Back Pain
Functional, mechanical causes: postural imbalance
Anteroposterior (e.g., pregnancy)
Lateral (e.g., scoliosis, unequal leg lengths)
Trauma
Lumbar strain or sprain
Lumbosacral disc herniation
Vertebral fracture (compression or other)
Subluxation of facet joints
Osteoarthritis, spondylosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Fibromyalgia
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Spondylitis or sacroiliitis, or both
Ankylosing spondylitis
Colitic (enteropathic) spondylitis
Psoriatic arthritis
Behçet's syndrome
Reiter's syndrome
Familial Mediterranean fever
Syphilis
Ochronosis
Spinal stenosis
Congenital
Degenerative
Iatrogenic (postlaminectomy, postfusion, or postchemo-
nucleolysis)
Post-traumatic
Paget's disease
Renal osteodystrophy
Spinal or vertebral tumor
Benign (e.g., hemangioma, meningioma, osteoid osteoma)
Malignant
Primary (e.g., multiple myeloma, ependymoma, osteogenic sarcoma)
Metastatic, especially
Prostate
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma
Breast
Leukemic
Lung
Kidney
Thyroid
Gastrointestinal tract
Infection (e.g., disc space infection, vertebral osteomyelitis, epidural abscess)
Bacteria (usually secondary to hematogenous spread)
Brucella
Spirochetes
Parasites
Herpes zoster
Mycobacteria
Fungi
Congenital causes
Facet hypertrophy
Transitional vertebrae
Spina bifida
Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis
Hyperparathyroidism
Osteomalacia (e.g., vitamin D–resistant rickets)
Osteoporosis (primary, endocrine, nutritional, drug)
Scheuermann's disease (epiphysitis)
Radium poisoning
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Referred pain
Vascular disease (especially abdominal aortic aneurysm, Leriche's syndrome)
Hip pain
Pelvic or prostatic inflammation or tumor, endometriosis
Retroperitoneal hematoma or tumor
Renal disease
Stone
Infection
Tumor
Polycystic kidney disease
Abdominal disease (e.g., intestinal, pancreatic, gallbladder)
Cardiorespiratory (pulmonary emboli, pleuritis, coronary ischemia, pneumonitis)
Hematologic disorders
Hemoglobinopathies (e.g., sickle cell, myelofibrosis)
Psychoneurotic causes
Hysteria
Malingering
References
1. Engstram J, Bradford D: Back and Neck Pain, pp. 73–79. See Bibliography, 1.
2. Wiesel S, et al: The Current Approach to the Medical Diagnosis of Low Back Pain.
Orthop Clin North Am 22(2):315, 1991.
Book Source Details
- Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
- Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
- Year of Publication: 1999
- Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 2008 Williams & Wilkins.
More About Causes of Middle back pain
» Next page: Back pain (Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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