Carpopedal spasm

Carpopedal spasm is the violent, painful contraction of the muscles in the hands and feet. (See Recognizing carpopedal spasm.) It’s an important sign of tetany, a potentially life-threatening condition that is commonly associated with hypocalcemia and characterized by increased neuromuscular excitation and sustained muscle contraction.

Carpopedal spasm requires prompt evaluation and intervention. If not treated promptly, the patient can also develop laryngospasm, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac and respiratory arrest.

Emergency interventions

History and physical examination

If the patient isn’t in distress, obtain a detailed history. Ask about the onset and duration of the spasms and the degree of pain they produce. Also ask about related signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as numbness and tingling of the fingertips and feet, other muscle cramps or spasms, and nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Check for previous neck surgery, calcium or magnesium deficiency, tetanus exposure, and hypoparathyroidism.

During the history, form a general impression of the patient’s mental status and behavior. If possible, ask family members or friends if they’ve noticed changes in the patient’s behavior because hypocalcemia can cause confusion and even personality changes.

Inspect the patient’s skin and fingernails, noting any dryness or scaling and ridged, brittle nails.

Medical causes

Hypocalcemia

Carpopedal spasm is an early sign of hypocalcemia. It’s usually accompanied by paresthesia of the fingers, toes, and perioral area; muscle weakness, twitching, and cramping; hyperreflexia; chorea; fatigue; and palpitations. Positive Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs can be elicited. Laryngospasm, stridor, and seizures may appear in severe hypocalcemia.

Chronic hypocalcemia may be accompanied by mental status changes; cramps; dry, scaly skin; brittle nails; and thin, patchy hair and eyebrows.

Tetanus

Tetanus is an infectious disease that develops when Clostridium tetani enters a wound in a nonimmunized individual. The patient develops muscle spasms, painful seizures, difficulty swallowing, and a low-grade fever. Without prompt treatment, mortality is very high.

Other causes

Treatments

Multiple blood transfusions and parathyroidectomy may cause hypocalcemia, resulting in carpopedal spasm. Surgical procedures that impair calcium absorption, such as ileostomy formation and gastric resection with gastrojejunostomy, may also cause hypocalcemia.

Special considerations

Carpopedal spasm can cause severe pain and anxiety, leading to hyperventilation. If this occurs, help the patient slow his breathing through your relaxing touch, reassuring attitude, and clear directions about what he should do. Provide a quiet, dark environment to reduce his anxiety.

Prepare the patient for laboratory tests, such as complete blood count and serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone studies.

Pediatric pointers

Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is a common cause of hypocalcemia in children. Carefully monitor children with this condition because carpopedal spasm may herald the onset of epileptiform seizures or generalized tetany followed by prolonged tonic spasms.

Geriatric pointers

Always ask elderly patients about their immunization record. Suspect tetanus in anyone who comes into your facility with carpopedal spasm, difficulty swallowing, and seizures. Such patients may have incomplete immunizations or may not have had a recent booster shot. Always ask about any recent wound, no matter how inconsequential it may seem.

Patient counseling

Teach the patient the importance of receiving immunization against tetanus and of keeping a vaccination record. If you have any doubt about his vaccination record, you must give him the vaccine. Tetanus toxoid booster shots must be given every 10 years after the patient has been properly immunized in childhood.

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Book Source Details

• Book Title: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition)
• Author(s): Springhouse
• Year of Publication: 2006
• Copyright Details: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), Copyright © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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