Aging (especially postmenopause)
Immobilization
Nutritional causes
Calcium or vitamin D deficiency, or both
Malnutrition, malabsorption
Postgastrectomy
Scurvy
Total parenteral nutrition
Pregnancy and lactation
Aluminum-containing antacids
Corticosteroid excess
Cushing's syndrome or disease
Steroid therapy
Other endocrine disorders
Hypogonadism (e.g., Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, early oophorectomy)
Thyrotoxicosis
Acromegaly
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypopituitarism
Diabetes mellitus
Inherited bone matrix abnormalities
Homocystinuria
Marfan's syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Menkes' syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Malignancy, especially
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Multiple myeloma
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Systemic mastocytosis
Carcinomatosis
Heparin therapy (chronic)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic acidosis (especially renal tubular acidosis, metabolic acidosis secondary to high-protein diet)
Alcoholism
Hepatic insufficiency, cirrhosis (alcoholic or other)
Methotrexate
Chronic anticonvulsant therapy
Chronic renal failure (renal osteodystrophy)
Paget's disease (with predominantly lytic lesions)
Juvenile (idiopathic)
Cystic fibrosis
Riley-Day syndrome
Menkes' syndrome
Down syndrome
Hypophosphatasia, adult variety
Female distance runners
Smoking
*Low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and increased fracture risk.
Source: Consensus Development Conference: Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:636–638, 1993.
Read excerpts from these other book chapters related to Osteoporosis:
Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 2008 Williams & Wilkins.
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More About This Book:
Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis Authors: Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright: 1999 ISBN: 0-78171-943-7 
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