Glossary for Palpitations

Medical terms related to Palpitations or mentioned in this section include:

• Accelerated hypertension: Accelerated hypertension is a condition characterized by a rapid increase in blood pressure. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Acid-Base Imbalance: A disruption to the normal acid-base equilibrium in the body. There are four main groups of disorder involving an acid-base imbalance: respiratory acidosis or alkalosis and metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Obviously the severity of symptoms is determined by the degree of imbalance.
• Acute intermittent porphyria: A rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by a disturbed porphyrin metabolism resulting in increased production of porphyrin or its precursors. Symptoms include abdominal pain, photosensitivity and neurological disturbances such as seizures, coma, hallucinations and respiratory paralysis.
• Acute kidney failure: The sudden and acute loss of kidney function
• Acute leukaemia of ambiguous lineage: A term used to describe a type of leukemia (a blood cancer) where the leukemic cells cannot be determined as myeloid or lymphoid or where both types of cells are present.
• Acute megacaryoblastic leukemia: A rare form of malignant bone marrow cancer involving the proliferation of immature precursors of blood cells. More specifically, it involves the rapid proliferation of megakaryoblasts (premature form of megakaryocytes).
• Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 1: A form of blood cancer resulting in the rapid proliferation of immature blood cells (blast cells).
• Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 2: A form of blood cancer resulting in the rapid proliferation of granulocytes and monocytes.
• Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 3: A rare form of malignant bone marrow cancer involving the rapid proliferation of immature precursors of blood cells. Type 3 involves the proliferation of promyelocytes.
• Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 4: A rare form of malignant bone marrow cancer involving the rapid proliferation of immature precursors of blood cells. Type 4 involves the rapid proliferation of myelocytes and monocytes.
• Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 5: A rare form of malignant bone marrow cancer involving the proliferation of immature precursors of blood cells. Type 5 involves the rapid proliferation of monoblasts (immature precursors of monocytes) in particular.
• Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 6: A rare form of malignant bone marrow cancer involving the rapid proliferation of immature precursors of blood cells. Type 6 involves the proliferation of the immature precursors of red blood cells called erythroblasts.
• Acute myeloblastic leukemia type 7: A rare form of malignant bone marrow cancer involving the proliferation of immature precursors of blood cells. Type 7 involves the rapid proliferation of megakaryoblasts (premature form of megakaryocytes) in particular.
• Acute myelocytic leukemia: A malignant cancer of blood-forming tissues resulting in a high number of immature leukocytes. Symptoms include soft bleeding gums, anemia, fatigue, fever, dyspnea, moderate splenomegaly, joint and bone pains and frequent infections. Also called acute granulocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia, splenomedullary leukemia, splenomyelogenous leukemia.
• Acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes related to alkylating agent: The use of alkylating agents to treat cancer can result in leukemia in some patients.
• Acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes related to topoisomerase type II inhibitor: The use of topoisomerase type II inhibitors to treat cancer can result in leukemia in some patients.
• Acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, therapy related: Certain cancer therapies can result in the development of leukemia in some patients. These therapies includes topoisomerase type II inhibitors and alkylating agents.
• Acute myeloid leukemia: A form of rapidly progressing blood cancer resulting in the rapid proliferation of granulocytes and monocytes, red blood cells and platelets.
• Acute myeloid leukemia, adult: A form of blood cancer resulting in the rapid proliferation of granulocytes and monocytes, red blood cells and platelets.
• Acute radiation sickness: Tissue injury can result from exposure to radiation. The radiation dose, rate of dosing and tissues irradiated will determine the severity and type of symptoms. The effects may be chronic, delayed or acute. Acute irradiation sickness usually occurs after abdominal irradiation and lasts for hours or days.
• Acute rheumatic fever: Bacterial joint infection with risk of heart complications.
• Acute stress disorder: An acute anxiety state
• Additional Heart Sounds: A heart sound that is heard in addition to the normal two beats.
• Adrenal Cancer: A malignant cancer that develops in the adrenal gland. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids. Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal Cortex Diseases: Diseases of the adrenal cortex. Examples includes Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome and adrenal fatigue.
• Adrenal adenoma, familial: A benign tumor that develops in the adrenal gland and tends to run in families. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids . Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal gland hyperfunction: Excessive activity of the adrenal gland which causes excessive production of one or more adrenal hormones (aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The increased adrenal gland activity may be caused by an adrenal gland tumor or by excessive stimulation of the gland. Pituitary hormones stimulate adrenal gland activity.
• Adrenal hypertension: Adrenal hypertension is high blood pressure caused by adrenal gland problems. For example, an adrenal tumor can cause excessive production of aldosterone which in turn causes salt-retention and high blood pressure. Severity of symptoms varies depending on the underlying cause.
• Adrenal incidentaloma: A tumor of the adrenal gland that is discovered incidentally while performing an imaging examination for reasons other than an adrenal tumor. The tumor may be asymptomatic or can causes excessive secretion of adrenal hormones and resulting symptoms. The tumor may also be malignant or benign.
• Adrenal medulla neoplasm: A tumor that develops in the part of the adrenal gland called the medulla which produces adrenalin and noradrenaline. The tumor is usually benign but can be malignant.
• Adult Panic-Anxiety Syndrome: A psychiatric disorder involving anxiety and panic attacks that occur for no obvious reason.
• Alcohol - Teratogenic Agent: There is strong evidence to indicate that exposure to Alcohol during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Alcohol abuse: Excessive alcohol as a symptom of other conditions
• Alcohol-induced hypertension: Alcohol-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by excessive drinking of alcohol.
• Aldehyde syndrome: A metabolic anomaly where consumption of alcohol results in high levels of blood acetaldehyde which causes a variety of symptoms.
• Amitriptyline toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Amoxapine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Amphetamine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of amphetamine drugs.
• Amphetamine-induced hypertension: Amphetamine-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by use of amphetamines. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of amphetamine use.
• Amyloid cardiopathy: Amyloidosis is a rare group of metabolic disorders where a protein called amyloid accumulates in body organs and tissues where it can cause damage and is potentially fatal. The cardiac form involves deposits of amyloid in the heart muscle which affects its function. The electrical conduction system of the heart is impaired.
• Amyloid cardiopathy, familial: Amyloidosis is a rare group of metabolic disorders where a protein called amyloid accumulates in body organs and tissues where it can cause damage and is potentially fatal. The familial cardiac form is inherited and involves deposits of amyloid in the heart muscle which affects its function. The electrical conduction system of the heart is impaired.
• Amyloidosis: A disease characterized by the accumulation of insoluble amyloid protein in tissues and organs which in turn affects the functioning of these tissues and organs.
• Anaesthesia complications: Complications that occur due to anaesthesia
• Anaphylaxis: An immediate hypersensitivity reaction due to the exposure of a specific antigen to a sensitized individual
• Ancylostoma duodenale: An infestation with Ancylostoma duodenale which is a parasitic hookwork whichcan cause serious disease in humans - usually occurs in people who work barefoot in damp soil. The hookworms suck blood from the intestines of the host which can result in anemia if there is a large number of worms.
• Anemia: Reduced red blood cells in the blood
• Anemia, Hemolytic, Warm Antibody: A rare autoimmune condition where the body's defense system attacks and destroys red blood cells. The onset of the condition is triggered by temperatures 37ºC or higher. The severity of the disorder is variable.
• Anemia, Iron-Deficiency: A lack of fully functioning red blood cells due to a deficiency of iron. The iron allows the body to make hemoglobin in red blood cells which in turn allows the red blood cell to carry oxygen.
• Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts: A bone marrow disease which results in insufficient red blood cells in the blood (anemia). The prognosis is poor with death usually occurring within a couple of years. There are two types: type 1 refers to cases where the level of blasts is less than 10% and type 2 refers to cases where the level of blasts is 10-20%. When too many immature blood cells (blasts) are produced by the bone marrow, the condition may progress to acute myeloid leukemia - occurs in about a quarter of cases in type 1 and a third of cases in type 2.
• Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts, type 1: A bone marrow disease which results in insufficient red blood cells in the blood (anemia). The prognosis is poor with death usually occurring within a couple of years. Type 1 refers to cases where the level of blasts is less than 10% and type 2 refers to cases where the level of blasts is 10-20%. When too many immature blood cells (blasts) are produced by the bone marrow, the condition may progress to acute myeloid leukemia - occurs in about a quarter of cases in type 1.
• Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts, type 2: A bone marrow disease which results in insufficient red blood cells in the blood (anemia). The prognosis is poor with death usually occurring within a couple of years. Type 1 refers to cases where the level of blasts is less than 10% and type 2 refers to cases where the level of blasts is 10-20%. When too many immature blood cells (blasts) are produced by the bone marrow, the condition may progress to acute myeloid leukemia - occurs in about a third of cases in type 2.
• Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva: A rare form of aortic aneurysm that occurs in the sinus of Valsalva. An aneurysm is a thinning and bulging of a blood vessel wall. The condition is generally asymptomatic unless it burst and causes life-threatening complications including heart failure. An unruptured aneurysm may affect the blood flow (causing palpitations and syncope) as the bulge pushes against surrounding structures.
• Angina pectoris: severe chest pain due to ischemia
• Anorexia Nervosa: A disorder where a distorted sense of body image leads to self-starvation to the point of death in some cases.
• Anticholinergics poisoning: Excessive ingestion of anticholinergic drugs.
• Anxiety: Excessive worry, anxiety, or fear.
• Anxiety disorder: A mental condition that is characterized by anxiety and avoidance behaviours
• Aorta conditions: Conditions that affect the aorta
• Aortic Valve Insufficiency: A heart valve disorder where the heart valve is unable to close completely which causes a backflow of some of the blood from the aorta. The condition can be caused by such things as systemic lupus erythematosus, endocarditis, high blood pressure, Marfan's syndrome and aortic dissection.
• Aortic coarctation: A rare inherited birth defect where the heart blood vessel called the aorta has a narrowed area which affects blood flow. The degree of constriction is variable which mild cases asymptomatic until adulthood. The poor blood flow to the lower body gives results in it appearing less developed than that upper body.
• Aortic valve disease: Disease of the heart's aortic valve
• Aortic valve stenosis: A congenital condition involving a malformation of the valve that controls the blood flow of the main heart vessel (aorta). The valve doesn't open enough to allow sufficient blood to flow through the aorta which reduces the supply of oxygenated blood to the body.
• Aortic valves stenosis of the child: A birth defect where the aortic valve is abnormally narrow or unable to fully open. Depending on the degree of narrowing, the symptoms may range from severe to asymptomatic.
• Aorto-ventricular tunnel: A rare heart defect where a tunnel from between the ascending aorta and the cavity of the left or sometimes right heart ventricle. The severity of the condition is highly variable from asymptomatic for many years to fetal death. Often other heart anomalies are also associated.
• Aplastic anemia: A blood disorder where the bone marrow produces insufficient new blood cells.
• Arrhythmias: The occurrence of irregular heart beats
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 1: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 1 is linked to chromosome 14q23-q24 (TGFB3 gene).
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 10: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 10 is linked to chromosome 18q12.1-q12 (DSG2 gene).
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 11: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 11 is linked to chromosome 18q12.1 (DSC2 gene).
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 12: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 12 is linked to chromosome 17q21 (JUP gene).
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 2: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 2 is linked to chromosome 1q42.1-q43 (RYR2 gene).
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 3: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 3 is linked to chromosome 14q12-q22.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 4: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 4 is linked to chromosome 2q32.1-q32.3.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 5: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 5 is linked to chromosome 3p23.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 6: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 6 is linked to chromosome 10p14-p12.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 7: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 7 is linked to chromosome 10q22-3.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 8: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 8 is linked to chromosome 6p24 (DSP gene).
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, familial, 9: A rare heart muscle disease where the muscle tissue of the right ventricle of the heart is replaced by fibrous or fatty tissue which affects the ability of the heart to pump blood. Some patients are asymptomatic and whereas others experience symptoms and occasionally sudden death can occur. Type 9 is linked to chromosome 12p11 (PKP2 gene).
• Arrthymia:
• Asymmetric septal hypertrophy: A disease of the heart muscle characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function.
• Atrial Fibrillation: A rhythm disturbance of the heart that results in irregular and chaotic ventricular contractions.
• Atrial Septal Defect: An abnormal connection between the 2 atria, or upper chambers of the heart
• Atrial cardiomyopathy with heart block: Atrial heart disease involving a disruption of the electrical signals in the heart and causes heart rhythm problems.
• Atrial fibrillation: A rhythm disturbance of the heart that results in irregular and chaotic ventricular contractions.
• Atrial fibrillation, familial 1: A dominantly inherited condition where abnormal electrical activity in the heart causes it to have a fast and irregular beat. The condition may go unnoticed or may cause stroke or sudden death in some cases.
• Atrial flutter: Heart arrhythmia where atria beat more often than ventricles
• Atrial myxoma, familial: An atrial myxoma benign tumor that develops in the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart. The familial form of the condition also involves tumors in other parts of the body such as the skin, both heart atria or the heart ventricles.
• Atrial septal defect 1: A rare heart malformation involving the presence of an abnormal opening between the two atrial chambers of the heart which allows abnormal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The severity of the symptoms depends on the size and location of the defect with mild cases being asymptomatic until adulthood. Atrial septal defect 1 is caused by a mutation on chromosome 6p21.3.
• Atrial septal defect 2: A rare heart malformation involving the presence of an abnormal opening between the two atrial chambers of the heart which allows abnormal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The severity of the symptoms depends on the size and location of the defect with mild cases being asymptomatic until adulthood. Atrial septal defect 2 is caused by a mutation on chromosome 8p23.1-p22.
• Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly with cardiac defects and sensorineural hearing loss: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by heart defects, hearing impairment and a congenital eye disorder called Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly.
• Bacteremia: A condition where bacteria is present in the blood.
• Bacterial digestive infections: Bacterial infections affecting the gastrointestinal
• Bacterial diseases: Diseases caused by a bacterial infection
• Bacterial endocarditis: Infection and inflammation of the inner layers of the heart, most commonly the valves cause by bacteria.
• Bacterial meningitis: Bacterial meningitis is a form of meningitis caused by bacteria that normally lives in the mouth and throat. When the immune system is unable to supress this bacteria, it travels to the cerebrospinal spinal fluid in the brain. From there it affects the membranes surrounding the brain.
• Bernheim's syndrome: Reduced size of right heart ventricle due to enlargement of the left ventricle which encroaches on the space in the right ventricle. Blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle is obstructed.
• Beta-Adrenergic poisoning: Excessive ingestion of Beta-Adrenergic drugs.
• Bicuspid aortic valve: A heart defect where the aortic valve has only two leaflets instead of the normal three. The severity of the disorder is variable.
• Boerhaave syndrome: A rare spontaneous rupture of the esophagus which can occur during violent vomiting or retching.
• Bone-Marrow failure syndromes: A disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells.
• Bounding pulse: Is most often classified as a forceful and strong pulse.
• Bradycardia: Where there is a decreased or slowing of the heartbeat to less than 60 beats perminute
• Breynia officinalis poisoning: Ingestion of the Breynia officinalis plant can cause irritation to mucosal linings and liver problems. The plant is often used as a herbal drug (Chi R Yun) to treat such things as poor growth, heart failure and venereal disease.
• Bright's Disease: A condition where the parts of the kidneys that are responsible for filtering become inflamed and results in blood and proteins accidentally leaking into the urine. The condition can occur after certain infections and serious kidney dysfunction can result in severe or chronic complications.
• Bruit: Audible blood flow through a vessel or the heart, indicating abnormal flow.
• Bruits: Swishing sounds heard over an artery that may also produce a palpable vibration.
• Caffeine - Teratogenic Agent: There is strong evidence to indicate that exposure to caffeine during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Caffeine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of caffeine.
• Carbamate insecticide poisoning: Excessive ingestion of carbamate insecticide drugs.
• Carcinoid crisis: Carcinoid crisis can occur spontaneously or as a response to stress, such as anesthesia or chemotherapy.
• Carcinoid syndrome: Carcinoid heart disease is a rare, metastatic disease that occurs predominantly in the right heart. The tricuspid and pulmonic valves are affected, leading to right heart failure, which results in increased morbidity and mortality.
• Cardiac arrhythmia: The occurrence of an abnormal cardiac rhythm
• Cardiac compression syndrome: Symptoms caused by compression of the heart which can be caused by abnormal curvature of the spine or rib cage deformities which restrict the chest space.
• Cardiac hydatid cysts with intracavitary expansion: A parasitic infection that occurs in the heart. Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of a parasite called echinococcus granulosus. Symptoms will depend on the exact location of the cyst. Usually the liver and lungs are involved.
• Cardiac malformation: Any malformation or structural defect of the heart or it's structures. Some examples include atrioventricular septal defect, conotruncal malformations, transposition of great vessels and heart valve dysplasia. The symptoms vary in nature and severity depending on the type of malformation.
• Cardiac tamponade: Symptoms caused by compression of the heart due to the accumulation of blood or fluid in the space between the heart muscle and the membrane covering the heart.
• Cardiac valvular dysplasia, X-linked: An inherited (X-linked) form of heart disease involving mitral or aortic valve regurgitation. Females are carriers and hence asymptomatic whereas males displayed symptoms.
• Cardioauditory syndrome of Sanchez- Cascos: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by heart and hearing abnormalities. The deafness was present at birth or soon after.
• Cardiomyopathy: A condition characterized by an increase in the size of the heart
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 10: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the heart's ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system. Type 10 is caused by a defect in the ABC9 gene on chromosome 12p12.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1B: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1B is caused by a defect on chromosome 9q13.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1C: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1C is caused by a defect in the LDB3 gene on chromosome 10q21-q23.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1D: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1D is caused by a defect in the cardiac troponin gene on chromosome 1q32.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1E: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1E is caused by a defect in the SCN5A gene on chromosome 3p21.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1G: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1G is caused by a defect in the titin gene on chromosome 2q24.3.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1H: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1H is caused by a defect on chromosome 2q14-q22.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1I: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1I is caused by a defect in the desmin gene on chromosome 2q35.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1J: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Hearing impairment also becomes apparent by the end of the second decade. Type 1J is caused by a defect in the LDB3 gene on chromosome 6q23.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1K: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1K is caused by a defect on chromosome 6q12-q16.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1L: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1L is caused by a defect in the delta-sarcoglycan gene on chromosome 5q33.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1M: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1M is caused by a defect in the CSRP3 gene on chromosome 11p15.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1N: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1N is caused by a defect in the telethonin gene on chromosome 17q12.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1P: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1P is caused by a defect in the phospholamban gene on chromosome 6q22.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1Q: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1Q is caused by a defect on chromosome 7q22.3-q31.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1R: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1R is caused by a defect in the ACTC gene on chromosome 15q14.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1S: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1S is caused by a defect in the heavy chain myosin 7 gene on chromosome 14q12.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1T: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1T is caused by a defect in the TMPO gene on chromosome 12q22.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1U: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1U is caused by a defect in the PSEN1 gene on chromosome 14q24.3.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1W: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1W is caused by a defect in the metavinculin gene on chromosome 10q22.1-q23.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1Y: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system. Type 1Y is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 15q25.1.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 1Z: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system. Type 1Z is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 3p21.2-p14.3.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 2A: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 2A is caused by a defect in the TNNI3 gene on chromosome 19q13.4.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated 3B: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 3B is caused by a defect in the dystrophin gene on chromosome Xp21.2. Males tend to be more severely affected than males with death occurring within about a year from the onset of symptoms. Symptoms in males tend to occur by the age of 21 and females tended to have an onset during their fifth decade of life with a relatively slower course of progression than in males.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect type 1: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 1 is caused by a defect in the lamin A/C gene on chromosome 1q21.
• Cardiomyopathy dilated with conduction defect type 2: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the hearts conduction system. Type 2 is caused by a defect in the cardiac sodium channel gene on chromosome 3p21.
• Cardiomyopathy, Alcoholic: A weakened heart mucle due to excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms are usually not evident until the heart becomes severely damaged.
• Carotid Paraganglioma: A rare, usually benign tumor found in the carotid artery in the neck. The tumor develops from glomus cells which are located along blood vessels involved in automatic body activities such as regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.
• Cathinone poisoning: Cathinone comes from the leaves of the Khat plant which is native to eastern Africa. Cathinone is a stimulant as well as have pain killing, weight loss and neuromuscular effects. The psychoactive effects are usually utilized by chewing on the leaves of the plant but sometimes dried leaves are used.
• Cervical bruit: Audible blood flow through a cervical vessel, indicating abnormal flow.
• Chemical poisoning - Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate: Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate is a chemical used mainly in the manufacture of commercial dynamite and blasting gelatin. The chemical may be absorbed readily through the skin. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Nitroglycerin: Nitroglycerin is a chemical used mainly in the manufacture of explosives, dynamite, rocket propellant and smokeless powders. The chemical is readily absorbed through the skin. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chromosome 11, deletion 11p: A syndrome that is caused by the deletion of short arm (p) of chromosome 11. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount and exact location of the genetic material that is deleted.
• Chromosome 12, trisomy 12q: A rare chromosomal disorder where there are three copies of the long arm (q) of chromosome 12 rather than the normal two resulting in various abnormalities. In most cases, death occurs during infancy. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount and exact location of the genetic material that is duplicated.
• Chromosome 12q duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder where there are three copies of the long arm (q) of chromosome 12 rather than the normal two resulting in various abnormalities. In most cases, death occurs during infancy.
• Chromosome 17p, partial deletion: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of genetic material from the short arm of chromosome 17. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the lost genetic material.
• Chromosome 17q, partial duplication: A rare chromosomal disorder involving an extra copy of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 17. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the duplicated genetic material.
• Chromosome 20q duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder involving a duplication of the long arm (q) of chromosome 20 resulting in various physical and developmental abnormalities.
• Chromosome 3, monosomy 3p: A rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 3 is absent and is characterized by mental and growth deficiency, drooping upper eyelid and polydactyly.
• Chromosome 4, trisomy 4q: A rare chromosomal disorder involving duplication of the long arm (q) of chromosome 4 which results in various abnormalities depending on the size and location of the portion of duplicated genetic material.
• Chromosome 4q duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder involving duplication of the long arm (q) of chromosome 4 which results in various abnormalities depending on the size and location of the portion of duplicated genetic material.
• Chromosome 7p deletion syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder where part or all of the short arm (p) of chromosome 7 is deleted resulting in various abnormalities which are determined by the size of the deleted portion.
• Chromosome 8p inverted duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder involving the inverted duplication of the short arm (p) of chromosome 8 resulting in three copies of the genetic material instead of the normal two. The type and severity of symptoms is determined by the location and size of the duplication.
• Chromosome 9, monosomy 9p: A rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of the short arm (p) of chromosome 9 is missing resulting in various abnormalities.
• Chronic Kidney Disease: Long-term and generally irreversible disease of the kidneys due to infection, obstruction, congenital diseases or generalised diseases causing failure of the kidneys' normal functions.
• Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: A rare form of malignant bone marrow cancer involving the proliferation of immature precursors of certain blood cells - myelocytes and monocytes. The proliferation is slower than in acute forms of the disease.
• Clomipramine Toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Cocaine - Teratogenic Agent: There is evidence to indicate that exposure to Cocaine during pregnancy may have a teratogenic effect on the fetus. A teratogen is a substance that can cause birth defects. The likelihood and severity of defects may be affected by the level of exposure and the stage of pregnancy that the exposure occurred at.
• Cocaine poisoning: Excessive ingestion of cocaine.
• Cocaine-induced hypertension: Cocaine-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by use of cocaine. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking cocaine and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of cocaine use.
• Combat stress reaction: A term used in the military which refers to behaviors that result from the stress of fighting in a war.
• Congenital cardiovascular malformations: The abnormal development of heart blood vessels. Specific examples of this condition includes hypoplastic left heart syndrome, coarctation and tricuspid atresia.
• Congenital heart septum defect: A heart defect involving the septum which is present at birth. The defect is a hole in the wall of the heart that separates the right and left chambers and allows blood to flow through the hole. An atrial septal defect is a hole between the two upper heart chambers and a ventricular septal defect is a hole between the two lower heart chambers. Symptoms are determined by the size and exact location of the defect.
• Congenital mitral malformation: Malformations of the mitral valve that are present at birth. The mitral valve allows blood to flow between the two chambers on the left side of the heart. Types of mitral malformation are atresia (absent mitral valve), stenosis (narrowed mitral valve) and parachute mitral valve.
• Congenital mitral stenosis: A heart malformation that is present at birth. The mitral valve is narrower than normal which affects blood flow between the upper and lower chambers on the left side of the heart. It usually occurs in conjunction with other malformations
• Congestive heart failure: A condition which is characterized by breathlessness due to oedema and congestion of the lungs
• Conn Syndrome-induced hypertension: Conn Syndrome-induced hypertension is high blood pressure associated with Conn Syndrome. It results from excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal glands. The high blood pressure often responds poorly to the usual medications. Death can result in severe cases.
• Conn's adenoma: An uncommon (but possible highly underdiagnosed) condition characterized by the excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal gland. The condition may result from the presence of an adrenal adenoma. The severity of the condition is variable with some patients simply suffering high blood pressure and no other symptoms. Due to the high degree of variation in presenting symptoms, the condition may be frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
• Conn's syndrome: An adrenal gland disorder where excess aldosterone hormone is produced resulting in symptoms such as headache, fatigue, nocturia and increased urine production. Also called primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Conn-Louis Carcinoma: An uncommon (but possible highly underdiagnosed) condition characterized by the excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal gland. The condition results from the presence of an adrenal carcinoma. The severity of the condition is variable with some patients simply suffering high blood pressure and no other symptoms. Due to the high degree of variation in presenting symptoms, the condition may be frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
• Conotruncal heart malformations: A rare group of heart defect involving the outflow tracts. Examples include truncus arteriosus, transposition of great arteries and tetralogy of Fallot. Obviously the symptoms will be determined by which specific defect is involved.
• Constrictive pericarditis: Inflammation, swelling and thickening of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) which causes it to tighten around the heart and affect its function. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Constrictive tuberculous pericarditis: Inflammation and swelling of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) that occurs as a complication of tuberculosis. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Cor Triatriatum: A rare congenital malformation where the heart has three atria instead of the normal two due to the presence of a separating membrane.
• Cor biloculare: A rare birth defect where the heart has two chambers instead of the normal four. The severity of the condition is variable with some cases being asymptomatic during infancy and survival has occurred for several decades in some cases. The defect rarely occurs on its own and is usually associated with various other malformations such as inverted abdominal organ positions.
• Cor pulmonale: Right ventricular enlargement and failure caused by pulmonary hypertension.
• Coronaro-cardiac fistula: An abnormal opening between a heart artery and a heart chamber or great vessel. This rare defect is present at birth and often causes no problems or symptoms until adulthood. The severity of the condition is determined by the size and exact location of the defect.
• Coronary heart disease: Disease affecting the heart's arteries (narrowed arteries)
• Corticosteroid-induced hypertension: Corticosteroid-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by use of corticosteroids. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking corticosteroids. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of corticosteroid therapy.
• Cushing's syndrome-induced hypertension: Cushing's syndrome-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by a condition caused Cushing's syndrome where the adrenal glands produce excessive amounts of cortisol.
• Cutaneous mastocytosis: Skin mastocytosis
• Cyclic antidepressant poisoning: Excessive ingestion of cyclic antidepressant drugs.
• Cyclosporine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Cyclosporine-induced hypertension: Cyclosporine-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking cyclosporine. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of cyclosporine use.
• Da Costa syndrome: Cardiovascular symptoms caused by physical or emotional stress but may also be caused by conditions such as mitral valve prolapse and autonomic hyperactivity. The syndrome is often seen in soldiers during times of stress or in young adults who suffer emotional stress.
• Deafness - lymphoedema - leukemia: A rare syndrome characterized by deafness, early-onset leukemia and lymphoedema in the lower legs.
• Deafness - thyroid hormone resistance: An inherited disorder where the body fails to respond to thyroid hormone even though there is sufficient quantities of the hormone.
• Deletion 11p: A syndrome that is caused by the deletion of short arm (p) of chromosome 11. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount and exact location of the genetic material that is deleted.
• Deletion 22q11: A rare chromosomal disorder where a small piece of genetic material is missing from chromosome 22 at the q11 location.
• Deletion 3p: A rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of chromosome 3 is absent and is characterized by mental and growth deficiency, drooping upper eyelid and extra digits.
• Dermatomyositis: A muscle disease characterized by chronic muscle inflammation resulting in progressive muscle weakness and a characteristic rash.
• Desipramine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Dextrocardia-bronchiectasis-sinusitis: A genetic disorder characterized by sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus.
• DiGeorge's syndrome: Rare form of primary immune deficiency
• Diabetic hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar attack from insulin or diabetes medications
• Dilated cardiomyopathy: A rare chronic heart muscle condition where one or both heart ventricles are dilated or have impaired contractility.
• Double outlet right ventricle: A very rare birth defect where the aorta and the pulmonary artery both exit from the right ventricle and thus blood is unable to be pumped to the lungs. However, a hole connects the two ventricles and ultimately allows some blood flow to the lungs. The severity of symptoms varies depending on the location of the connecting hole in the heart and the exact location of the two arteries with respect to the heart.
• Doxepin toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Drug-induced hypertension: Drug-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking certain drugs or medications e.g. corticosteroids, cyclosporine, amphetamines, alcohol and estrogens.
• Duplication 12q: A rare chromosomal disorder where there are three copies of the long arm (q) of chromosome 12 rather than the normal two resulting in various abnormalities. In most cases, death occurs during infancy. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount and exact location of the genetic material that is duplicated.
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, cardiac valvular form: A rare genetic connective tissue disorder characterized by hypermobile joints, joint dislocations and skin hyperextensibility and fragility.
• Eisenmenger Syndrome: Increased lung blood pressure that can result from conditions such as a hole in the wall between the two heart chambers.
• Electrocution: Any injury caused by electricity
• Endocardial fibroelastosis: A rare heart disorder characterized by a thickening of the heart muscle lining causing heart enlargement and heart failure.
• Endocarditis: Inflammatory alterations of the endocardium of ones heart
• Endomyocardial fibrosis: Heart disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of the lining of one or both lower heart cavities. This results in constriction of the heart cavity and may involve the heart valves and other structures.
• Epilepsy, partial, familial: A form of epilepsy that tends to run in families and is linked to damage or abnormalities in a specific part of the brain. Often sensory disturbances accompany or precede the seizures.
• Erythropoietin-induced hypertension: Erythropoietin-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking erythropoietin which is sometimes used to treat anemia in conditions such as chornic kidney failure. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of erythropoietin use.
• Excitement: The sensation of increased anxiety and anticipation
• Extra heartbeats: A condition which is characterized by extra heart beats outside the normal rhythm
• Familial atrial fibrillation: A rare inherited condition where abnormal electrical activity in the heart causes it to have a fast and irregular beat. The condition may go unnoticed or may cause stroke or sudden death in some cases.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 1 is caused by a defect on chromosome 14q12.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 10: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 10 is caused by a defect in the MYL2 gene on chromosome 12q23-q24.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 11: An inherited heart condition involving thickening of the walls of the heart chambers which reduces the size of the heart chambers which restricts the outflow of blood from the heart ventricle and results in heart muscle disease. The condition may not cause any symptoms and can result in sudden death. Type 11 is caused by a defect in the ACTC1 gene on chromosome 15q14.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 12: An inherited heart condition involving thickening of the walls of the heart chambers which reduces the size of the heart chambers which restricts the outflow of blood from the heart ventricle and results in heart muscle disease. The condition may not cause any symptoms and can result in sudden death. Type 12 is caused by a defect in the CSRP3 gene on chromosome 11p15.1.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 2: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 2 is caused by a defect in the troponin-T2 gene on chromosome 1q.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 3 is caused by a defect in the alpha-tropomyosin gene on chromosome 15q22.1.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 4: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 4 is caused by a defect in the cardiac myosin binding protein-C gene on chromosome 11p11.2.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 6: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 6 is caused by a defect on chromosome 7q31-qter.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 7 is caused by a defect in the TNNI3 gene on chromosome 19q13.4.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 8: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 8 is caused by a defect in the MYL3 gene on chromosome 3p.
• Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 9: An inherited condition characterized by increased thickness of the wall of the heart ventricle which affects the hearts function. Type 9 is caused by a defect in the TTN gene on chromosome 2q24.3.
• Familial ventricular tachycardia: Rapid heart beat originating in the ventricles and tends to run in families.
• Fear: Excessive feelings of fear.
• Fever: Raised body temperature usually with other symptoms.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - MSG: An intolerance to MSG is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to a food additive called MSG which is used in a number of foods. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the food additive. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - amines: An intolerance to amines is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to amines which are found naturally in foods such as bananas, pineapples, vegetables, red wine, citrus fruit and many other foods. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the substance. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - food additives: An intolerance to food additives is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to food additives. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the food additive. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - salicylate: An intolerance to salicylates is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to salicylates which is an ingredient in aspirin but is also found naturally in various fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the salicylate. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - sulfite: An intolerance to sulfites is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to sulfites which is often used as a preservative in a variety of foods and medications including meats, salads and dried fruits. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the sulfite. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Foxglove poisoning: The foxglove is a herb which produces fruit in a capsule and colored, tubular flowers. The leaves, flowers and seeds of the plant contain a very toxic chemical called digitalis glycoside which can cause serious symptoms or even death if eaten. Skin irritation can occur if contact with the skin occurs. NOTE: Patients who are taking certain medications (digoxin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) are more susceptible to foxglove poisoning.
• Friedreich's ataxia: Progressive muscle weakness from nerve damage.
• GSD IIB - formerly: A rare inherited disorder characterized by severe heart problems, varying degrees of muscle weakness and often mental retardation. Other symptoms such as mental retardation may also occur. The genetic anomaly manifests as a deficiency of a protein called LAMP-2 (Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2) which affects lysosomes. The condition is now known as Danon disease.
• GSD2B - formerly: A rare inherited disorder characterized by severe heart problems, varying degrees of muscle weakness and often mental retardation. Other symptoms such as mental retardation may also occur. The genetic anomaly manifests as a deficiency of a protein called LAMP-2 (Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2) which affects lysosomes. The condition is now known as Danon disease.
• Gallop, atrial: A condition which is characterized by an atrial beat of the heart which is gallop like in nature
• Gallop, ventricular: A condition which is characterized by a ventricle beat of the heart which is gallop like in nature
• Gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: A rare form of gastrointestinal tumor. It includes two main groups of cancer called carcinoid and endocrine pancreatic tumors. Some of the tumors consist of hormone secreting cells which results in excessive secretion of certain hormones.
• Generalized anxiety disorder: Excessive anxiety and worrying.
• Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone: An inherited disorder where the body fails to respond to thyroid hormone even though there is sufficient quantities of the hormone.
• Glomus tympanicum: A rare, usually benign tumor found behind the ear drum. The tumor develops from glomus cells which are located along blood vessels involved in automatic body activities such as regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.
• Glycogen Storage Disease IIb - formerly: A rare inherited disorder characterized by severe heart problems, varying degrees of muscle weakness and often mental retardation. Other symptoms such as mental retardation may also occur. The genetic anomaly manifests as a deficiency of a protein called LAMP-2 (Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2) which affects lysosomes. The condition is now known as Danon disease.
• Glycogen storage disease type 2B: A rare inherited biochemical disorder involving the harmful accumulation of certain chemicals (glycogen) in body tissues due to the deficiency of an enzyme (?-glucosidase or acid maltase) needed to break it down. Type IIB usually starts during childhood.
• Glycogen storage disease type 2B - formerly: A rare inherited disorder characterized by severe heart problems, varying degrees of muscle weakness and often mental retardation. Other symptoms such as mental retardation may also occur. The genetic anomaly manifests as a deficiency of a protein called LAMP-2 (Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2) which affects lysosomes. The condition is now known as Danon disease.
• Graves disease: A condition which is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid resulting hyperthyroidism
• Groll-Hirschowitz syndrome: A rare genetic condition characterized by deafness, gastrointestinal abnormalities and neuropathy.
• Guarana overuse: The consumption of high doses of guarana can cause symptoms.
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A progressive disease of the thyroid which leads to degeneration and hypothyroidism
• Heart attack: An acute myocardial infarction
• Heart block: is a disease in the electrical system of the heart
• Heart block progressive, familial: A rare degenerative disorder of the heart conduction system.
• Heart cancer: A malignancy that is located in the heart
• Heart conditions: Any condition that affects the heart
• Heart disease: Any disease that affects that heart but particularly relating to its own blood supply
• Heart injury: An injury to the heart
• Heart rhythm symptoms: Problems with the rhythm of the heartbeat (arrhythmias)
• Heart symptoms: Symptoms affecting the heart
• Heller-Döhle disease: Inflammation of the aorta which occurs in the later stages of a syphilis infection.
• Hepatorenal tyrosinemia: A rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of particular enzymes which prevents the breakdown of tyrosine which then builds up in the liver. Type 1 involves a deficiency of the enzyme fumaril acetoacetate hydrolase.
• Herbal Agent adverse reaction - Ginkgo biloba: Ginkgo biloba can be used as a herbal agent to treat conditions such as tinnitus, brain trauma, vertigo, blood vessel diseases and any other problems which benefit from the blood vessel dilating action of the herbal agent. Ginkgo biloba can cause adverse reactions in some people.
• Herbal Agent adverse reaction - Polygonum multiflorum: The root from the Polygonum multiflorum can be used as a herbal agent to treat constipation, insomnia and vertigo. The herbal agent contains anthraquinones which can cause an adverse reaction in some people.
• Herbal Agent adverse reaction - Senna: Senna can be used to treat constipation or to prepare the colon for a rectal examination. The herbal agent can cause an adverse reaction in some people.
• Herbal Agent overdose - Betel Nut: Betel Nut is used as a herbal agent used alleviate pain and improve mood problems. The betel nut contains chemicals such as (arecoline on raw nut, arecaidine - after roasting)and the ingestion of excessive amounts of these can result in symptoms. Chronic ingestion as well as eating large amounts of the nuts can cause symptoms.
• Herbal Agent overdose - Peppermint Oil: Peppermint Oil can be used as an antispasmodic (to treat nausea, dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome) and as an antibacterial. The herbal agent contains various chemicals (menthol, menthone, methyl acetate) which can cause symptoms if excessive quantities are taken.
• Herbal Agent overdose - Sabah vegetable: Sabah vegetable can be used as a herbal agent to treat obesity and prevent vision problems. The herbal agent contains a chemical (papvarine alkaloids) which can cause an adverse reaction in some people.
• High T4 syndrome: A disorder involving transient increases in thyroxine levels for no apparent reason.
• High blood pressure: Excessive blood pressure.
• Horseshoe Crab poisoning: The Asiatic horseshoe crab is eaten mainly in parts of Asia. Various parts of the crab become toxic during the reproductive season - flesh, unlaid green eggs and viscera. Poisoning most often occurs in Thailand. Eating the crabs should be avoided during reproductive season as poisoning can readily result in death.
• Hyperadrenalism: Excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the body. Symptoms depend on which hormone is involved and the degree of involvement. Adrenal hormones are aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• Hyperaldosteronism-induced hypertension: Hyperaldosteronism -induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal glands. The high blood pressure often responds poorly to the usual medications. Death can result in severe cases.
• Hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis: Hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Hypertensive heart disease: Heart disease that is caused by hypertension
• Hyperthyroidism: The excessive activity of the thyroid gland
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart damage from thickened heart walls.
• Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: A heart condition involving thickening of parts of the heart (usually the muscle wall separating the heart chambers) which reduces the size of the heart chambers (specifically the left ventricle). This abnormally thick heart muscle restricts the outflow of blood from the left heart ventricle and results in heart muscle disease. The condition is considered to be uncommon but not rare with as many as 1 in 500 people affected. The condition is usually caused by a genetic defect and the severity of the condition is variable.
• Hyperventilation: Abnormally fast and deep breathing.
• Hypoaldosteronism: Reduced aldosterone levels. One of the functions of aldosterone is to regulate salt levels in the body.
• Hypocalcemia: Low blood calcium levels
• Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar levels
• Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: A rare inherited muscle condition characterized by periods of severe muscle weakness or paralysis which can last from hours to days. Episodes can occur as often as daily or only rarely.
• Hypothyroidism: The decreased activity of the thyroid gland
• Hypovolemia: a state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma
• Hypoxia: This is where there is a reduction of oxygen supply to parts of the body below what is required for adequate perfusion
• Idiopathic, hypertrophic, subaortic stenosis: A rare heart disorder where thickening of parts of the heart (wall separating the heart chambers) reduces the size of heart chambers and hinders the flow of blood.
• Imipramine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Indigestion: Imprecise term for various digestive complaints
• Infectious myocarditis: Inflammation of the muscle of the heart (myocardium) due to an infection. It often occurs as a complication of various bacterial, viral or parasitic infections such as rubella, polio and rheumatic fever.
• Inheritable disorders of connective tissue: Disorders that affect the connective tissue of the body that are handed down from generation to generation
• Intracranial bruit: Audible blood flow through a cranial vessel, indicating abnormal flow.
• Iron deficiency: When there is a deficiency of iron in the body
• Isolated systolic hypertension: Isolated systolic hypertension is an increase in the top number (>140mm Hg) of blood pressure readings. This type of hypertension is more common in older people. Smoking, age, diabetes and obesity are risk factors for this condition.
• Kentucky coffee tea poisoning: Kentucky coffee tea is a large, deciduous tree which bear small flowers and a flattened seed pod. The sticky, sweet substance surrounding the seeds in the seedpods contains a chemical called alkaloid cytosine which can cause symptoms if eaten. The plant is considered to have a relatively low level of toxicity.
• Kozlowski-Celermajer syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by congenital heart disease and spine and upper arm bone abnormalities.
• Latex allergies: When a person has an allergic reaction to latex
• Left ventricle-aorta tunnel: An abnormal opening that connects the left ventricle and the ascending aorta
• Leopard's-bane poisoning: The Leopard's-bane is a herb which produces yellow flowers and originated from Europe. The plant contains a toxin called helenalin which can cause skin irritation on skin contact or various symptoms if eaten. Toxicity tends to occur only if large amounts are eaten.
• Leukemia, Myeloid: A form of blood cancer that causes a proliferation of the precursors or immature red blood cells, platelets and certain white blood cells such as granulocytes and monocytes.
• Leukemia, Myeloid, Aggressive-Phase: Myeloid leukemia is a form of cancer where the bone marrow makes too many myeloid cells (granulocytes and their precursors) in the bone marrow which accumulates in the blood and eventually invades various parts of the body. The aggressive phase of myeloid leukemia follows the chronic form and is a sign that the condition is progressing more rapidly to a blast crisis which is the final stage of leukemia.
• Licorice-induced hypertension: Licorice-induced hypertension is a relatively quick increase in blood pressure due to eating licorice (either in the form of candy or as a herb). Blood pressure usually resumes to normalisation quite rapidly. Patients with existing blood pressure problems should avoid consuming licorice as it can cause their blood pressure to rise to dangerously high levels.
• Lily-of-the-Valley poisoning: Lily-of-the-Valley is a plant often grown in gardens. The plant contains cardiac glycosides (convallamatian, convallarin) and saponins which can cause poisoning symptoms if eaten. Large amounts would need to be eaten to cause poisoning symptoms. Cardiovascular symptoms usually occur a few hours after gastrointestinal symptoms. The biggest danger of eating this plant is the effects on the heart which can cause serious problems in patients with underlying heart conditions.
• Loeffler's endocarditis: Heart muscle disease caused by ninfiltration of the heart by eosinophils (type of white blood cell). It occurs as a complication long-term, high eosinophilic levels in the peripheral blood.
• Long QT syndrome: A hereditary heart disorder marked by a longer than normal Q-T interval. The condition is associated with cardiac arrhythmias, brief periods of unconsciousness and sudden death.
• Long QT syndrome, familial: A familial heart condition which is characterized by prolongation of the QT interval of the heart rhythm. Exercise or excitement can exacerbate symptoms.
• Loud Heart Sounds: Heart sounds that are louder than normal.
• Lysosomal glycogen storage disease with normal acid maltase activity: A rare inherited disorder characterized by severe heart problems, varying degrees of muscle weakness and often mental retardation. Other symptoms such as mental retardation may also occur. The genetic anomaly manifests as a deficiency of a protein called LAMP-2 (Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2) which affects lysosomes.
• Malignant hypertension: Malignant hypertension is a condition characterized by very high blood pressure and swelling of the optic nerve. This type of hypertension is more common in people with kidney problems such as narrowed kidney blood vessels. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 1: A rare, potential lethal disorder that is triggered by general anesthetic or certain muscle relaxant drugs. On exposure to the drugs, muscle metabolism is severely disrupted and the body is unable to control its temperature which can lead to death without treatment. The chromosomal defect for type 1 is located at 19q13.1.
• Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 2: A rare, potential lethal disorder that is triggered by general anesthetic or certain muscle relaxant drugs. On exposure to the drugs, muscle metabolism is severely disrupted and the body is unable to control its temperature which can lead to death without treatment. The chromosomal defect for type 2 is located at 17q11.2-q24.
• Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 3: A rare, potential lethal disorder that is triggered by general anesthetic or certain muscle relaxant drugs. On exposure to the drugs, muscle metabolism is severely disrupted and the body is unable to control its temperature which can lead to death without treatment. The chromosomal defect for type 3 is located at 7q21-q22.
• Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 4: A rare, potential lethal disorder that is triggered by general anesthetic or certain muscle relaxant drugs. On exposure to the drugs, muscle metabolism is severely disrupted and the body is unable to control its temperature which can lead to death without treatment. The chromosomal defect for type 4 is located at 3q13.1.
• Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 5: A rare, potential lethal disorder that is triggered by general anesthetic or certain muscle relaxant drugs. On exposure to the drugs, muscle metabolism is severely disrupted and the body is unable to control its temperature which can lead to death without treatment. The chromosomal defect for type 5 is located at 1q32.
• Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility type 6: A rare, potential lethal disorder that is triggered by general anesthetic or certain muscle relaxant drugs. On exposure to the drugs, muscle metabolism is severely disrupted and the body is unable to control its temperature which can lead to death without treatment. The chromosomal defect for type 6 is located at 5p.
• Mallory Weiss syndrome: A laceration of the lining of the gastroesophageal junction or just above it - often caused by severe vomiting.
• Marfan syndrome: A genetic connective tissue disorder involving a defect of chromosome 15q21.1 which affects the production of the fibrillin needed to make connective tissue.
• Mc Leod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by neuromuscular, blood and central nervous system symptoms. The disease is slowly progressive.
• Megaloblastic anemia: A rare blood disorder where insufficient vitamin B12 absorption results in reduced production of red blood cells and increased levels of abnormal, enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts). Vitamin B12 insufficiency can result from absorption problems or lack of dietary intake of the vitamin or folic acid.
• Menopause: End of female reproductive years
• Metabolic disorder: occurs when abnormal chemical reactions occur in the body
• Midline field defects: Congenital problems that occur along the vertical axis of the body. Defects can involve the brain, spine, heart, genitals and midline of the head and face.
• Mitral regurgitation: A condition which is characterized by a regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle into the atrium due to a problem with the mitral valve
• Mitral stenosis: Narrowing of the mitral heart valve
• Mitral valve disease: Any disease that affects the mitral valve
• Mitral valve prolapse syndrome: A rare condition where an abnormal heart valve (mitral vavle) fails to close properly and allows some blood to leak through.
• Mitral valve prolapse, familial: Mitral-valve prolapse (MVP) is frequently diagnosed in healthy people and is, for the most part, harmless. Most people suffer no symptoms at all. Sometimes it occurs in a familial pattern.
• Mitral valve prolapse, familial, autosomal dominant: A form of congenital heart disease where an abnormal heart valve (mitral valve) fails to close properly and allows some blood to leak through. The severity of the symptoms is determined by the degree of the defect.
• Mitral-valve prolapse: A common heart condition that is often harmless.
• Morphine overdose: Morphine is a highly addictive drug used to treat pain. Excessive doses of the drug can result in various symptoms and even death in severe cases.
• Mucopolysaccharidoses: A lysosomal storage disorder that is caused by a deficiency of the ability to metabolise glycosaminoglycans
• Mucopolysaccharidosis VI: A lysosomal storage disorder that is caused by a deficiency of the ability to metabolise glycosaminoglycans
• Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Hurler syndrome: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in various body tissues due to insufficient amounts of the enzyme (?-L-diuronidase) needed to break it down. There are three main sub-types of the disorder: Hurler - severe form, Scheie - mild form and Hurler/Scheie form which is intermediate.
• Multifocal ventricular premature beats: A form of abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Exertion or high emotions may trigger a fainting episode.
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia: A group of conditions that is characterised by the hyperplasia and hyperfunction of two or more glands of the endocrine system
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: Rare inherited disease causing tumors in multiple glands
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: Rare inherited disease causing tumors in multiple glands
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3: Rare inherited disease causing tumors in multiple glands
• Mungan syndrome: A recessively inherited disorder characterized by heart abnormalities and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Death has occurred in some cases during the late teenage years.
• Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type: An inherited l disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. The disorder is caused by a genetic anomaly and results in insufficient quantities of or ineffective dystrophin which is needed for normal muscle functioning. The disorder is expressed in males but females can be carriers.
• Mustard tree poisoning: The mustard tree is found in various parts of America and contains nicotine. Ingestion of the plant can cause various symptoms. The leaves of the plant is sometimes smoked for its effects but it can result in death.
• Myocarditis: A condition which is characterized by inflammation of the muscles of the heart
• Nasal decongestant-induced hypertension: Nasal decongestant-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking nasal decongestants. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of nasal decongestant use.
• Nathalie syndrome: A very rare condition described in four children of one family. The condition is characterized by wasting of the spine muscles, abnormal heart electrical activity, cataracts, hypogonadism and hearing impairment.
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: A severe, potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs.
• Neurosis: Variety of mental disorders with self-awareness
• Nipah virus encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain caused by the Nipah virus which can infect pigs and humans so transmission usually occurs through contact with pigs.
• Nortriptyline toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Organophosphate insecticide poisoning: Excessive ingestion of organophosphate insecticides. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the exact poison ingested and the quantity.
• Orthostatic intolerance: A condition where various symptoms occur when a person moves to an upright position such as standing after sitting down or sitting up after lying down. It is due to problems with blood flow, blood pressure and heart rate.
• OxyContin withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when OxyContin use is discontinued or reduced. OxyContin is a pain reliever but is also used as a recreation drug. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Palpitations: Abnormality of the heart beat that person can feel
• Palpitations during pregnancy: Awareness of the heartbeat, which may be fast, slow or irregular, in a woman who is pregnant.
• Palpitations in children:
• Panic attack: A condition which is characterized by an acute episode of intense anxiety
• Panic disorder: is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood
• Paraganglioma: A rare, usually benign tumor most often found in the abdomen, chest, head and neck areas. The tumor develops from glomus cells which are located along blood vessels involved in automatic body activities such as regulation of blood pressure and blood flow. Symptoms may vary depending on the exact location of the tumor.
• Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia: A condition which is characterized by the occurrence of atrial tachycardia without any identifiable cause
• Patent ductus arteriosus: patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect wherein a child's ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth
• Peanut Allergy: Allergic reaction brought on by the ingestion of, or exposure to peanuts in a sensitised person
• Penfield syndrome: A rare disorder where a tumor pushes against the hypothalamus and causes seizures as well as a variety of other symptoms.
• Pericardial Mesothelioma: Pericardial mesothelioma, or mesothelioma of the pericardium, is a disease that affects the lining of the heart.
• Perimenopause: The start of onset of menopause
• Periodic paralysis, potassium-sensitive, cardiodysrythmic type: A rare disorder where a genetic mutation causes periods of muscle weakness, heart rhythm abnormalities and various physical development abnormalities. It is believed to be caused by problems with the way the body utilizes potassium. Periodic paralysis may start as early as infancy or during the second decade and is triggered by exercise, stress or prolonged periods of rest.
• Peripartum cardiomyopathy: A rare condition involving weakening of the heart in the final stages of pregnancy or within five months of giving birth. The cause of the condition is unknown and patients usually have no history of heart disease. The breathing difficulty associated with the condition is often ignored as a normal symptom in the late stages of pregnancy which increases the risk of potentially fatal complications developing.
• Persistent patency of the arterial duct: A congenital heart defect wherein a child's arterial duct fails to close after birth.
• Pheochromocytoma: pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that usually starts in the cells of the adrenal glands
• Pheochromocytoma as part of Neurofibromatosis: A tumor that develops in the part of the adrenal gland called the medulla which produces adrenalin and noradrenaline. This tumor is often associated with a condition called neurofibromatosis. The tumor affects automatic body activities such as regulating breathing rate and heartbeat.
• Pheochromocytoma-induced hypertension: Pheochromocytoma-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an adrenal gland tumor. The high blood pressure often responds poorly to the usual medications. Death can result in severe cases.
• Pituitary tumors, adult: A benign or cancer tumor that develops in the tissue of the pituitary gland in adults. The pituitary gland produces various hormones and some pituitary tumors (functioning tumors) can affect the secretion of one or more of these hormones resulting in a range of symptoms depending on the exact location of the tumor. Some pituitary tumors do not affect hormone production (nonfunctioning tumors).
• Plant poisoning - Angel's trumpet (D. suaveolans): Ingestion of Angel's trumpet can cause various symptoms which can be severe in some cases.
• Plant poisoning - Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata): Ingestion of parts of the Indian tobacco plant may cause various symptoms and severe cases may result in a coma.
• Plant poisoning - Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium): Ingestion of Jimsonweed can cause various symptoms which can be severe in some cases.
• Plant poisoning - Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum): Ingestion of parts of the Poison hemlock plant may cause various symptoms and severe cases may result in a coma.
• Plant poisoning - potato (Solanum tuberosum): Ingestion of green potatoes or potato sprouts can cause various symptoms which can be severe in some cases.
• Plant poisoning - tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): Ingestion of parts of the tobacco plant may cause various symptoms and severe cases may result in a coma.
• Plasma cell leukemia: A form of leukemia characterized by the proliferation of plasma cells in the peripheral blood system. The prognosis is generally poor for this usually aggressive condition.
• Postoperative pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary embolism (lung blood clot) after surgery.
• Postoperative respiratory failure: A condition characterised by the inability to use the lungs to perfuse the body with oxygen that occurs following an operation
• Postoperative septicaemia: When a person contracts a bacterial infection in their blood system that occurs after an operation
• Postpartum haemorrhage: The loss of blood by the mother after delivery of her child
• Postpartum hyperthyroidism: Postpartum thyroiditis is a postpartum condition that results in temporary hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism.
• Premenstrual syndrome: A collection of symptoms that some women suffer that occurs directly before menstruation
• Primary Hyperaldosteronism: An adrenal gland disorder where excess aldosterone hormone is produced resulting in symptoms such as headache, fatigue, nocturia and increased urine production. Also called Conn's syndrome.
• Primary pulmonary hypertension: Primary pulmonary hypertension refers to high blood pressure in the arteries that carry blood to the lungs for no apparent reason. Blood pressure in other parts of the body is normal or sometimes even low.
• Prinzmetal's variant angina: A rare disorder where the heart artery spasms which affects the blood flow to the heart and causes pain. The condition can occur with or without physical activity.
• Protozoan Conditions: Any condition caused by the infection of the human being by a protozoan organism
• Protriptyline toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Pseudoglycogenosis II: A rare inherited disorder characterized by severe heart problems, varying degrees of muscle weakness and often mental retardation. Other symptoms such as mental retardation may also occur. The genetic anomaly manifests as a deficiency of a protein called LAMP-2 (Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2) which affects lysosomes.
• Pseudohypoparathyroidism: An inherited disorder where the body is unable to respond to the parathyroid hormone even though there are normal levels of it. Impaired bone growth is the main feature of this disorder.
• Pulmonary artery coming from the aorta: A rare congenital heart defect which is usually fatal. The pulmonary artery is abnormally placed and comes out of the aorta.
• Pulmonary atresia - intact ventricular septum: A very rare heart defect where the opening that allows blood to travel from the heart to the lung is narrowed or absent which impairs the body's ability to oxygenate blood. Death generally occurs without immediate medical attention.
• Pulmonary branches stenosis: A very rare disorder where the pulmonary branches are narrower than normal. The severity of symptoms depends on the degree of narrowing.
• Pulmonary edema of mountaineers: A severe complication of mountain sickness resulting from a lack of oxygen at high altitudes.
• Pulmonary embolism: The occurrence of an embolism which blocks blood vessels in the lungs
• Pulmonary heart disease: Heart disease that is caused by pulmonary conditions
• Pulmonary incompetence: A condition characterised by incompetence of the pulmonary valve of the heart
• Pulmonary supravalvular stenosis: A very rare defect where the pulmonary artery is narrowed above the valve. The severity of symptoms is variable.
• Pulmonary valve disease: Any condition that affects ones pulmonary valve
• Pulmonary venous return anomaly: A rare disorder where one or more of the four veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs drain to the right atrium of the heart instead of the left atrium. Symptom severity is determined by the number of veins involved and the exact location of the heart that the veins drain into.
• Pulse, bounding: The sensation of a bounding pulse
• Quetiapine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Rapid gastric emptying: Dumping of undigested food from the stomach into intestine.
• Rapid heart beat: Excessively fast heart beat (fast pulse) called "tachycardia"
• Reactive depression: When a person loses a loved one, when a marriage breaks down, when there is financial loss, for a few weeks or even a few months a person could be feel low, show a loss of initiative and little interest in his daily routine. This feeling fades and the person returns to normal routines and outlook after that. This type of depression is associated with grief or loss and is temporary.
• Renal hypertension: Renovascular hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing or damage to kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Renovascular Hypertension: Renovascular hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing or damage to kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Resistance to thyroid stimulating hormone: A very rare disorder where the body is unable to respond to thyroid stimulating hormone even though it is present in sufficient quantities. The problem lies in defective thyroid stimulating hormone receptors.
• Resistant hypertension: Resistant hypertension is a form of high blood pressure that doesn't respond to treatment. Blood pressure remains high even when a combination of three drugs is used. It can be caused by such things a secondary hypertension, fluid retention or if the patient doesn't stick to the treatment plan.
• Respiratory acidosis: respiratory acidosis is acidosis (abnormally increased acidity of the blood) due to decreased ventilation of the pulmonary alveoli, leading to elevated arterial carbon dioxide concentration
• Respiratory conditions: Any condition that affects the respiratory system
• Respiratory failure: A condition which is due to marked impairment of respiratory function
• Respiratory symptoms: Symptoms affecting the breathing systems.
• Respiratory system cancer: A condition that is characterised by a malignancy anatomically located in the respiratory system
• Rheumatic fever: An inflammatory disorder that can occur as a complication of untreated streptococcal bacterial infection such as strep throat or scarlet fever. The condition may affect the brain, skin, heart and joints.
• Rieger anomaly - partial lipodystrophy: A very rare disorder characterized by short stature, low birth weight and loss of skin fat. SHORT is an acronym for short stature, hyperextensible joints and/or hernia, ocular depression, Reiger anomaly and teething delay. Additional symptoms are also variably present.
• Ritalin overdose: Ritalin is a prescription drug used to treat ADHD. Excessive doses of the drug can result in various symptoms and even death in severe cases.
• Sarcoidosis: Rare autoimmune disease usually affecting the lungs.
• Scombroid fish poisoning syndrome: Poisoning caused by eating spoiled fish from the scromboid family which includes tuna, mackerel, skipjack, bonito and wahoo.
• Sea wasp poisoning: The sea wasp can deliver a serious sting and can be found in the waters of Northern Australia and the Philippines. Death can occur in as little as a few minutes if a person is severely stung.
• Sea wasp poisoning (Chiropsalmus quadrigatus): The Chiropsalmus quadrigatus jellyfish can deliver a serious sting and can be found in the waters of Northern Australia and the Philippines. Death can occur in as little as a few minutes if a person is severely stung.
• Sea wasp poisoning - Chironex fleckeri: The Chironex fleckeri jellyfish is one of the deadliest jellyfish in the world. It can deliver a serious sting and can be found mainly in the waters of Northern Australia and the Philippines. Death can occur in as little as a few minutes if a person is severely stung.
• Secondary Hypertension: Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from an underlying cause such as kidney disease. Hypertension is a serious health condition due to the fact that it often causes no symptoms until it is severe.
• Sedative dependence: The psychological or physical dependence on sedative medication
• Senile amyloidosis: Amyloidosis is a rare group of metabolic disorders where a protein called amyloid accumulates in body organs and tissues where it can cause damage. In senile amyloidosis the pancreas, heart and sometimes the brain are affected.
• Sepsis: The presence of microorganisms in the blood circulation
• Seronegative spondyloarthropathy: Spondyloarthropathy that is negative to rheumatoid facotr
• Severe dilated cardiomyopathy with or without myopathy: An inherited form of heart muscle disease where the heart ventricles become dilated which affects the hearts ability to function normally. The disorder is caused by the degeneration of the heart's conduction system due to a defect in the lamin A/C gene on chromosome 1q21. The heart disease may sometimes be associated with muscle disease which affects the quadricep muscles.
• Sexual dysfunction: A condition which is characterized by difficulties in sexual function
• Short QT syndrome 1: Short QT syndrome is a very rare genetic heart condition characterized by abnormalities in heart electrical signals - short QT interval. The severity of the condition is highly variable with some people suffering no noticeable symptoms whereas others have fainting spells or even die suddenly. There are three subtypes of the condition, each caused by a different genetic mutation. Type 1 is caused by a defect on chromosome 7q35-q36.
• Short QT syndrome 2: Short QT syndrome is a very rare genetic heart condition characterized by abnormalities in heart electrical signals - short QT interval. The severity of the condition is highly variable with some people suffering no noticeable symptoms whereas others have fainting spells or even die suddenly. There are three subtypes of the condition, each caused by a different genetic mutation. Type 2 is caused by a defect on chromosome 11p15.5.
• Short QT syndrome 3: Short QT syndrome is a very rare genetic heart condition characterized by abnormalities in heart electrical signals - short QT interval. The severity of the condition is highly variable with some people suffering no noticeable symptoms whereas others have fainting spells or even die suddenly. There are three subtypes of the condition, each caused by a different genetic mutation. Type 3 is caused by a defect on chromosome 17q23.1-q24.2.
• Shprintzen syndorme: An inherited syndrome of cardiac defects and craniofacial anomalies and various other abnormalities.
• Sick sinus syndrome: Heart rhythm disorder
• Sino-auricular heart block: A rare heart condition caused by abnormalities in the heart's electrical system rather than arterial disease.
• Sinus node disease: Heart rhythm disorder due to the sinus node in the heart
• Situational depression: Situational depression is a short-term condition that occurs when a person is unable to cope with, or adjust to, a particular source of stress, such as a major life change, loss or event.
• Slow heartbeat: Excessively slow heart beat (slow pulse) called "bradycardia"
• Smoking: The smoking of cigarettes
• Snake bite: When a person is bitten by a snake
• Soft Heart Sounds: Heart sounds that are softer than normal.
• Stachybotrys chartarum: A toxic black slimy mold that can be found in damp indoor environments. Exposure can occur through the skin, ingestion or inhalation. It can causes conditions such as "sick building syndrome".
• Stress: Emotional stress (sometimes refers to physical stress)
• Subacute Thyroiditis: A self-limiting, virally induced inflammation of the thyroid characterised by a febrile illness and swelling of the thyroid, with subsequent damage to the thyroid tissue causing leakage of thyroid hormones into the circulation
• Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Symptoms that occur when drug use is discontinued or reduced in dosage. The term covers withdrawal from smoking and alcohol as well as therapeutic and recreational drugs. Symptoms may vary depending on the drug involved and the level of dependence.
• Supraventricular Tachycardia: A rapid heart rate, the cause of which originates above the ventricles.
• Syncopal paroxysmal tachycardia: Rapid heart rate that starts and ends suddenly and causes fainting.
• Systemic mastocytosis: A condition which is characterized by an accumulation of mast cells in the tissues of the body
• Tachycardia: Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
• Theophylline poisoning: Excessive ingestion of theophylline drugs.
• Thyrotoxicosis: hypermetabolic clinical syndrome resulting from serum elevations in thyroid hormone levels, specifically free thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), or both.
• Toxemia: A medical condition that occurs when there is a release of toxins from bacteria within the bloodstream
• Tranquilizer withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when tranquilzer use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence. Tranquilizers includes benzodiazepines such as valium, rohypnol and serepax.
• Transfusion Reaction: The allergic reaction to the transfusion of blood products to a person
• Tricuspid valve diseases: Any disease that affects the tricuspid valve
• Trimipramine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Trisomy 5 mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where there is an extra copy of chromosome 5 in some of the body's cells. Some cases with this chromosomal abnormality have no clinical symptoms. The presence of abnormalities in some cases is dependent on which body cells contain the chromosomal defect.
• Uhl anomaly: A rare congenital heart malformation where the myocardial layer (muscle wall of the heart) of the right ventricle is completely or partially absent.
• VLCAD deficiency: A rare condition that is characterised by cardiomyopathy, fatty liver, skeletal myopathy, pericardial effusions, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death
• Vacuolar Cardiomyopathy and Myopathy, X-linked: A rare inherited disorder characterized by severe heart problems, varying degrees of muscle weakness and often mental retardation. Other symptoms such as mental retardation may also occur. The genetic anomaly manifests as a deficiency of a protein called LAMP-2 (Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 2) which affects lysosomes.
• Vagal Paraganglioma: A rare, usually benign tumor found in the neck. The tumor develops from glomus cells which are located along blood vessels involved in automatic body activities such as regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.
• Valvular dysplasia of the child: A condition which is characterised by the dysplasia of one or more of the valves to a childs heart
• Vancomycin resistant enterococcal bacteremia: A condition which is characterised by bacteremia caused by an enterococci that is resistant to vancomycin.
• Variegate porphyria: A rare metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of a certain enzyme which results in a build-up in the body of porphyrins or their precursors. This form of hepatic porphyria causes the sufferer to have acute attacks as well as skin sensitivity.
• Vascular malposition: A condition which is characterised by malposition of the great vessels
• Velocardiofacial syndrome: A genetic disorder which can present with a wide range of phenotypic manifestations which has lead to a number of different names being assigned to the various presentations e.g. DiGeorge Syndrome and Cayler Anomaly Face Syndrome. There are nearly 200 different symptoms that can occur and the severity of the condition is also highly variable depending on the nature and severity of the symptoms that are present.
• Ventricular extrasystoles perodactyly Robin sequence: A syndrome characterised by the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia, perodactyly, and Robin sequence
• Ventricular familial preexcitation syndrome: A condition which is inheritable and causes any syndrome that is characterised by ECG signs of preexcitation
• Ventricular fibrillation, idiopathic: A condition characterised by fibrillary contractions of the ventricles
• Ventricular septal defect: An abnormal connection between the 2 lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
• Ventricular tachycardia: A condition which is characterized by a fast heart beat originates from the ventricles
• Ventriculo-arterial discordance, isolated: A rare birth disorder where the right atrium is connected to the left ventricle and vice versa. The position of the heart ventricles is also inverted which allows normal blood oxygenation. Symptoms generally only occur later in life or if other heart defects are present which is usually the case.
• Vibrio: An organism of the genus Vibrio or other spiral motile organism
• Vibrio vulnificus infection: The infection by the vibrio vulnificus bacteria
• Viral digestive infections: Any virus that infects the gastrointestinal tract causing a medical condition
• Volume depletion: Reduced fluid volume in the cells, including both water and salts, similar to but distinct from dehydration.
• WAGR Syndrome: A syndrome that is due to the deletion of chromosome 11.
• WT limb blood syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by blood and limb abnormalities.
• Warm-reacting-antibody haemolytic anemia: An autoimmune disorder characterised by the premature destruction of red blood cells
• Warm-reacting-antibody hemolytic anemia: A rare autoimmune condition where the body's defense system attacks and destroys red blood cells. The onset of the condition is triggered by temperatures 37ºC or lower. The severity of the disorder is variable.
• Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome: A rare syndrome that occurs as complication of septicemia (often due to meningococcal or pneumococcal infection) and involves blood coagulation in blood vessels, adrenal gland hemorrhages and ultimately kidney failure.
• Watermelon stomach: The dilation of the blood vessels in the antral of the stomach
• Western equine encephalitis: An infectious disease caused by an arbovirus (Alphavirus - Togaviraidae) and transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The infection primarily attacks that central nervous system and severity can range from asymptomatic to severe complications and even death in rare cases.
• Wheezing: Breathing difficulty with specific wheezing sound.
• Wilms tumor - aniridia - genitourinary anomalies - mental retardation: A syndrome resulting from deletion of genetic material from chromosome the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p13). The characteristic symptoms are partial or complete absence of iris, genitourinary anomalies, mental retardation and Wilms' tumor. The specific range and severity of symptoms is variable depending on the size and exact location of the genetic material that is missing.
• Wilms tumor and radial bilateral aplasia: A condition that is characterised by bilateral aplasia of the kidneys and wilms tumor
• Wilms tumour and pseudohermaphroditism: A syndrome that is characterised by the occurrence of Wilms tumor with pseudohermaphroditism
• Wilms' tumor: A malignant kidney tumor that occurs in children.
• Wolcott-Rallison syndrome: A very rare genetic condition characterized primarily by the onset of diabetes mellitus during infancy and epiphyseal dysplasia (abnormal joint development).
• Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome: Heart arrhythmia causing increased heart rate
• X-linked sideroblastic anemia: X-linked sideroblastic anemia is a rare inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of iron in the red blood cells which makes them unable to function properly. The body continues to absorb more iron from digesting food in order to try and correct the problem but this simply leads to excessive iron being deposited in body tissues as the it can't use the iron properly. The severity of the condition is variable.
• Xanthic urolithiasis: The formation of xanthine crystals in the urine
• Yager-Young syndrome: The false belief by a patient that they have low blood sugar because of the symptoms they are experiencing.
• Yorifuji Okuno syndrome: A condition that is characterised by pancreatic insufficiency and heart disease
• Zunich neuroectodermal syndrome: A very rare genetic syndrome characterized by a range of symptoms such as colobomas of the eye, heart defects, ichthyosiform dermatosis, mental retardation and ear defects.

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