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Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (Precapillary)

Alveolar hypoxemia with vasoconstriction
   Most causes of respiratory failure
   Chronic obstructive lung disease
       Chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis
       Emphysema
       Asthma
       Cystic fibrosis
       Bronchiectasis
   Alveolar disorders
       Pneumonia
       Aspiration pneumonitis
       Pulmonary edema
       Chronic alveolar filling disorders
   Upper airway obstruction
   Alveolar hypoventilation
       Neuromuscular disorders
       Central nervous system disorders
       Obesity
       Primary alveolar hypoventilation
       Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
   Chest wall and pleural disorders
       Chest deformity
          Kyphoscoliosis
          Thoracoplasty
          Poliomyelitis
          Muscular dystrophy
       Pleural disease (especially fibrothorax)
   High-altitude pulmonary hypertension
Restriction of the vascular bed
   Extrinsic
       Diffuse interstitial disease
          Sarcoidosis
          Other granulomatous diseases
          Interstitial fibrosis
       Neoplasm
          Metastatic
          Alveolar cell carcinoma
   Intrinsic
       Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
          Thrombotic
          Metastatic neoplasm
          Septic
          Fat
          Foreign material (e.g., talc)
          Amniotic fluid
          Antiphospholipid syndrome
          Parasitic
              Schistosomiasis
              Filariasis
       Pulmonary arteritis
          Raynaud's syndrome
          Scleroderma
          Calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) syndrome
          Rheumatoid disease
          Systemic lupus erythematosus
          Polymyositis, dermatomyositis
          Takayasu's arteritis
          Granulomatous arteritis
       Toxin-induced pulmonary vascular
          Intravenous drug use
          Cocaine use
       l-Tryptophan
          Anorexic agents
       Thrombosis due to sickle cell disease
       Human immunodeficiency virus–associated pulmonary hypertension
   Increased flow
       Patent ductus arteriosus
       Atrial septal defect
          Eisenmenger's physiology
       Ventricular septal defect
       Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm
   Decreased flow
       Tetralogy of Fallot
Destruction of vascular bed (e.g., emphysema)
Primary pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary Venous Hypertension (Postcapillary)

Cardiac disease
   Left ventricular failure
   Mitral valve disease
       Mitral stenosis
       Mitral insufficiency
   Left atrial obstruction
       Myxoma or other tumor
       Supravalvular stenotic ring
       Thrombus
   Cor triatriatum
Pericardial disease
   Pericardial tamponade
   Restrictive pericarditis
Pulmonary venous disease
   Mediastinal neoplasm or granuloma
   Mediastinal fibrosis
   Mediastinitis
   Anomalous pulmonary venous return
   Congenital pulmonary venous stenosis
   Idiopathic pulmonary venoocclusive disease

References

1. Fraser, p. 1833. See Bibliography, 2.
2. Greenberg HE, Scharf SM. Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Clinical Disorders, pp. 1285–1304. See Bibliography, 9.
3. Rich S: Primary Pulmonary Hypertension, pp. 1466–1468. See Bibliography, 3.
4. Mitzner WA: Pulmonary Circulation: General Principles and Dx Approach, L-2, p. 2. See Bibliography, 11.

Book Source Details

• Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
• Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
• Year of Publication: 1999
• Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 2008 Williams & Wilkins.

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More About This Book: Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis Authors: Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright: 1999 ISBN: 0-78171-943-7

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