels. It is characterized by calcified skin deposits (C), Raynaud syndrome (R), esophageal dysfunction (E), scleroderma of the fingers and toes(S) and telengiectasia - dilated blood vessels (T).
• Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 1 (FPLD1): An inherited disorder characterized by the loss of fatty tissue from the extremities while fatty tissue on the face, neck and trunk is normal or increased.
• Lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 3 (FPLD3): A rare metabolic disorder involving abnormal fat gradually disappears from the limbs, trunk and buttocks but stays the same or accumulates on areas such as the face, shoulders, neck and genitals.
• Lobelia poisoning: Lobelia is a herbaceous plant which bears elongated shafts of small blue, white or red flowers. The plant contains alkaloids such as lobeline which can result in similar effects to nicotine. The plant is sometimes used in herbal preparations which is usually how poisoning occurs.
• Lockwood-Feingold syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized mainly by arthritis, skeletal abnormalities and a lack of subcutaneous fat.
• Lupus: Autoimmune disease with numerous effects on various organs and linings.
• Lymphangiomatosis, pulmonary: A rare disorder characterized by the presence of numerous small lung cysts at birth which severely affects breathing and blood pressure and generally results in infant death.
• Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis: A rare, progressive blood vessel disease where nodular lesions destroy blood vessels - lungs, skin and nervous system are mainly involved.
• MSBD syndrome: A rare form of osteosclerosis caused by a lack of calcium in the bones.
• Malignant hypertension: Malignant hypertension is a condition characterized by very high blood pressure and swelling of the optic nerve. This type of hypertension is more common in people with kidney problems such as narrowed kidney blood vessels. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Malignant rhabdoid tumors: An aggressive malignant tumor that occurs in children. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor. The tumors often form in the kidneys and then tend to metastasize to the brain and sometimes the lungs. Symptoms will vary depending on the location of the tumor.
• Membranous nephropathy, idiopathic: A rare kidney disorder which occurs for no obvious reason and involves thickening and dysfunction of the filtering part of the kidneys.
• Mesangial sclerosis, diffuse: A rare inherited disorder involving a kidney disorder that starts early in life and rapidly progresses to kidney failure. Death often occurs within years of birth.
• Metabolic Syndrome: occurs when abnormal chemical reactions occur in the body
• Metabolic disorder: occurs when abnormal chemical reactions occur in the body
• Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X): Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
• Methylcobalamin deficiency cbl G type: An inherited organic acid disorder where an enzyme deficiency (cbl G) impairs the body's ability to break down certain proteins consumed in the diet. This results in a buildup of homocystine which results in harmful affects.
• Mixed sclerosing bone dystrophy: A rare form of osteosclerosis caused by a lack of calcium in the bones.
• Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler syndrome: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in various body tissues due to insufficient amounts of the enzyme (?-L-diuronidase) needed to break it down. There are three main sub-types of the disorder: Hurler - severe form, Scheie - mild form and Hurler/Scheie form which is intermediate.
• Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: A rare condition characterized by the proliferation of histiocytes (immune cells) which causes destructive arthritis and skin nodules.
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: Rare inherited disease causing tumors in multiple glands
• Mustard tree poisoning: The mustard tree is found in various parts of America and contains nicotine. Ingestion of the plant can cause various symptoms. The leaves of the plant is sometimes smoked for its effects but it can result in death.
• Myxedema: The most severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by swelling of extremities and face.
• Nephrocalcinosis: The presence of calcium deposits in the kidney.
• Nephrosclerosis: Hardening of kidney arteries and arterioles.
• Nephrosis - deafness - urinary tract - digital malformation: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by kidney disease, deafness and abnormalities of the urinary tract, fingers and toes.
• Nephrotic syndrome: A condition involving excess loss of protein in the urine, reduced albumin levels in the blood and swelling.
• Neuroblastoma: neuroblastoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor of infants and children that develops from nerve tissue
• Neurofibromatosis syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by areas of increased and decreased skin pigmentation and the development of many non-cancerous nerve and skin tumors some of which may eventually become malignant.
• Neurofibromatosis syndrome Type II: A rare genetic disorder characterized by areas of increased and decreased skin pigmentation, acoustic neuromas and the development of many noncancerous nerve and skin tumors some of which may eventually become malignant - it is a more severe form of type I neurofibromatosis.
• Neurogenic hypertension: High blood pressure caused by excessive sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A severe, potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs.
• Neurosis: Variety of mental disorders with self-awareness
• Nicotine addiction: Nicotine addiction is the uncontrollable desire to continue smoking. Smoking products contain nicotine which is a chemical that can lead to addiction if used over a period of time. Cessation causes withdrawal symptoms which can vary in nature and severity.
• Nipah virus encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain caused by the Nipah virus which can infect pigs and humans so transmission usually occurs through contact with pigs.
• Non-diarrheal (D-) HUS syndrome: A rare condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and kidney failure that is not associated with diarrhea which means that it is not a result of bacterial gastroenteritis. This form of hemolytic uremic syndrome may be caused by kidney transplants, certain drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, cytotoxic drugs), pregnancy, malignancy, HIV, non-diarrheal bacterial infections, immunological conditions or it may be inherited or in some cases there is no obvious cause (idiopathic).
• Obesity: Excessive body weight especially fat.
• Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is defined as the combination of obesity (body mass index above 30kg/m2), hypoxia (falling oxygen levels in blood) during sleep, and hypercapnia (increased blood carbon dioxide levels) during the day, resulting from hypoventilation (excessively slow or shallow breathing)
• Obstructive sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is characterized by episodic upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep.
• Oculo skeletal renal syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by eye, skeletal and kidney problems.
• Osteodysplasia, familial, Anderson type: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by
• Paget's Disease: Breast carcinoma involving nipple and areola.
• Paget's disease of bone: A chronic, slowly progressing bone disorder where the bone is destroyed rapidly and replaced by abnormal bone which is dense and fragile.
• Paraganglioma: A rare, usually benign tumor most often found in the abdomen, chest, head and neck areas. The tumor develops from glomus cells which are located along blood vessels involved in automatic body activities such as regulation of blood pressure and blood flow. Symptoms may vary depending on the exact location of the tumor.
• Pediatric granulomatous arthritis: A rare chronic inflammatory condition that starts during early childhood and is characterized by arthritic joints, uveitis and a skin rash that forms on the trunk and limbs.
• Phencyclidine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of phencyclidine drugs.
• Phenylpropanolamine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of phenylpropanolamine drugs.
• Pheochromocytoma: pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that usually starts in the cells of the adrenal glands
• Pheochromocytoma as part of Neurofibromatosis: A tumor that develops in the part of the adrenal gland called the medulla which produces adrenalin and noradrenaline. This tumor is often associated with a condition called neurofibromatosis. The tumor affects automatic body activities such as regulating breathing rate and heartbeat.
• Physical inactivity: When an individual is physically inactive
• Pierre Robin's sequence: A rare genetic disorder characterized by an underdeveloped jaw, cleft soft palate and abnormal tongue location.
• Pierson syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a small pupil and kidney disease at birth.
• Pituitary Cancer: Cancer of the pituitary gland.
• Pituitary symptoms: Symptoms affecting the pituitary gland
• Poliomyelitis: Dangerous virus now rare due to vaccination.
• Polyarteritis nodosa: A serious blood vessel disease where small and medium-sized arteries become swollen and damaged and are unable to adequately supply oxygenated blood to various tissues in the body. The disease can occur in a mild form or a serious, rapidly fatal form.
• Polycystic kidney disease: Genetic kidney disease causing kidney cysts.
• Polycystic kidney disease type 1: A rare condition where cysts in the kidney grow and cause the kidney to become larger and reduce it's ability to function. PKD 1 is an autosomal dominant form of the disease and differs from PKD 2 in that it is more severe and is caused by a mutation in a different gene.
• Polycystic kidney disease, adult type: A rare condition where cysts in the kidney grow and cause the kidney to become larger and reduce it's ability to function. PKD 2 is an autosomal dominant form of the disease and differs from PKD 1 in that it is less severe and is caused by a mutation in a different gene.
• Polycystic kidney disease, infantile type: Severe form of polycystic kidney disease which is a genetic kidney disease. Symptoms develop very early in life and may even be present during the fetal stage.
• Polycystic kidney disease, type 2: A rare condition where cysts in the kidney grow and cause the kidney to become larger and reduce it's ability to function. This adult form of the condition is milder than the infantile form.
• Polycystic kidneys, severe infantile, with tuberous sclerosis: A rare genetic disorder characterized by numerous kidney cysts and hamartomas (benign nodules that can occur in the skin or various organs including the brain).
• Polycystic ovaries urethral sphincter dysfunction: A rare syndrome characterized by the association of polycystic ovaries with the abnormal functioning of the urinary valve.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects approximately 5% of all women.
• Polycythemia: increase in the total number of red blood cells in the circulation. It can be primary or secondary
• Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by excess production of porphyrin or its precursors which affects the skin and/or nervous system.
• Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: A condition characterized by glomerulonephritis which occurs after a streptococcal infection
• Pregnancy symptoms: Symptoms related to pregnancy.
• Pregnancy toxemia /hypertension: Preeclampsia is the development of high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine and swelling during pregnancy. Hypertension is a serious health condition due to the fact that it often causes no symptoms until it is severe. The blood pressure usually returns to normal after delivery.
• Prehypertension: Prehypertension is a term used to describe blood pressure that is higher than normal but not high enough to be considered high blood pressure - systolic pressure 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic pressure 80-89 mm Hg.
• Pressure: Physical feeling of pressure in a body area
• Primary Hyperaldosteronism: An adrenal gland disorder where excess aldosterone hormone is produced resulting in symptoms such as headache, fatigue, nocturia and increased urine production. Also called Conn's syndrome.
• Primary aldosteronism: primary aldosteronism is a condition which the body's adrenal glands produce too much of the hormone aldosterone, causing retention sodium and loss of potassium
• Primary cortisol resistance: A rare genetic disorder where the body is unable to respond to a hormone called cortisol. The body produces excess cortisol to compensate for this defect.
• Pseudoaldosteronism: A rare genetic disorder involving early onset high blood pressure, reduced aldosterone secretion, hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. The disorder originates from kidney dysfunction rather than impaired aldosterone secretion.
• Pseudoephedrine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of pseudoephedrine drugs.
• Pseudohyperaldosteronism: A disorder that occurs in some people who eat a lot of licorice. The licorice inhibits a particular enzyme which results in excessive production of aldosterone.
• Pseudohypoaldosteronism: A group of disorders involving an electrolyte imbalance due to the kidney's inability to respond to aldosterone. The actual level of aldosterone may range from high to low.
• Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II: A rare condition characterized by electrolyte disorders caused by the kidney's inability to respond to aldosterone. Type II is differentiated from Type I in that sodium wasting doesn't occur.
• Pulmonary artery agenesis: A rare defect where the pulmonary artery or a portion of it fails to develop. The pulmonary artery has two branches, each of which goes to a different lung. The affected lung tends to be smaller and the bronchial arteries that supply it tend to be enlarged.
• Pulmonary cystic lymphangiectasis: A rare congenital condition where the lungs fail to develop normally. The disorder is characterized by the presence of dilated lymph ducts throughout the lungs.
• Pulmonary embolism: The occurrence of an embolism which blocks blood vessels in the lungs
• Pulmonary fibrosis /granuloma: A lung disease characterized by stiffening and inflammation of lung tissue.
• Pulmonary hemangiomatosis: A rare condition characterized by the proliferation of small blood vessels or capillaries in various parts of the lungs - pleura, bronchial and venous walls and alveolar septa.
• Pulmonary hypertension: The occurrence of hypertension the blood vessels of the lungs
• Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: Any disease which causes a lung vein to become narrow or blocked. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to various body tissues.
• Pulmonary venous return anomaly: A rare disorder where one or more of the four veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs drain to the right atrium of the heart instead of the left atrium. Symptom severity is determined by the number of veins involved and the exact location of the heart that the veins drain into.
• Renal Cell Carcinoma 2: A genetic form of kidney cancer.
• Renal Cell Carcinoma 3: A dominantly inherited form of kidney cancer which is linked to chromosome 5q.
• Renal Cell Carcinoma 4: A genetic form of kidney cancer.
• Renal artery stenosis: renal artery stenosis is a narrowing or blockage of the artery that supplies blood to the kidney
• Renal cancer, familial: A genetic form of kidney cancer that tends to run in families.
• Renal hypertension: Renovascular hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing or damage to kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Renal segmental hypoplasia-induced Hypertension: Renal segmental hypoplasia-induced hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from either an abnormally developed kidney (birth defect) or from damage to the kidney resulting from vesicureteral reflux.
• Renal tuberculosis: Kidney affected by tuberculosis
• Renal tubular transport disorders, inborn: Genetic defects in the transporters and channels along the kidney tubules that help to regulate body fluids as well as defects in the receptors and enzymes involved in the process. Examples of such disorders include nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and hereditary renal hypouricemia. Symptoms are determined by the exact nature of the disorder.
• Renoprival hypertension: High blood pressure that results from a lack of kidney function.
• Renovascular Hypertension: Renovascular hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing or damage to kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Respiratory acidosis: respiratory acidosis is acidosis (abnormally increased acidity of the blood) due to decreased ventilation of the pulmonary alveoli, leading to elevated arterial carbon dioxide concentration
• Respiratory failure: A condition which is due to marked impairment of respiratory function
• Rhabdoid tumor: An aggressive malignant tumor that occurs in children. Symptoms depend on the location of the tumor. The tumors often form in the kidneys and then tend to metastasize to the brain and sometimes the lungs.
• Salcedo syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by kidney disease
• Schroeder syndrome 1: High blood pressure and reduced salt concentration in sweat associated with an overactive adrenal cortex which is involved with hormone production.
• Scleroderma: A rare, progressive connective tissue disorder involving thickening and hardening of the skin and connective tissue. There are a number of forms of scleroderma with some forms being systemic (involving internal organs).
• Scleroderma, diffuse: A rare autoimmune connective tissue disease where the body attacks parts of the body and causes scarring and thickness of the tissue. In the diffuse form the the disorder, large areas of skin as well as organs are involved. Death can occur.
• Scleroderma, systemic: A rare autoimmune connective tissue disease where the body attacks parts of the body and causes scarring and thickness of the tissue. In the systemic form, the skin and organs are involved.
• Secondary Reflux: A urological abnormality where some of the urine flows from the bladder back into the kidneys. Vesicoureteral reflux may result from secondary causes such as a urinary tract blockage but primary vesicoureteral reflex results from a genetic defect which affects the development of the ureterovesical junction.
• Sedative dependence: The psychological or physical dependence on sedative medication
• Selye syndrome: A condition associated with prolonged extreme stress. The stressing agent may include such things as exposure to cold, starvation, death of someone close or work stress.
• Senior-Loken Syndrome: A rare inherited disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction and progressive eye disease.
• Senior-Loken syndrome 1: A rare inherited disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction and progressive eye disease. Type 1 is caused by a chromosomal defect on chromosome 2q13. End stage kidney disease usually occurs early in the second decade.
• Senior-Loken syndrome 3: A rare inherited disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction and progressive eye disease. Type 3 is caused by a chromosomal defect on chromosome 3q22. This form generally has an early onset.
• Senior-Loken syndrome 4: A rare inherited disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction and progressive eye disease. Type 4 is caused by a chromosomal defect on chromosome 1p36.
• Senior-Loken syndrome 5: A rare inherited disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction and progressive eye disease. Type 5 is caused by a chromosomal defect on chromosome 3q21.1. This form generally has a later onset.
• Senior-Loken syndrome 6: A rare inherited disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction and progressive eye disease. Type 6 is caused by a chromosomal defect on chromosome 12q21.3. End stage kidney disease usually occurs early in the second decade and vision impairment occurs by 3 years of age.
• Serotonin Syndrome: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Serotonin toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Shaken Baby Syndrome: A condition caused by violent shaking of a baby.
• Silicosis: An occupation lung disease caused by breathing in silica dust.
• Simple kidney cysts: Usually harmless kidney cysts appearing later in life.
• Skull fracture: A fracture of the bones of the skull
• Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Syndromes involving the cessation of breathing during sleep. Examples include obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. The condition may range from mild to severe.
• Sleep apnea: A condition which is characterized by transient attacks of apnea that usually occur during ones sleep
• Sleep disorders: Any condition which affects ones sleep
• Sneddon Syndrome: A rare progressive inherited disorder involving the blood vessel disease and neurological symptoms.
• Spastic paraplegia nephritis deafness: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by spastic paraplegia, progressive kidney disease and deafness.
• Steroid abuse: Steroids are man-made chemicals that can be used to promote muscle development and increase male sexual characteristics. Steroids are a prescription drug usually used to treat disorders such as delayed puberty and body wasting in AIDS patients. Excessive or improper use of steroids usually occurs in athletes and can result in a range of unwanted symptoms.
• Stress: Emotional stress (sometimes refers to physical stress)
• Stress-Induced Hypertension: Stress-induced hypertension is high blood pressure associated with physical or emotional stress. Chronic stress and associated high blood pressure can cause problems and treatment with anti-anxiety medication is usually prescribed.
• Stroke symptoms: Brain-related symptoms of bleeding or blockage.
• Systemic lupus erythematosus: chronic autoimmune disease that can be fatal, though with recent medical advances, fatalities are becoming increasingly rare.
• Takayasu arteritis: A chronic inflammation of the large blood vessels leading from the aorta which results in lack of pulse in the arms and the carotid arteries, transient paraplegia and blindness and atrophy of the facial muscles. Also called Takayasu's disease, pulseless disease, brachiocephgalic arteritis or aortic arch syndrome.
• Thieffry and Sorrell Dejerine syndrome: A rare inherited syndrome characterized by kidney problems and progressive destruction of the wrist and ankle bones which may spread to adjoining bones.
• Thromboembolism: Lodgement of a blood clot causing blockage
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, acquired: A rare blood condition where small blood clots form in blood vessels which reduces the number of blood platelets and results in kidney failure, neurological symptoms and anemia. The condition may be familial or acquired - symptoms tend to recur regularly in the familial form.
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, congenital: A rare blood condition where small blood clots form in blood vessels which reduces the number of blood platelets and results in kidney failure, neurological symptoms and anemia.
• Toxemia: A medical condition that occurs when there is a release of toxins from bacteria within the bloodstream
• Toxic mushrooms - Psychedelic: Some mushrooms contain chemicals called psilocybin and psilocin which produce effects similar to LSD. Mushroom species from this group include certain species of Conocybe syanopus, Conocybe spectabilis, Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, Pluteus, Psilocybe and Stropharia. About five dried mushroom caps can result in hallucinations.
• Turner Syndrome: Rare chromosome syndrome with one X but no second X or Y chromosome.
• Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome: A condition which can occur to twins in the uterus of the carrying mother due to transfusion of blood from one to the other
• Tyrosinemia: A rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of particular enzymes which prevents the breakdown of tyrosine which then builds up in the liver.
• Unilateral pulmonary agenesis: A very rare birth defect where one side of the lung is incompletely developed or totally absent. The symptoms and severity of the condition is variable and other malformation are often associated with the condition.
• Urinary tract infection: Infection of the urinary tract
• Variegate porphyria: A rare metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of a certain enzyme which results in a build-up in the body of porphyrins or their precursors. This form of hepatic porphyria causes the sufferer to have acute attacks as well as skin sensitivity.
• Vasculitis: A condition which is characterized by inflammation to blood vessels
• Vasculitis hypersensitivity: A condition which is characterised by a reaction that results in the inflammation of the blood vessels
• Vater-like syndrome, with pulmonary hypertension, abnormal ears and growth deficiency: A rare syndrome characterized by unusual ears, retarded growth, pulmonary hypertension.
• Vesicoureteral Reflux 1: A urological abnormality where some of the urine flows from the bladder back into the kidneys. Vesicoureteral reflux may result from secondary causes such as a urinary tract blockage but primary vesicoureteral reflex results from a genetic defect which affects the development of the ureterovesical junction. Type 1 is linked to a defect in chromosome 1p13 and type 2 is linked to a defect in chromosome 3p12.3. A significant number of children (up to a third) who develop urinary tract infections have vesicoureteral reflux.
• Vesicoureteral Reflux 2: A urological abnormality where some of the urine flows from the bladder back into the kidneys. Vesicoureteral reflux may result from secondary causes such as a urinary tract blockage but primary vesicoureteral reflex results from a genetic defect which affects the development of the ureterovesical junction. Type 1 is linked to a defect in chromosome 1p13 and type 2 is linked to a defect in chromosome 3p12.3. A significant number of children (up to a third) who develop urinary tract infections have vesicoureteral reflux.
• Vesicoureteral reflux: Reverse flow of urine from bladder back into kidneys.
• Viral vasculitis not HBV and HCV: Blood vessel inflammation due to a viral infection such as cytomegalovirus or immune reaction initiated by a viral infection. Blood vessels in virtually any part of the body may be infected including the brain and the heart. Symptoms depend on the location and extent of the inflammation.
• Vitamin D - adverse effects: Excessive use of vitamin D supplements can cause symptoms.
• Von Gierke disease IB: A metabolic disorder involving a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase (due to a G6P transporter defect) which results in the accumulation of glycogen in various tissues and a reduced blood sugar level. The condition is characterized primarily by an increased risk of bacterial infections due to impaired neutrophil activity which is needed to fight bacterial invasions.
• Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Genetic disease causing multiple benign tumors
• Wagener syndrome: A disorder involving the association of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, thickened heart muscle and severe neuroretinitis.
• Wegener's granulomatosis: A rare disease involving blood vessel inflammation which can affect the blood flow to various tissues and organs and hence cause damage. The respiratory system and the kidneys are the main systems affected.
• Werner syndrome: A form of premature aging where sufferers start aging during adolescence or soon after and appear old by the time they reach their 30's or 40's. Milder forms of the condition may also occur.
• Williams Syndrome: A syndrome characterised by mental retardation, facial abnormalities and emotional instability
• Wilms' tumor: A malignant kidney tumor that occurs in children.
• Wolfram's disease: A condition that is inherited and consists of multiple symptoms
• Wolman disease: A rare inherited lipid storage disease. The condition usually results in death early in life.

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