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Pulmonary Edema

Elevated Microvascular Pressure

Cardiogenic
Volume overload (especially when associated with low plasma oncotic pressure)
Neurogenic
   Head trauma
   Intracerebral hemorrhage
   Postictal
Pulmonary venous obstruction
   Chronic mediastinitis
   Anomalous pulmonary venous return
   Congenital pulmonary venous stenosis
   Idiopathic venoocclusive disease

Normal Microvascular Pressure
(Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

Infection
   Sepsis
   Pneumonia
       Bacterial
       Viral
       Mycoplasmal
       Fungal
   P. carinii

       Legionnaires' disease
   Miliary tuberculosis
   Toxic shock syndrome
   Malaria
Liquid aspiration
   Gastric contents
   Water (near-drowning, fresh and saltwater)
   Hypertonic contrast media
   Ethyl alcohol
Shock, especially septic
Multiple trauma and burns
Hematologic disorders
   Diffuse intravascular coagulation
   Transfusion-related leukoagglutinins
   Leukemia
   Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
   Unfiltered blood transfusion (controversial)
Inhaled toxic gases
   Oxygen (high concentration)
   Smoke
   Nitrogen dioxide
   Sulfur dioxide
   Chlorine
   Phosgene
   Ozone
   Metallic oxides
   Acid fumes
   Carbon monoxide
   Hydrocarbons
   Cadmium
   Ammonia
Embolism
   Thrombus
   Fat
   Air
   Amniotic fluid
Acute pancreatitis
Drug overdose
   Narcotics
   Propoxyphene
   Chlordiazepoxide
   Aspirin
   Ethchlorvynol
   Barbiturates
   Colchicine
Drug-induced lung injury
   Paraquat
   Nitrofurantoin
   Amiodarone
Immunologic injury
   Goodpasture's syndrome
   Systemic lupus erythematosus
Associated with high negative pleural pressure
   Postthoracentesis
   Post–expansion of pneumothorax
   Acute bronchial asthma
   Complete upper airway obstruction (e.g., hanging)
Pulmonary lymphatic obstruction
   Fibrotic and inflammatory disease (e.g., silicosis)
   Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
   Post–lung transplant
Miscellaneous
   Acute radiation pneumonitis
   Pulmonary contusion
   Post–cardiopulmonary bypass
   Diabetic ketoacidosis
   Circulating vasoactive substance (e.g., histamine)
   Dextran
   Lymphangiogram dye (mechanism controversial)
   Eclampsia

Unclear Mechanisms

High-altitude pulmonary edema

References

1. Honig EG, Ingram RH: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, p. 1483. See Bibliography, 3.
2. Matthay MA, Hopewell PC: Critical Care for Acute Respiratory Failure. See Bibliography, 9.
3. Hudson LD: Causes of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Clinical Recognition. Clin Chest Med   3:195, 1982.

Book Source Details

• Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
• Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
• Year of Publication: 1999
• Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 2008 Williams & Wilkins.

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More About This Book: Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis Authors: Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright: 1999 ISBN: 0-78171-943-7

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