Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Inflammation
Esophageal ulcer
Gastric ulcer*
Duodenal ulcer*
Idiopathic HIV–related esophageal ulcer
Stomal ulceration
Erosive esophagitis*
Bile acid–induced esophagitis
Erosive gastritis*
Bile acid–induced gastritis
Erosive duodenitis*
Stress ulceration
Medication-induced esophagitis
NSAID–induced gastrointestinal ulceration*
Barrett's ulcer
Graft-versus-host disease
Caustic ingestion
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Behçet's disease
Crohn's disease
Gastric sarcoidosis
Hypertrophic gastropathy
Infection
Esophageal moniliasis
Herpes esophagitis
CMV esophagitis
CMV gastritis
H. pylori–associated gastritis
Bacterial, fungal, and viral enteritis
M. avium complex
Neoplasms
Esophageal carcinoma
Gastric carcinoma
Small-bowel carcinoma
Ampullary carcinoma
Lymphoma
Kaposi's sarcoma
Upper gastrointestinal polyps
Leiomyoma
Sarcoma
Neurofibroma
Carcinoid tumor
Hemangioma
Plasmacytoma
Metastatic neoplasms
Heterotopic pancreatic tissue
Vascular lesions
Esophageal varices*
Gastric varices
Portal hypertensive gastropathy
Duodenal varices
Ischemic enteritis
Aortoenteric fistula
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Angiodysplasia
Arteriovenous malformations
Vasculitis (see vasculitides listed in Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding section)
Dieulafoy lesion
Gastric antral vascular ectasia (Watermelon stomach)
Other causes
Mallory-Weiss tear*
Esophageal rupture (Boerhaave's syndrome)
Duodenal diverticulum
Meckel's diverticulum
Other gastrointestinal diverticula
Anticoagulant therapy
Blood diseases and coagulopathies (e.g., hemophilia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)
Uremia
Amyloidosis
Hemobilia
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
Epistaxis
Hemoptysis
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Intramural hematomas
Whipple's disease
Celiac disease
Gastrointestinal foreign bodies
Gastric prolapse into duodenum
Volvulus
Intussusception
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Inflammation
Ulcerative colitis/proctitis
Crohn's disease
Radiation colitis*
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
Stercoral ulcer
Anal trauma
Typhlitis
Medication-induced ulceration (i.e., NSAIDs, chemotherapy)
Eosinophilic colitis
Diversion colitis
Pouchitis
Behçet's disease
Graft-versus-host disease
Infection
Bacterial
Pseudomembranous colitis
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter
E. coli
Vibrio
Gonorrhea (proctitis)
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Tuberculosis
Actinomycosis
Syphilis
Parasitic
Ameba
Schistosoma
Whipworm
Viral
Condyloma acuminata (anal warts)
CMV
HSV
Fungal
Histoplasmosis
Neoplasms
Colon polyps*
Carcinoma of the colon and rectum*
Carcinoma of the anus
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gardner's syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Juvenile polyposis
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome
Hamartomas
Leiomyomas
Leiomyosarcomas
Kaposi's sarcoma
Sarcomas
Lymphomas
Neurofibromas
Hemangiomas
Melanomas
Carcinoid tumors
Metastatic neoplasms
Vascular lesions
Ischemic colitis*
Mesenteric arterial thrombus
Mesenteric arterial embolus
Nonocclusive small bowel ischemia
Mesenteric venous thrombosis
Internal hemorrhoids*
External hemorrhoids*
Portal colopathy
Angiodysplasia*
Dieulafoy lesion of the colon
Colonic varices
Vasculitis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid vasculitis
Dermatomyositis
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Wegener's granulomatosis
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Giant cell arteritis
Köhlmeier-Degos disease
Aortointestinal fistula
Arteriovenous malformation
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Other causes
All upper gastrointestinal sources
Anal fissure
Foreign body
Diverticulosis*
Incarcerated hernia
Volvulus
Intussusception
Prolapse of the rectum
Uremia
Amyloidosis
Anticoagulation
Blood diseases and coagulopathy
Long-distance running
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Endometriosis
Colitis cystica profunda
Pneumatosis intestinalis
References
1. Laine L: Acute and Chronic Gastrointestinal Bleeding, pp. 198–219. See Bibliography, 1.
2. Katz PO, Salas L: Less Frequent Causes of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22:875–898, 1993.
3. Bogoch A: Bleeding from the Alimentary Tract, pp. 61–86. See Bibliography, 2.
4. Miller LS, Barbarevech C, Friedman LS: Less Frequent Causes of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am 22:21–52, 1994.
*Common causes of acute bleeding.
Book Source Details
- Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
- Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
- Year of Publication: 1999
- Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 2008 Williams & Wilkins.
More About Causes of Rectal bleeding
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