Glossary for Society problems

Medical terms related to Society problems or mentioned in this section include:

• $2-Hydroxyglutaricaciduria$: A rare metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of a certain chemical (2-Hydroxyglutaric) which causes a serious progressive neurological disease and damage to the brain. The features of this disorder are variable and some cases are milder than others.
• $2-Methylbutyric Aciduria$: A very rare genetic disorder where an enzyme deficiency prevents the break down of certain proteins into energy and results in a harmful accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues. More specifically, there is a deficiency of an enzyme (2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) needed to convert the amino acid isoleucine into energy. 2-methylbutyrylglycine levels build up in the body and may cause damage. Symptoms vary according to the degree of enzyme deficiency - can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening.
• $2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency$: A very rare genetic disorder where an enzyme deficiency prevents the break down of certain proteins into energy and results in a harmful accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues. More specifically, there is a deficiency of an enzyme (2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) needed to convert the amino acid isoleucine into energy. 2-methylbutyrylglycine levels build up in the body and may cause damage. Symptoms vary according to the degree of enzyme deficiency - can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening.
• $22q11.2 deletion syndrome$: A rare genetic disorder caused by the absence of a small portion of genetic material. A small section of chromosome 22 is missing at a location called q11.2. Chromosome 22 is one of 23 pairs of chromosomes that exist in humans.
• $4-Alpha-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase deficiency$: A very rare metabolic disorder where a deficiency of a particular enzyme results in the urinary excretion of a chemical called hawkinsin. Symptoms start once the infant is weaned off breast milk.
• $49,XXXXY syndrome$: A rare sex chromosome abnormality where there are three extra copies of the X chromosome.
• ACTH Deficiency: A rare endocrine disorder involving a lack of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and low levels of cortisol and steroid hormones.
• ADD: Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a mental and behavioral disorder characterized by behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, inattention, concentration difficulty, and other mental symptoms. The related description Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be a more modern description of the disease.

  Misdiagnosis of ADD is a well-known controversy in the sense that cases of hyperactivity in children may be over-diagnosed. There is a tendency for parents to seek and doctors to prescribe the drug Ritalin even in cases where the diagnosis of ADD or ADHD may be incorrect. Alternative diagnoses include normal child behavior (i.e. just an active child), food intolerances, or other behavioral disorders (see misdiagnosis of ADD).

  On the other hand, ADD is under-diagnosed in adults, with a large number of adults having ADD without knowing it; see misdiagnosis of Adult ADD.

• ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental and behavioral disorder characterized by behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, inattention, concentration difficulty, and other mental symptoms. Typically, ADHD and associated hyperactivity is known as a childhood disorder, although ADD/ADHD in adults is known to be under-diagnosed. It is distinguished from Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) which has a reduced focus on hyperactivity type symptoms.
• Aarskog Syndrome: A rare genetic condition characterized by facial, hand, genital and growth abnormalities.
• Abscess: This is an area of puss collected in a cavity which is constituted by necrotised tissue
• Acarophobia: Unfounded fear of tiny parasites or the false belief that they have infested the skin.
• Accelerated hypertension: Accelerated hypertension is a condition characterized by a rapid increase in blood pressure. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Aceruloplasminemia: A rare genetic disorder characterized by a lack of the protein ceruloplasmin in the blood resulting in a buildup of iron in the liver, brain and pancreas. This in turn causes diabetes and degeneration of the neural system causing tremors and walking abnormalities.
• Achluophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the night or darkness.
• Achrestic anemia: Achrestic anemia is a form of anemia similar to that caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency but it doesn't respond to treatment with Vitamin B12. The condition tends to progress slowly and can result in death if not treated. There are a variety of possible causes.
• Acid-Base Imbalance: A disruption to the normal acid-base equilibrium in the body. There are four main groups of disorder involving an acid-base imbalance: respiratory acidosis or alkalosis and metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Obviously the severity of symptoms is determined by the degree of imbalance.
• Acne: Pimples and blackheads on the skin
• Acousticophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of noise.
• Acute Bokhoror: A brain disease caused by an unknown pathogen which is probably from the Picornavirus family of viruses. Mode of transmission is uncertain but genetic susceptibility may be involved. The incubation period appears to be an average of 15 years. The disease can be classified according to rate of progression: acute or subacute, slowly progressive and chronic. Death is common in the acute phase of the infection which can last from four days to four months.
• Acute Chemical poisoning - Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha: Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha is an ingredient used in certain pesticides. Exposure to the chemical can cause a range of symptoms depending on the level and route of exposure. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, the skin or eyes. Acute exposure involves a exposure over a short period of time whereas chronic exposure occurs over a longer period of time.
• Acute Pesticide poisoning - Triforine: Triforine is an ingredient used in certain herbicides. Exposure to the chemical can cause a range of symptoms depending on the level and route of exposure. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, the skin or eyes. Acute exposure involves a exposure over a short period of time whereas chronic exposure occurs over a longer period of time.
• Acute Pesticide poisoning - xylene: Xylene is an ingredient used in certain insecticides. Exposure to the chemical can cause a range of symptoms depending on the level and route of exposure. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, the skin or eyes. Acute exposure involves a exposure over a short period of time whereas chronic exposure occurs over a longer period of time.
• Acute VE: A brain disease caused by an unknown pathogen which is probably from the Picornavirus family of viruses. Mode of transmission is uncertain but genetic susceptibility may be involved. The incubation period appears to be an average of 15 years. The disease can be classified according to rate of progression: acute or subacute, slowly progressive and chronic. Death is common in the acute phase of the infection which can last from four days to four months.
• Acute Viliuisk Encephalitis: A brain disease caused by an unknown pathogen which is probably from the Picornavirus family of viruses. Mode of transmission is uncertain but genetic susceptibility may be involved. The incubation period appears to be an average of 15 years. The disease can be classified according to rate of progression: acute or subacute, slowly progressive and chronic. Death is common in the acute phase of the infection which can last from four days to four months.
• Acute Viliuisk Encephalomyelitis: A brain disease caused by an unknown pathogen which is probably from the Picornavirus family of viruses. Mode of transmission is uncertain but genetic susceptibility may be involved. The incubation period appears to be an average of 15 years. The disease can be classified according to rate of progression: acute or subacute, slowly progressive and chronic. Death is common in the acute phase of the infection which can last from four days to four months.
• Acute Vilyuisk Encephalitis: A brain disease caused by an unknown pathogen which is probably from the Picornavirus family of viruses. Mode of transmission is uncertain but genetic susceptibility may be involved. The incubation period appears to be an average of 15 years. The disease can be classified according to rate of progression: acute or subacute, slowly progressive and chronic. Death is common in the acute phase of the infection which can last from four days to four months.
• Acute Vilyuisk Encephalomyelitis: A brain disease caused by an unknown pathogen which is probably from the Picornavirus family of viruses. Mode of transmission is uncertain but genetic susceptibility may be involved. The incubation period appears to be an average of 15 years. The disease can be classified according to rate of progression: acute or subacute, slowly progressive and chronic. Death is common in the acute phase of the infection which can last from four days to four months.
• Acute insomnia: Insomnia which lasts for one night to a few weeks.
• Acute intermittent porphyria: A rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by a disturbed porphyrin metabolism resulting in increased production of porphyrin or its precursors. Symptoms include abdominal pain, photosensitivity and neurological disturbances such as seizures, coma, hallucinations and respiratory paralysis.
• Acute leukaemia of ambiguous lineage: A term used to describe a type of leukemia (a blood cancer) where the leukemic cells cannot be determined as myeloid or lymphoid or where both types of cells are present.
• Acute meningitis: Acute meningitis is a form of meningitis caused by bacteria that normally lives in the mouth and throat. When the immune system is unable to supress this bacteria, it travels to the cerebrospinal spinal fluid in the brain. From there it affects the membranes surrounding the brain.
• Acute stress disorder: An acute anxiety state
• Acute vitamin A toxicity: Acute ingestion of vitamin A can cause symptoms. Symptoms usually only last for a day or two.
• Addiction symptoms: Symptoms related to addiction (physical or mental addiction)
• Adenophorea Infections: A parasitic roundworm infection. Roundworms can be found in water and soil environments as well as on plants and in animals.
• Adhesive abuse: Adhesive abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Adhesives include household glues, rubber cement and model aeroplane glue. These adhesives can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Adhesive addiction: Adhesive addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse adhesives (e.g. sniffing them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Aerosols are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Adhesives includes household glue, rubber cement and model airplane glue.
• Adjustment Disorder: This is a maladaptive reaction to identifiable stress
• Adrenal Cancer: A malignant cancer that develops in the adrenal gland. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids. Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal Cortex Diseases: Diseases of the adrenal cortex. Examples includes Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome and adrenal fatigue.
• Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms: A tumor that develops in the adrenal gland. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids.
• Adrenal adenoma, familial: A benign tumor that develops in the adrenal gland and tends to run in families. The tumor may be nonfunctioning (does not produce hormones) or functioning in which case excessive levels of hormones can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which hormone is involved. Adrenal hormones made in the cortex (outer part of the gland) are aldosterone, corticosteroids and androgenic steroids . Adrenalin and noradrenalin are the hormones made in the medulla (central part of the adrenal gland).
• Adrenal gland hyperfunction: Excessive activity of the adrenal gland which causes excessive production of one or more adrenal hormones (aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The increased adrenal gland activity may be caused by an adrenal gland tumor or by excessive stimulation of the gland. Pituitary hormones stimulate adrenal gland activity.
• Adrenal gland hypofunction: Reduced adrenal gland activity due to damage to the adrenal gland or lack of stimulation of the gland. Pituitary hormones stimulate adrenal gland activity.
• Adrenal gland symptoms: Symptoms affecting the adrenal glands
• Adrenal hyperplasia: A group of disorder that occur when there is a problem in the process of making adrenal corticosteroids.
• Adrenal hypertension: Adrenal hypertension is high blood pressure caused by adrenal gland problems. For example, an adrenal tumor can cause excessive production of aldosterone which in turn causes salt-retention and high blood pressure. Severity of symptoms varies depending on the underlying cause.
• Adrenal incidentaloma: A tumor of the adrenal gland that is discovered incidentally while performing an imaging examination for reasons other than an adrenal tumor. The tumor may be asymptomatic or can causes excessive secretion of adrenal hormones and resulting symptoms. The tumor may also be malignant or benign.
• Adrenocortical carcinoma: A condition which is characterized by malignancy which affects the adrenocortex.
• Adrenoleukodystrophy: A rare hereditary metabolic disease that only occurs in male children and is characterized by adrenal atrophy and extensive cerebral demyelination causing progressive loss of mental functioning, aphasia, apraxia and sometimes blindness. The patient usually dies within 5 years.
• Adrenoleukodystrophy, autosomal, neonatal form: A rare inherited disorder involving the adrenal glands, testes and certain parts of the brain (white matter). It is a less severe form of leukodystrophy where an abnormality within the body cells prevents the metabolism of certain fats (long chain fatty acids).
• Adult ADD: Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a mental disorder with symptoms such as hyperactivity, inattention, poor concentration, and other similar symptoms. The disorder is called "ADHD" in modern times; see more details about Adult ADHD.

  ADD can be undiagnosed into adulthood and the adult will have varying levels of dysfunction in their work, home and social lives. Affected adults have issues with as difficulting focusing on work tasks, boredom, distractedness, and so on. See symptoms of Adult ADHD.

• Adult ADHD: Adult ADHD, (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a common neurobehavioral developmental disorder with an onset in childhood that continues into adulthood. Children do not simply grow out of ADHD, as is often believed. Just the opposite is commonly true - the symptoms of ADHD often get worse as a child grows into adulthood. The predominant behaviors of adult ADHD are the same as in children and include:
  • Inattentiveness
  • Hyperactivity
  • Impulsivity

  These behaviors result in difficulties with:

  • Concentration
  • Remaining focused on a task or activity
  • Controlling behavior
  • Hyperactivity or over-activity

  The symptoms of adult ADHD can be treated, but there currently is no cure for the disorder. Most people with ADHD can be successfully treated and lead normal, productive lives at home, work, school and with friends and family. The cause or causes of ADHD are not yet known, although researchers believe that genes may be one factor in the development of the disease. It is most likely that the disorder is the result of a combination of elements, including environmental factors, traumatic head injuries, nutrition, and social influences.

• Adult Panic-Anxiety Syndrome: A psychiatric disorder involving anxiety and panic attacks that occur for no obvious reason.
• Aelurophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cats.
• Aerophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fresh air, breezes and flying.
• Aerosol abuse: Aerosol abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Aerosols include air fresheners, hair spray, spray pain and deodorants. These aerosols can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Aerosol addiction: Aerosol addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse aerosol (e.g. sniffing them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Aerosols are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Aerosols includes spray pain, air freshener, deodorants and hair sprays.
• Affective Disorders, Psychotic: A mental disorder involving mood disturbance and psychotic symptoms.
• African Sleeping sickness: A disease caused by parasites (Trypanosome brucei gamiense or T. brucei rodesiense) and transmitted to humans by the tsetse fly which is found only in Africa. Causes symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, anemia, edema of hands and feet, enlarged lymph glands, lethargy, sleepiness, convulsions and coma. Also called African trypanosomiasis and sleeping sickness.
• Aggression: Overly aggressive behavior.
• Aging: The medical conditions from getting older.
• Aging brain syndrome: Aging processes in the brain can cause various psychological and neurological symptoms.
• Agoraphobia: This is an irrational fear of being in public that sometimes is associated with panic attacks
• Agyrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of crossing roads. It includes a fear of being attacked on the street or being unable to defend oneself while crossing the road.
• Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 1: A rare inherited progressive disease that affects the brain and immune system. Type 1 is caused by a defect on chromosome 3p21.3-p21.2.
• Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 2: A rare inherited progressive disease that affects the brain and immune system. Type 2 is caused by a defect on chromosome 13q14-q21.
• Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 3: A rare inherited progressive disease that affects the brain and immune system. Type 3 is caused by a defect on chromosome 11q13.2.
• Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 4: A rare inherited progressive disease that affects the brain and immune system. Type 4 is caused by a defect on chromosome 19p13.13.
• Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 5: A rare inherited progressive disease that affects the brain and immune system. Type 5 is caused by a defect on chromosome 3p21.3-p21.2.
• Aichmophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of pointy objects or needles.
• Airway obstruction: airway obstruction is a blockage of the upper airway, which can be in the trachea, laryngeal (voice box), or pharyngeal (throat) areas or involve the bronch.
• Akathisia: A condition characterized by a constant urge to move resulting in the sufferer being unable to sit still. Can be caused by use of anti-psychotic drugs or anti-depressants or can occur spontaneously.
• Al Murrah-induced lead poisoning: Al Murrah is a folk remedy used mainly by Saudi Arabian people to treat problems such as stomach pain, diarrhea and colic. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Alarcon-induced lead poisoning: Alarcon is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Albayaidle-induced lead poisoning: Albayaidle is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican and Central American people to treat digestive or stomach problems such as vomiting and colic. It is also used to treat apathy and lethargy. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Albayalde-induced lead poisoning: Albayalde is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican and Central American people to treat digestive or stomach problems such as vomiting and colic. It is also used to treat apathy and lethargy. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Alcohol Withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when alcohol consumption is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Alcohol abuse: Excessive alcohol as a symptom of other conditions
• Alcohol intoxication: excess intake of alcohol can lead to serious consequences
• Alcohol use: Use of alcohol (as a symptom)
• Alcohol-Induced Disorders: Disorders caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The symptoms are variable depending on the disorder involved. Some of the disorders are: alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol intoxication, alcohol withdrawal, alcohol intoxication delirium, alcohol withdrawal delirium, alcohol-induced persisting dementia, alcohol-induced persisting amnestic disorder, alcohol-induced psychotic disorder, alcohol-induced mood disorder, alcohol-induced anxiety disorder, alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction, alcohol-induced sleep disorder, liver damage, liver cancer and esophageal cancer.
• Alcohol-induced hypertension: Alcohol-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by excessive drinking of alcohol.
• Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing syndrome: The excessive consumption of alcohol can result in symptoms similar to a condition called Cushing's syndrome. When alcohol consumption is stopped, symptoms regress.
• Alcoholic intoxication: The excessive consumption of alcohol can have toxic effects on the body and can ultimately result in death in severe cases.
• Alektorophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of chickens.
• Algophobia: An anxiety disorder where the sufferer is fearful of experiencing pain or seeing others experiencing it.
• Alkalosis: A condition that iscaused by the accumulation of base in the body.
• Allergic irritability syndrome: Symptoms such as irritability and poor concentration associated with nose, ear and sinus symptoms caused by allergies such as hayfever.
• Allergic tension-fatigue syndrome: Variable symptoms caused by food allergy.
• Alpha thalassemia: Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consists of two main protein chains called ? and ?. Alpha thalassemia involves defects in one or more of the four genes required to make each ? protein chain. The main symptom is anemia, the severity of which can vary amongst patients depending on how many defective genes are involved.
• Alpha thalassemia - Hemoglobin H disease: Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consists of two main protein chains called ? and ?. Hemoglobin H disease involves defects in three of the four genes required to make each ? protein chain. The main symptom is moderate to severe anemia.
• Alpha thalassemia major: Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consists of two main protein chains called ? and ?. Alpha thalassemia major is very rare involves defects in all of the four genes required to make each ? protein chain. The condition leads to infant death before or soon after birth.
• Alzheimer disease 10: An inherited form of Alzheimer's. Type 10 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 10p13.
• Alzheimer disease 12: An inherited form of Alzheimer's. Type 12 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 8p12-q22.
• Alzheimer disease 13: An inherited form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 1q21. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease 14: An inherited form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 1q25. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease 15: An inherited form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 3q22-q24. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease 16: Alzheimer disease 16 (late-onset) is a form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome Xq21.3. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease 2, late-onset: Alzheimer disease 2 (late-onset) is a form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 19q13.2. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease 3, (early-onset Alzheimer disease): Alzheimer disease 3 is an early-onset form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 14q24.3. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease 5: An inherited form of Alzheimer's. Type 5 has a late onset and is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 12p11.
• Alzheimer disease 6: A genetic form of Alzheimer's. Type 6 has a late onset and is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 10q24.
• Alzheimer disease 7: An inherited form of Alzheimer's. Type 7 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 10p13.
• Alzheimer disease 8: An inherited form of Alzheimer's. Type 8 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 20p.
• Alzheimer disease 9: A genetic form of Alzheimer's. Type 9 has a late onset and is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 19p13.2.
• Alzheimer disease type 1: A degenerative brain disease characterized primarily by progressive dementia. Type 1 has an early onset (starts before the age of 65). It is caused by mutations in the APP gene which results in the production of a toxic protein (amyloid beta peptide) in the brain which collects into clumps (amyloid plaques) in the brain. These plaques cause damage to nerve cells in the brain.
• Alzheimer disease type 2: A degenerative brain disease characterized primarily by progressive dementia. Type 2 has a late onset - starts after the age of 65. It is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic mutations and environmental and lifestyle factors. The condition occurs when there is excessive production of a toxic protein (amyloid beta peptide) in the brain which collects into clumps (amyloid plaques) in the brain. These plaques cause damage to nerve cells in the brain.
• Alzheimer disease type 4: A degenerative brain disease characterized primarily by progressive dementia. Type 4 has an early onset (starts before the age of 65). It is caused by mutations in the PSEN2 gene which results in the production of a toxic protein (amyloid beta peptide) in the brain which collects into clumps (amyloid plaques) in the brain. These plaques cause damage to nerve cells in the brain.
• Alzheimer disease, early-onset, with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: An early-onset form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 21q21. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease, familial: A degenerative brain disease characterized primarily by progressive dementia. The familial form is very rare and is completely inherited and has an early onset (usually in the 4th decade). It occurs when there is excessive production of a toxic protein (amyloid beta peptide) in the brain which collects into clumps (amyloid plaques) in the brain. These plaques cause damage to nerve cells in the brain.
• Alzheimer disease, familial, 1: An inherited form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 21q. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease, familial, 11: An inherited form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 9p22.1. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease, familial, 3, with spastic paraparesis and apraxia: This form of Alzheimer's is an early-onset form of Alzheimer's that is linked to a defect on chromosome 14q24.3. It is characterized by features which are atypical for Alzheimer's - spastic paraparesis which occurs before the dementia symptoms and apraxia. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease, familial, 3, with spastic paraparesis and unusual plaques: This form of Alzheimer's is an early-onset form of Alzheimer's that is linked to a defect on chromosome 14q24.3. It is characterized by features which are atypical for Alzheimer's - spastic paraparesis which occurs before the dementia symptoms and unusual plaques in the brain. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease, familial, 4: An inherited form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to a defect on chromosome 1q31-q42. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Alzheimer disease, familial, type 3: A degenerative brain disease characterized primarily by progressive dementia. Type 3 has an early onset (starts before the age of 65). It is caused by mutations in the PSEN1 gene which results in the production of a toxic protein (amyloid beta peptide) in the brain which collects into clumps (amyloid plaques) in the brain. These plaques cause damage to nerve cells in the brain.
• Alzheimer's disease: A progressive degenerative disease of the brain of unknown cause
• Alzheimer's disease without Neurofibrillary tangles: A form of Alzheimer's that involves only plaques and no neurofibrillary tangles. This form tends to have an older age of onset and death and a shorter disease duration.
• Amathophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of dust.
• Amaxophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of riding in a vehicle or being in one.
• Ambien withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Ambien (Zolpidem) use is discontinued or reduced. Ambien is a sedative hypnotic drug. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Amphetamine abuse: Use of the stimulant drugs known as amphetamines or "speed"
• Amphetamine withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when amphetamine use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence. Amphetamines include dexamphetamine (speed), Ritalin and MDMA (ecstasy).
• Amphetamine-induced hypertension: Amphetamine-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by use of amphetamines. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of amphetamine use.
• Amychophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being scratched or clawed.
• Anaemia, sideroblastic, X-linked - ataxia: A very rare inherited disorder characterized by mild anemia and early onset neurological motor symptoms. The neurological symptoms tend to be relatively stable or slowly progressive with only occasional dependence on crutches or wheelchairs.
• Andropause: A symptomatic decline in male androgens that may occur as men age.
• Androphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of men
• Anemia: Reduced red blood cells in the blood
• Anemia, Iron-Deficiency: A lack of fully functioning red blood cells due to a deficiency of iron. The iron allows the body to make hemoglobin in red blood cells which in turn allows the red blood cell to carry oxygen.
• Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts: A bone marrow disease which results in insufficient red blood cells in the blood (anemia). The prognosis is poor with death usually occurring within a couple of years. There are two types: type 1 refers to cases where the level of blasts is less than 10% and type 2 refers to cases where the level of blasts is 10-20%. When too many immature blood cells (blasts) are produced by the bone marrow, the condition may progress to acute myeloid leukemia - occurs in about a quarter of cases in type 1 and a third of cases in type 2.
• Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts, type 1: A bone marrow disease which results in insufficient red blood cells in the blood (anemia). The prognosis is poor with death usually occurring within a couple of years. Type 1 refers to cases where the level of blasts is less than 10% and type 2 refers to cases where the level of blasts is 10-20%. When too many immature blood cells (blasts) are produced by the bone marrow, the condition may progress to acute myeloid leukemia - occurs in about a quarter of cases in type 1.
• Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts, type 2: A bone marrow disease which results in insufficient red blood cells in the blood (anemia). The prognosis is poor with death usually occurring within a couple of years. Type 1 refers to cases where the level of blasts is less than 10% and type 2 refers to cases where the level of blasts is 10-20%. When too many immature blood cells (blasts) are produced by the bone marrow, the condition may progress to acute myeloid leukemia - occurs in about a third of cases in type 2.
• Anemia, hypochromic microcytic: A blood disorder where red blood cells are too small and lack sufficient iron. It can be inherited or caused by insufficient iron in the diet or from a genetic disorder.
• Anemic - hematuria syndrome: An epidemic disease in Argentina which has a prolonged recovery time but usually there are no complications. Symptoms vary between seasons so that affected patients suffer anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration in summer but suffer reduced urination, excess blood, albumin and renal casts in the urine. Other symptoms occur irrespective of the season.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 1: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 1 is caused by a defect on chromosome 7q11.2.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 2: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 2 is caused by a defect on chromosome 19q13.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 3: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 3 is caused by a defect on chromosome 1p36.13-p34.3.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 4: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 4 is caused by a defect on chromosome 5p15.2-14.3.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 5: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 5 is caused by a defect on chromosome 2p13.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 6: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are now six different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases an individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 6 is caused by a defect on chromosome 9p21.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 7: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 7 is caused by a defect on chromosome 11q24-q25.
• Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 8: A bulge in a blood vessel in the brain. The bulge can rupture causing a stroke. They usually form as a result of high blood pressure and weak blood vessel walls in the brain. There are five different subtypes of intracranial berry aneurysms with each one caused by a defect in different gene. The defective gene increases and individuals risk for developing intracranial berry aneurysms. Type 8 is caused by a defect on chromosome 14q23.
• Anger: A strong feeling of displeasure and aggrevation
• Angina pectoris: severe chest pain due to ischemia
• Anginophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of angina, choking or narrowness of the throat.
• Anglophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of England or the English.
• Ankylophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of stiff or immobile joints.
• Anorexia Nervosa: A disorder where a distorted sense of body image leads to self-starvation to the point of death in some cases.
• Anorexia nervosa, genetic types: There is mounting evidence that anorexia nervosa may be caused by genetic factors which when combined with psychosocial factors can increase a persons risk of developing the condition.
• Anoxemia: Lack of oxygen in the blood.
• Anthophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of flowers.
• Anthropophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of people and groups of people.
• Anti-Social Personality Disorder: A psychiatric condition characterized by chronic behavioral and social problems which often involves criminal behaviour.
• Antlophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of floods.
• Anxiety: Excessive worry, anxiety, or fear.
• Anxiety attack: Sudden onset of extreme anxiety
• Anxiety disorder: A mental condition that is characterized by anxiety and avoidance behaviours
• Anxiety, separation: A term used when children become upset when they are separated from a parent or carer. The situation is most commonly witnessed when children are taken to day care. Other situations include when the child is left with a baby sitter or made to sleep on his/her own. It is a normal condition during childhood.
• Anxiety-tension syndrome: Anxiety associated with physical symptoms such as tense muscles and fatigue.
• Aortic aneurysm, familial abdominal 1: A rare familial disorder where the abdominal aorta has a weak, bulging portion. The condition is asymptomatic but can result in death if it bursts. Type 1 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 19q13.
• Aortic aneurysm, familial abdominal 2: A rare familial disorder where the abdominal aorta has a weak, bulging portion. The condition is asymptomatic but can result in death if it bursts. Type 2 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 4q31.
• Aortic aneurysm, familial abdominal 3: A rare familial disorder where the abdominal aorta has a weak, bulging portion. The condition is asymptomatic but can result in death if it bursts. Type 3 is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 9p21.
• Apeirophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of infinity.
• Apiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of bees.
• Aplastic anemia: A blood disorder where the bone marrow produces insufficient new blood cells.
• Apnea: Periods of absence of breathing
• Apnea of prematurity: AOP occurs in infants who are born prematurely (before 34 weeks of pregnancy).
• Apprehension: The feeling of suspicion or fear towards the future
• Apricot seed poisoning: Apricot seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. The toxic chemicals are not released if the pit remains intact and therefore poisoning usually occurs if the seeds are crushed and eaten. Accidental ingestion is very unusual. Most parts of the apricot plant contain the toxic chemical with the highest concentration in young leaves. Different species of apricots have different levels of toxic chemical. Severe symptoms or even death can occur if children consume more than ten kernels or adults consume more than forty kernels. Theories exist that apricot kernels may help cancer sufferers but there has been no scientific studies that have proven this.
• Arachibutyrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth.
• Arachnephobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of spiders.
• Arbovirosis: An infectious disease caused by an arbovirus. The virus is transmitted by arthropods such as insects and ticks. Examples of arboviruses include Yellow Fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. The symptoms may vary depending on the type of virus involved. The infection can lead to life-threatening brain inflammation.
• Arctic bearded seal poisoning: The Arctic Bearded seal is often used as a food source by the arctic inhabitants. Eating the liver and kidneys of the arctic bearded seal can result in a Vitamin A overdose which can cause serious symptoms and even death in extreme cases. It is believed that eating more than 100-250 grams of the seal liver can result in human death.
• Arginase deficiency: A very rare urea cycle disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme (arginase) needed to convert ammonia to the urea which can then be removed in the urine. The condition leads to excess build-up of ammonia in the body which is toxic to the nervous system.
• Argininosuccinase lyase deficiency, late onset: A rare inherited urea cycle disorder caused by lack of enzymes (argininosuccinase lyase) needed to turn ammonia into urea resulting in excess ammonia in the body. The late onset form of the condition tends to start later in life as there is some level of activity by the defective enzyme. The condition tends to be less severe and can be triggered by a change in diet, illness or some other stress on the body.
• Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: A rare inborn error of metabolism involving the deficiency of an enzyme (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) needed to process aromatic amino acids. This results in a deficiency of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. The condition manifests as movement and neurological problems.
• Arthritis: A condition which is characterized by the inflammation of a joint
• Aspartylglucosaminidase deficiency: A rare glycoprotein metabolism disorder caused by a deficiency of an enzyme called aspartylglucosaminidase. Patients tend to develop normally during the first few years of life and development continues slowly until adolescence when mental retardation becomes progressively worse.
• Aspartylglucosaminuria: A rare glycoprotein metabolism disorder caused by a deficiency of an enzyme called aspartylglucosaminidase. Patients tend to develop normally during the first few years of life and development continues slowly until adolescence when mental retardation becomes progressively worse.
• Aspartylglycosaminuria: A rare glycoprotein metabolism disorder caused by a deficiency of an enzyme called aspartylglucosaminidase. Patients tend to develop normally during the first few years of life and development continues slowly until adolescence when mental retardation becomes progressively worse.
• Asperger syndrome: A neuropsychiatric disorder mainly involving the inability to understand and becoming involved in social interaction.
• Asthenophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of weakness or fainting.
• Astraphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of lightning and thunder.
• Astrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of stars and celestial space.
• Ataxiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of muscular incoordination (ataxia). This disorder is not to be confused with ataxophobia which is a fear of disorder or untidiness.
• Ataxophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of disorder or untidiness. This disorder is not to be confused with ataxiophobia which is a fear of muscular incoordination (ataxia).
• Atelophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of imperfection.
• Atephobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of ruin.
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Behavioral disorder with hyperactivity and/or inattention.
• Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders: A condition characterized by attention problems and disruptive behavior. The condition is considered to be a grouping of three other disorders - oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
• Attenuated congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A late onset form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia where insufficient adrenal corticosteroids are produced by the body due to the deficiency of a particular chemical. The severity of symptoms varies from person to person and onset may occur as early as childhood.
• Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and kidney failure that has no obvious cause.
• Auditory Processing Disorder: Failure of the brain to correctly process sound.
• Aulophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of flutes.
• Aurophobia: An exaggerated or irrational dislike of gold.
• Auroraphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of Auroral lights.
• Australian Sea Lion poisoning: The Australian Sea Lion is sometimes used as a food source and is found in the South-Southwest waters of Australia. Eating the liver of the Australian Sea Lion can result in a Vitamin A overdose which can cause serious symptoms and even death in extreme cases.
• Autism: Childhood mental condition with social and communication difficulties.
• Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is characterized by an abnormal immune system response which leads to the destruction of red blood cells and hence anemia. The severity of the condition varies depending on the underlying cause e.g. cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, HIV and lupus. The condition may develop gradually or occur suddenly and cause serious symptoms.
• Autoimmune limbic encephalitis: Limbic encephalitis is an inflammation of the limbic system which is the part of the brain responsible for basic autonomic functions. In the paraneoplastic type, the inflammation is caused by autoimmune processes.
• Autoimmune thyroid disease associated Celiac Disease: Patients with autoimmune thyroid disease are more susceptible to developing celiac disease than the average population. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Autoimmune thyroid diseases: Autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland.
• Automysophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being dirty.
• Autonomic Dysreflexia: A complication of spinal cord injury where a particular stimulus can trigger an excessive response from the autonomic nervous system which causes blood pressure to rise - sometimes to dangerous levels. Stimuli that can trigger the response include bladder irritation, bowel irritation (e.g. due to constipation, gas, enema), skin irritation (e.g. due to burns, pressure sores, ingrown toenails), broken bones, tight clothing, labour and temperature extremes. The severity and frequency of the condition is highly variable. The condition occurs in patients with tetraplegia or with loss of sensation above the lower rib cage.
• Autonomic dysreflexia syndrome: A complication caused by injury to the neck or upper back region of the spinal cord. Symptoms are induced by stimulation below the level of the injury which can be caused by such things as distended bladder, scratching the feet, squeezing the penis, stimulation of the rectum or accumulation of gas.
• Autophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being egotistical or being by oneself.
• Avoidant personality disorder: Personality type that avoids other people
• Azarcon-induced lead poisoning: Azarcon is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Ba Bow Sen-induced lead poisoning: Ba Bow Sen is a folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat childhood hyperactivity and to alleviate nightmares. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Baber's syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized by the association of congenital liver cirrhosis with Fanconi syndrome.
• Bacillophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of missiles.
• Back tumour: The presence of tumour growth in the vertebra, whether due to primary malignancies e.g. leukaemic or myeloma infiltration of the bone marrow, or due to secondary metastases from another site e.g. lung or breast.
• Bacterial meningitis: Bacterial meningitis is a form of meningitis caused by bacteria that normally lives in the mouth and throat. When the immune system is unable to supress this bacteria, it travels to the cerebrospinal spinal fluid in the brain. From there it affects the membranes surrounding the brain.
• Bacterial pericarditis: Inflammation and swelling of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) due to a bacterial infection. It can occur as a complication of a bacterial infection in some other part of the body. It is most often a complication of a respiratory infection but skin and oral infections may also be a cause. Bacterial pericarditis may also occur after heart surgery. It occurs predominantly in males aged 20 to 50 years. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Bacteriophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of bacteria.
• Balance symptoms: Problems with balance or vertigo
• Bali goli-induced lead poisoning: Bali goli (flat black bean) is a folk remedy used mainly by Indian and Asian people to treat intestinal problems. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Baltic myoclonic epilepsy: A rare inherited type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy which tends to cause symptoms during childhood. The involuntary muscle movements tend to occur more frequently and become more severe with increasing age. Symptoms may occur following various stimuli such as light, stress or exercise.
• Barakat syndrome: A rare condition characterized by deafness, kidney disease and insufficiency parathyroid hormone production.
• Barbiturate abuse: Abuse of barbiturate medications
• Barophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of gravity.
• Barre-Lieou syndrome: A rare condition where trauma (such as pinching by adjacent vertebrae or arthritis) to the sympathetic nerves located in the spinal area of the neck results in a variety of neurological symptoms.
• Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic 1: Abnormal calcium deposits in the part of the brain called the basal ganglia. Type 1 results in psychiatric, cognitive or neurological problems associated with the calcification. The symptoms experienced are variable.
• Bathmophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of walking.
• Bathophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of depths. This can include a fear of lakes or long hallways.
• Batophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of passing high buildings.
• Batrachophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of frogs or toads.
• Bearsfoot hellebore poisoning: The Bearsfoot hellebore is a relatively small, flowering evergreen plant which originated in Europe. All parts of the plant contain protoanemonin which can be toxic if large quantities are consumed.
• Behavioral symptoms: Symptoms of personal behavior.
• Behavioural disorders: Disorders that affect a persons behaviour
• Bell mania: A rare life-threatening neuropsychiatric disorder involving delusions, hyperactivity and periods of fever. Death can occur within days or months without treatment.
• Belonephobia: Fear of sharp, point objects such as needles.
• Benign Fasciculation Syndrome: Common movement disorder manifesting in a fine (fast) tremor; it is an inherited condition of unknown cause.
• Benzodiazepine abuse: Abuse of benzodiazepine tranquiliser medications
• Beriberi: Disease due to vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine)
• Beta Thalassemia intermedia: Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of hemoglobin. There are two subtypes of the disorder (? and ?) depending on what portion of the hemoglobin is abnormally synthesized. Beta Thalassemia intermedia involves defects in both of the two genes required to make each ? protein chain. The condition causes varying degrees of moderate anemia.
• Beta thalassemia: Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consists of two main protein chains called ? and ?. Beta thalassemia involves defects in one or more of the two genes required to make each ? protein chain. The main symptom is anemia, the severity of which can vary amongst patients depending on how many defective genes are involved.
• Beta-mannosidosis: A very rare type of inherited glycoprotein storage disease where deficiency of an enzyme called beta-mannosidase results in a build-up of certain sugars (oligosaccharides) which can harm the body.
• Bibliophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of books.
• Bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis syndrome: A complication that can occur following the removal of the thyroid gland.
• Biliary Atresia: A rare condition that can affect newborns where the bile duct that carries the bile from the liver to the small intestine is blocked or missing.
• Bing-Neel syndrome: A rare disorder involving infiltration of the central nervous system by abnormal leukemia-like cells (lymphoplasmocytoid cells) that occur in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. The abnormality increases blood viscosity which impairs its circulation through small brain and eye blood vessels.
• Binswanger's Disease: A type of senile dementia characterized by chronic cerebrovascular disease.
• Bint Al Zahab-induced lead poisoning: Bint Al Zahab is a folk remedy used by various ethnic groups (e.g. Indians, Saudi Arabians) to treat infant colic and to facilitate the passage of meconium in newborns. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Biotin deficiency: Vitamin H deficiency
• Bipolar VI: Bipolar VI type is defined as having no depressive symptoms, only manic or hypomanic moods.
• Bipolar disorder: Cycles of mania and depression; commonly called "manic-depression".
• Bipolar disorder I: Bipolar I disorder is a mood disorder that is characterized by at least one manic or mixed episode. Most people with bipolar I disorder also suffer from episodes of depression.
• Bird cherry seed poisoning: Wild cherry seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. The toxic chemicals are not released if the seed remains intact and therefore poisoning usually occurs if the seeds are crushed and eaten. Accidental ingestion is very unusual.
• Bitter almond seed poisoning: Bitter almond seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. Accidental ingestion is very unusual. Bitter almond plants grow mainly in Northern America. Various processes can be used to leach the toxic chemical out of the bitter almonds.
• Black locust poisoning: The black locust is a large deciduous tree which has long clusters of scented flowers and flat fruit pods. The young leaves, seeds and inner bark contain various chemicals (robin, robinine and robitin) which can be toxic if large quantities are eaten. The flowers are considered edible if handled correctly.
• Blennophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of slime.
• Blue Diaper Syndrome: A rare metabolic disorder characterized by vision problems, bluish urine, fever and digestive anomalies.
• Bogyphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of demons and goblins.
• Bokhoor-induced lead poisoning: Bokhoor is a traditional used mainly by Saudi Arabian people to calm infants - it involves burning wood and lead sulphide and inhaling the fumes that are produced. This practice has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to the relatively high exposure to lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Borderline Personality Disorder: Mental condition with behavioral and emotional problems.
• Borna disease: An infectious neurological disease that affects warm-blooded animals. There is disagreement as to whether the virus may be the underlying cause of some cases of mental illness in humans.
• Bottlebrush buckeye poisoning: The Bottlebrush buckeye is a deciduous shrub which bears clusters of white or pink flowers and smooth, leathery fruit containing shiny seeds. The plant originated in southern USA. The plant contains various toxic chemicals (glycoside esculin, saponin aescin) which can cause potentially fatal toxicity if sufficient quantities of the seeds or leaves are consumed.
• Brain Concussion: Trauma resulting in minor injury to the brain which causes a period of interrupted brain function. Simple concussions resolve themselves in about a week whereas more serious ones have persisting symptoms. The onset of symptoms may be delayed.
• Brain Fag syndrome: A type of neurotic disorder that was first observed in white collar workers in Africa.
• Brain abscess: abscess in the brain may involve any of the lobes of the brain
• Breast Duct Papilloma: Tumour of the collecting duct of the breast; may be benign or malignant.
• Briquet syndrome: A rare, chronic mental disorder characterized mainly by often claiming to have constant physical illness when none is able to be detected. It most often occurs in young females.
• Bromidrosiphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of having unpleasant body odor.
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A condition which is characterized by dysplasia of the brochopulmonary vessels
• Brontophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of thunder and thunderstorms.
• Brown snake poisoning: The Brown snake is a poisonous Australian snake. They are considered one of the most venomous snakes in the world and their bite can result in death without prompt medical attention. The snake venom contains toxins which affect the blood and nerve systems. Children tend to suffer more severe symptoms due to their smaller body size.
• Brown-Symmers disease: A rare form of brain inflammation that occurs in children and can quickly lead to death. Symptoms usually start suddenly.
• Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder with binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting).
• Burnett's milk drinker's syndrome: Burnett's milk drinker's syndrome is a condition where the body is too alkaline and the blood contains too much calcium which results in impaired kidney function. It can be caused by drinking large quantities of milk or using too many alkaline antacid remedies. High vitamin D intake can make the condition worse. The people most at risk of this condition tend to be older people (especially women) who are taking calcium supplements as well as calcium carbonate containing remedies to treat dyspepsia.
• Burnett's syndrome: Burnett's syndrome is a condition where the body is too alkaline and the blood contains too much calcium which results in impaired kidney function. It can be caused by drinking large quantities of milk or using too many alkaline antacid remedies. High vitamin D intake can make the condition worse. The people most at risk of this condition tend to be older people (especially women) who are taking calcium supplements as well as calcium carbonate containing remedies to treat dyspepsia.
• Burning mouth syndrome- Type 3: A rare condition where there is a burning sensation in the mouth and tongue. Type 3 describes mouth burning that comes and goes during the day and is often linked to anxiety and allergies (especially food additives).
• Burnout syndrome: Severe stress caused by work-related physical or mental trauma.
• CFS subtype 1 (cognitive, musculoskeletal, sleep, anxiety/depression): Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. CFS subtype 1 tends to be more severe with the dominant symptoms being anxiety, depression and cognitive, musculoskeletal and sleeping problems.
• CFS subtype 2 ( musculoskeletal, pain, anxiety/depression): Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. CFS subtype 2 tends to be more severe with the dominant symptoms being anxiety, depression, pain and musculoskeletal problems.
• CFS subtype 3 (mild): Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. CFS subtype 3 tends to have milder symptoms than other subtypes.
• CFS subtype 4 (cognitive, musculoskeletal, sleep, anxiety/depression): Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. CFS subtype 4 tends to be dominated by cognitive symptoms.
• CFS subtype 5 (musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal): Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. CFS subtype 5 tends to be dominated by musculoskeletal and gastrointestinal symptoms.
• CFS subtype 6 (postexertional): Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. CFS subtype 6 tends to be dominated by excessive fatigue following exertion.
• CFS subtype 7 (pain, infectious, musculoskeletal, sleep, neurological, gastrointestinal, neurocognitive, anxiety/depression): Chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. CFS subtype 7 tends to be more severe with the dominant symptoms being pain, infections, anxiety, depression and musculoskeletal, sleep, neurological, gastrointestinal and neurocognitive problems.
• COPD: Severe obstruction of bronchial air flow typically from bronchitis and/or emphysema.
• Cadasil: A rare inherited condition which affects the small blood vessels of the brain. Damage to the vessels causes strokes and other problems.
• Caffeine addiction: Caffeine addiction is the uncontrollable craving for caffeine products such as coffee. Other caffeinated products include diet pills, chocolate, pain killers, cold remedies and soft drinks. Cessation causes withdrawal symptoms which can vary in nature and severity.
• Cainophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of novelty.
• California buckeye poisoning: The California buckeye is a deciduous shrub which bears clusters of white or pink flowers and smooth, leathery fruit containing shiny seeds. The plant originated in California. The plant contains various toxic chemicals (glycoside esculin, saponin aescin) which can cause potentially fatal toxicity if sufficient quantities of the seeds or leaves are consumed.
• Cancerophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cancer.
• Cancerphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cancer.
• Carbamate insecticide poisoning: Excessive ingestion of carbamate insecticide drugs.
• Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 deficiency: A very rare inherited urea cycle disorder where the lack of the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase prevents ammonia from being turned into urea and being excreted in the urine. Excess ammonia builds up in the body which can cause serious complications or even death if left untreated.
• Carcinomatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cancer.
• Carcinomophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cancer.
• Carcinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cancer.
• Cardiac tamponade: Symptoms caused by compression of the heart due to the accumulation of blood or fluid in the space between the heart muscle and the membrane covering the heart.
• Cardiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of heart disease.
• Carukia barnesi sting: The Irukandji jellyfish is a very small type of box jellyfish found mainly in the northern tropical waters of Australia. Their sting is not particularly painful by the ensuing symptoms can be severe and life-threatening.
• Catatonia: Motor muscle function disorder
• Catatonic syndrome: A rare syndrome often seen in schizophrenics or associated with central nervous system disturbances or brain trauma. The symptoms tend to occur in episodes with periods of remission in between.
• Cathisophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sitting down.
• Catoptrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of mirrors.
• Cebagin-induced lead poisoning: Cebagin is a folk remedy used mainly by Middle Eastern people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Celiac Disease: Digestive intolerance to gluten in the diet.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 1: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 6p21.3. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 10: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 3q25-q26. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 11: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 3q28. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 12: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 6q25.3. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 13: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect in the SH2B3 gene on chromosome 12q24. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 2: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 5q31-q33. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 3: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 2q33. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 4: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 19p13.1. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 5: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 15q11-q13. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 6: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 4q27. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 7: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 1q31. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 8: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 2q11-q12. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celiac disease, susceptibility to 9: The susceptibility to developing celiac disease due to a genetic defect on chromosome 3p21. Celiac disease is a small intestine disorder where the ingestion of foods containing wheat gluten and similar proteins leads to the inflammation of the small intestine lining. This damage affects absorption of nutrients and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea. Growth in children due to malabsorption may also result. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Celtophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of Celts.
• Cenophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of a void or open spaces.
• Central nervous system oxygen toxicity: High oxygen levels which affects the central nervous system. The condition can occur during deep dives with fatal consequences.
• Cephalosporin-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Cephalosporin-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a condition where a use of a medication called Cephalosporin triggers the body's immune system to destroy it's own red blood cells which results in anemia.
• Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy: A rare acquired disorder that involves adipose tissue abnormalities and is characterized by loss of adipose tissue mainly in the trunk and arms.
• Ceraunophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of thunder and lightning.
• Cerebral sarcoma: A type of brain tumor that can be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The tumor arises from blood vessels in the brain. Symptoms may vary depending on the size and exact location of the tumor.
• Chaetophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of hair.
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, X-linked recessive, 4: CMT is an inherited neurological disease characterized by the gradual degeneration of nerves which starts in the hands and feet and results in progressive numbness, muscle weakness and loss of function. Type 4X is an inherited defect of the X chromosome and affects males to a greater degree than females and also involves mental retardation and deafness.
• Chat room addiction: Chat room addiction refers to the excessive amounts of time spent on computer chat rooms. When the person attempts to reduce the amount of time spent on the activity they suffer withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and anxiety. The preoccupation can cause problems with relationships and even with work performance.
• Cheimatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cold.
• Chemical poisoning - Amitrole: Amitrole is a herbicide. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Azinphos-methyl: Azinphos-methyl is a chemical pesticide used as an insecticide and acaricide. The chemical is an organophosphorus compound and ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure. The chemical may be absorbed through the skin.
• Chemical poisoning - Baking soda: Baking soda is generally considered non toxic and is used in cooking. However, excessive doses can cause various symptoms.
• Chemical poisoning - Benzyl Chloride: Benzyl Chloride is a chemical used mainly in the manufacture of products such as dyes, plastics, tannins, perfumes,. Fuel additives, resins, germicides, rubbers, perfumes photographic developers, wetting agents, drugs and pharmaceuticals. It is also used to produce other chemicals such as benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Borates: Borate is a chemical used in a wide variety of products - herbicides, paints, insecticides, rodenticides and various personal products such as skin creams, toothpastes and powders. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Bromide: Bromide is a chemical used for many applications - flame retardant, industrial uses, pesticides, sanitary products, fumigants, medicines, dyes, photographic solutions and water purification. Bromides act as central nervous system depressants and the ingestion of excessive quantities can cause serious symptoms. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Camphor: Camphor is a chemical used mainly in moth repellents, pharmaceuticals (preservative) cosmetics, explosives, varnishes and various therapeutic applications. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Carbaryl: Carbaryl is a carbamate pesticide used mainly as an insecticide and acaricide. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure. The chemical may be absorbed through the skin.
• Chemical poisoning - Carbon Disulfide: Carbon Disulfide is a chemical used mainly in corrosion inhibitors, cold and nickel plating, photography applications and as a solvent in gums and resins. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Chloralose: Chloralose is a chemical used mainly in poisons for rodents and crows . Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Chlordane: Chlordane is a poison use to control termites - is banned in the US and many other countries due to its harmful effects. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The chemical is readily absorbed through the skin. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Chlordecone: Chlordecone is an insecticide used to control pests in crops such as bananas and tobacco. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The chemical may be readily absorbed through the skin. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Chloromethane: Chloromethane is a chemical used mainly in the production of silicones as well as agricultural chemicals, butyl rubber and other products. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The chemical is readily absorbed through the skin. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Chloropicrin: Chloropicrin is a chemical used mainly in fumigants for grain storage. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Cologne: Colognes contain chemicals such as ethanol and isopropanol which can cause symptoms if ingested or inhaled in excessive quantities. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - DDD: DDD is a chemical used mainly as a pesticide. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The chemical may be readily absorbed through the skin. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - DDT: DDT is a chemical used mainly as a pesticide. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The chemical may be readily absorbed through the skin. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Ethylamine: Ethylamine is a chemical used mainly in the manufacture of dyes, rayon, rocket propellant, as a fuel additive and in leather-tanning and cellulose treatment. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Ethylbenzene: Ethylbenzene is a chemical used mainly in paint thinners, fuels, asphalt, degreasers, manufacture of various as products and as a solvent. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Ethylene Glycol: Ethylene Glycol is a chemical used mainly in antifreeze, coolants and as a solvent. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure. Symptoms tend to occur in three phases: the first 12 hours involves inebriation, seizuresand brain swelling; the second and third day involves deterioration of lung and heart function and the third stage involves kidney damage and possibly failure. Death can occur during any of the stages.
• Chemical poisoning - Glaze: Glazes are used to put a shiny finish on various surfaces such as pottery. Glazes contain chemicals such as lead and zinc oxide which can cause serious symptoms if sufficient quantities are eaten. The chemicals cause damage to the gastrointestinal lining and the damage may continue for weeks after the poison was ingested. Death can result in severe cases. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Jet Fuel-5: Jet Fuel-5 is an aviation turbine fuel used by the US military. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is a hallucinogenic drug which is often misused. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Manganese: Manganese is a chemical used mainly in fertilizers, welding rods, matches, electrical coils, ceramics and animal food additives. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Metaldehyde: Metaldehyde is a chemical used mainly as a molluscicide, in heating fuel and in fire lighters. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Methacrylate: Methacrylate is a chemical used mainly in plastics, adhesives and bone cements. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Monocrotophos: Monocrotophos is a chemical insecticide. The chemical is an organophosphorus compound and ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure. The chemical may be absorbed through the skin.
• Chemical poisoning - Nitrotoluene: Nitrotoluene is a chemical used mainly in industrial applications for the production of things such as agricultural chemicals, explosives, rubber chemicals, sulfur dyes and azo dyes. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Oil-based paint: Oil-based paint contains various chemicals which can cause serious symptoms if sufficient quantities are swallowed or if other types of exposure occurs. These paint contain toxic hydrocarbons as well as various other heavy metals depending on the type of paint. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Phencyclidine: Phencyclidine is often used as an illegal recreational drug. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Phosphine: Phosphine is a chemical used mainly in pesticides and rodenticides. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Propoxur: Propoxur is a carbamate pesticide used mainly as an insecticide and acaricide. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure. The chemical may be absorbed through the skin.
• Chemical poisoning - Selenium Dioxide: Selenium Dioxide is a chemical used mainly in gun bluing solutions. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Sodium Monofluoroacetate: Sodium Monofluoroacetate is a chemical used mainly as a rodenticides, often to control mammal pests in crops. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Strychnine: Strychnine is used as a rodenticide. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Tetrachloroethylene: Tetrachloroethylene is a chemical used mainly as a fabric dry cleaner, degreaser, worming treatment for animals and in the manufacture of freons. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Thallium: Thallium is an element used for such things as electronic devices, selenium rectifiers, gamma radiation detection apparatus, transmission equipment and infrared radiation detection. It is also used as a catalyst in various manufacturing processes. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Chemical poisoning - Toluene: Toluene is a chemical used mainly in pesticides, degreasers, glues and pain removers. Ingestion and other exposures to the chemical can cause various symptoms. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount of chemical involved and the nature of the exposure.
• Cherophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of gaiety.
• Cherry laurel seed poisoning: Wild cherry seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. The toxic chemicals are not released if the seed remains intact and therefore poisoning usually occurs if the seeds are crushed and eaten. Accidental ingestion is very unusual. Wild cherry plants grow mainly in eastern Europe, Western Asia and Britain.
• Cherry seed poisoning: Cherry seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. The toxic chemicals are not released if the seed remains intact and therefore poisoning usually only occurs if the seeds are crushed and eaten. Accidental ingestion is very unusual.
• Childhood disintegrative disorder: A rare disorder where a period of normal development (a couple of years) is followed by delays in the development of motor, social and language skills. Previously acquired skills are lost.
• Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A rare early-onset form of the mental disorder called schizophrenia. Symptoms start before the age of thirteen. Symptoms usually start gradually and are often preceded by slow motor, speech and language development.
• Childhood-onset bipolar disorder: Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by recurrent episodes of depression, mania, and/or mixed symptom states. These episodes cause unusual and extreme shifts in mood, energy, and behavior that interfere significantly with normal, healthy functioning.
• Childhood-onset cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: A rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the protective sheath around nerves resulting in increasing difficulty. The childhood cerebral form of the condition is the most severe.
• Chinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of snow.
• Chokecherry seed poisoning: Chokecherry seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. The toxic chemicals are not released if the seed remains intact and therefore poisoning usually occurs if the seeds are crushed and eaten. Accidental ingestion is very unusual. Chokecherry plants grow mainly in Northern America.
• Cholerophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cholera.
• Cholestasis: A condition where bile formation or flow is reduced.
• Cholestasis disease of pregnancy: A liver condition that can occur usually in the last stage of pregnancy. The flow of bile in the gallbladder or liver is impaired by the high levels of pregnancy hormones. The bile acids build up in the organs and then enter the bloodstream. The main symptom is usually itching. Symptoms usually resolve after delivering the baby. Risk factors includes existing liver condition, multiple pregnancy and a family history of the condition.
• Choreoacanthocytosis amyotrophic: A rare inherited disease involving neurological degeneration and abnormal red blood cell shape. The disorder progresses slowly and causes involuntary movements, loss of cognitive ability, behavioral changes and seizures.
• Choroid Plexus neoplasms: A rare type of brain tumor that originates in the choroids plexus. The choroids plexus is located inside a space in the brain called the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid. Symptoms are determined by the size, type and exact location of the tumor.
• Chrematophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of wealth.
• Chrometophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of money.
• Chromophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of colors.
• Chromosome 1, 1p36 deletion syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder where deletion of a portion of chromosome 1 causes various abnormalities such as heart problems, mental retardation, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism and short stature. The symptoms are variable depending on the exact location of chromosomal deletion.
• Chromosome 10p duplication/10q deletion syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder where a section of the short arm (p) of chromosome 10 is duplicated and a section of the long arm (q) of chromosome 10 is deleted resulting in various abnormalities.
• Chromosome 15 inverted duplication: A rare chromosomal disorder involving an duplicated section of chromosome 15 which is reversed end-to-end resulting in various abnormalities.
• Chromosome 15q duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder involving an extra copy of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 15. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the duplicated genetic material.
• Chromosome 15q, trisomy: A rare chromosomal disorder involving an extra copy of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 15. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the duplicated genetic material.
• Chromosome 17 trisomy mosaicism: A rare chromosomal disorder where there are three copies of chromosome 17 in some of the body's cells. The type of symptoms and severity is determined by the number of cells that have the three copies. Some cases have no obvious symptoms.
• Chromosome 17, deletion 17q23 q24: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 17. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the lost genetic material.
• Chromosome 17, trisomy 17p11.2: A rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of the short arm of chromosome 17 is duplicated.
• Chromosome 17p, partial deletion: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of genetic material from the short arm of chromosome 17. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the lost genetic material.
• Chromosome 18q, partial deletion: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 18. The type and severity of symptoms are determined by the amount and location of the lost genetic material.
• Chromosome 19p duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder where the short arm of chromosome 19 is duplicated resulting in various abnormalities.
• Chromosome 2, monosomy 2q37: A very rare chromosomal disorder where a part of the long arm of chromosome 2 is missing which results in various birth defects and abnormalities. The features of the disorder are determined by the exact size and location of the deletion.
• Chromosome 22 Ring: A rare chromosomal disorder where genetic material from one or both ends of chromosome 22 is missing and the two broken ends have rejoined to form a ring. The resulting type and severity of symptoms is determined by the amount and location of genetic material missing.
• Chromosome 22, microdeletion 22q11: A rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of the long arm of chromosome 22 is deleted.
• Chromosome 22q deletion: A rare genetic disorder where a portion of the genetic material from the long arm of chromosome 22 is missing. The symptoms or severity may vary somewhat between patients.
• Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by the absence of a small portion of genetic material. A small section of chromosome 22 is missing at a location called q11.2. Chromosome 22 is one of 23 pairs of chromosomes that exist in humans.
• Chromosome 2p deletion syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder where part or all of the short arm (p) of chromosome 2 is deleted resulting in various abnormalities which are determined by the size of the deleted portion.
• Chromosome 8, monosomy 8p23.1: A rare chromosomal disorder involving the deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromosome 8. The symptoms are determined by the size and exact location of the deleted portion.
• Chromosome 8, monosomy 8q: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of the long arm (q) of chromosome 8 resulting in various abnormalities. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount and exact location of the genetic material that is deleted.
• Chromosome 8p deletion syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of the short arm (p) of chromosome 8 resulting in various abnormalities.
• Chromosome 9, trisomy 9q: A very rare genetic disorder where a portion of the genetic material on the long arm (q) of chromosome 9 is duplicated which results in various abnormalities. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the size and location of the genetic material involved.
• Chromosome 9q duplication: A very rare genetic disorder where a portion of the genetic material on the long arm (q) of chromosome 9 is duplicated which results in various abnormalities. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the size and location of the genetic material involved.
• Chromosome 9q duplication syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder involving duplication of the long arm (q) of chromosome 9 resulting in various abnormalities.
• Chronic Chemical poisoning - Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha: Varnish makers' and painters' Naptha is an ingredient used in certain pesticides. Exposure to the chemical can cause a range of symptoms depending on the level and route of exposure. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, the skin or eyes. Acute exposure involves a exposure over a short period of time whereas chronic exposure occurs over a longer period of time.
• Chronic Pesticide poisoning - xylene: Xylene is an ingredient used in certain insecticides. Exposure to the chemical can cause a range of symptoms depending on the level and route of exposure. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, the skin or eyes. Acute exposure involves a exposure over a short period of time whereas chronic exposure occurs over a longer period of time.
• Chronic anxiety: anxiety is a feeling of apprehension or fear
• Chronic depression: Chronic depression is a mental disorder characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities and this maybe present for months together.
• Chronic fatigue syndrome: A persistent debilitating fatigue of recent onset
• Chronic vitamin A toxicity: Chronic excessive ingestion of vitamin A can cause symptoms.
• Chronophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of time. Prisoners often develop a fear of time passing.
• Chuifong tokuwan-induced lead poisoning: Chuifong tokuwan is a folk remedy used mainly by Asian people to arthritis and other pain. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Cibophobia: Morbid dislike of food or eating.
• Cinderella's stepmother syndrome: A term used to describe the behaviors that stepmothers display in order to become more accepted by the family.
• Circadian rhythm sleep disorder: A group of sleep disorders involving abnormalities in the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Examples include jet lag and shift work sleep disorder. Sufferers are unable to wake and sleep in the normal routines required to function in normal work, school and social settings. The sleep quality is usually normal.
• Citrullinemia: Citrullinemia is an inherited urea cycle disorder which causes toxic substances including ammonia to build up in the blood. There are two main subtypes of Citrullinemia (I and II) which are caused by different genetic abnormalities and result in different symptoms. Milder forms may present in childhood and rare late-onset forms (adult-onset) may not cause symptoms until adulthood.
• Citrullinemia II: A very rare urea cycle disorder involving a deficiency of the transport compound called Citrin. Citrin transports aspartate to where the enzyme argininosuccinic acid synthase can combine it with citrulline to make argininosuccinic acid. The deficiency prevents ammonia being turned into urea which can then be excreted in the urine. The build up of ammonia in the body can cause harmful effects.
• Classic childhood ALD: Classic severe form of ALD in boys.
• Claustrophobia: Fear of confined or enclosed spaces
• Cleptophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of thieves or of being robbed by thieves.
• Clinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of going to bed.
• Cnidophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of insect stings.
• Coastal leucothoe poisoning: The coastal leucothoe is an evergreen shrub which bears small clusters of bell-shaped, white flowers in the apex of the leaves. It also bears small capsulated fruit. The leaves and flower nectar contain a chemical called andromedotoxin which is very toxic and can cause death if sufficient quantities are eaten.
• Cocaine abuse: Stimulant drug with various effects
• Cocaine addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use cocaine on a regular basis. Chronic cocaine use can lead to dependency in as little as two weeks. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Cocaine withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when cocaine use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Cocaine-induced hypertension: Cocaine-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by use of cocaine. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking cocaine and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of cocaine use.
• Coitophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sexual intercourse.
• Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition where the body's immune system triggers the production of antibodies against the body's own red blood cells. The red cells are destroyed at an abnormally rapid rate which leads to anemia. Cold haemolytic anemia is characterized by the fact that the abnormal destruction of red blood cells is more active when the patient is exposed to cold temperatures. The severity of the condition varies depending on the underlying cause. The condition may develop gradually or occur suddenly and cause serious symptoms.
• Cold antibody hemolytic anemia: A rare autoimmune condition where the body's defense system attacks and destroys red blood cells. The onset of the condition is triggered by temperatures 30ºC or lower.
• Collagenous celiac disease: Collagenous celiac disease is used to describe progressive celiac disease characterized by the presence of a layer of collagen (scarring) in the intestinal layers. This form of celiac disease usually fails to respond to treatments such as gluten-free diets. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The condition usually fails to respond to treatment and has a poor prognosis.
• Combat stress reaction: A term used in the military which refers to behaviors that result from the stress of fighting in a war.
• Cometophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of comets.
• Complex partial seizure: A complex seizure is an electrical disturbance that originates in only one part of the brain and resulting in symptoms related to the body functions or parts that are controlled by that part of the brain. Partial seizures where the patient has altered consciousness are called complex partial seizures. During a simple partial seizure movement, sensations, feelings or emotions may be affected. Partial seizures may spread to other parts of the brain and are then called generalized seizures. These seizures usually only last a few minutes.
• Complex partial seizure disorder: Complex partial seizure disorder is an electrical disturbance that originates in only one part of the brain and resulting in symptoms related to the body functions or parts that are controlled by that part of the brain. Partial seizures where the patient has altered consciousness are called complex partial seizures. During a simple partial seizure movement, sensations, feelings or emotions may be affected. Partial seizures may spread to other parts of the brain and are then called generalized seizures. These seizures usually only last a few minutes.
• Computer addiction: Computer addiction refers to the excessive amounts of time spent on the computer. The preoccupation can cause problems with relationships and even with work performance. The time spent on the computer does not refer to work-related activities.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): A group of disorder that occur when there is a problem in the process of making adrenal corticosteroids.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - non-classical form: A late onset form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia where insufficient adrenal corticosteroids are produced by the body due to the deficiency of a particular chemical. The severity of symptoms varies from person to person and onset may occur as early as childhood.
• Congenital hepatic porphyria: A rare congenital disorder where there is an excess of porphyrin (pigments) in the body. The liver is responsible for making porpyrins.
• Congenital herpes simplex: An infant born with a herpes simplex infection transmitted through the mother. The infection may be localized or involve various internal organs and even the central nervous system in which case death can occur.
• Congenital malaria: Fetal infection with malaria.
• Congenital spherocytic hemolytic anemia: A blood disorder present at birth where the membranes of red blood cells are defective which results in them being spherical rather than doughnut-shaped. These abnormally shaped red blood cells are broken down prematurely by the body which results in anemia. The condition may range from mild to severe.
• Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption: A rare disorder where a congenital deficiency of an enzyme (sucrase-isomaltase) prevents the absorption of sucrase and isomaltose consumed in the diet.
• Congenital tuberculosis: Fetal infection with tuberculosis
• Conn Syndrome-induced hypertension: Conn Syndrome-induced hypertension is high blood pressure associated with Conn Syndrome. It results from excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal glands. The high blood pressure often responds poorly to the usual medications. Death can result in severe cases.
• Constrictive pericarditis: Inflammation, swelling and thickening of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) which causes it to tighten around the heart and affect its function. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Constrictive tuberculous pericarditis: Inflammation and swelling of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) that occurs as a complication of tuberculosis. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Cope's syndrome: Cope's syndrome is a condition where the body is too alkaline and the blood contains too much calcium. It can be caused by drinking large quantities of milk or using too many alkaline antacid remedies. High vitamin D intake can make the condition worse. The people most at risk of this condition tend to be older people (especially women) who are taking calcium supplements as well as calcium carbonate containing remedies to treat dyspepsia. Severe cases can lead to impaired kidney function (Burnett's syndrome).
• Coprophobiaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of feces or excrement.
• Cor Triatriatum: A rare congenital malformation where the heart has three atria instead of the normal two due to the presence of a separating membrane.
• Cordyceps-induced lead poisoning: Cordyceps is a folk remedy by Chinese people to treat high blood pressure, bleeding problems and diabetes. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1: A very rare disorder involving delayed physical development and various malformations involving the head, face and limbs. Type 1 is more severe than type 2 though the range and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Corsican Hellebore poisoning: The Corsican hellebore is often grown in gardens. It bears cupped, light green flowers. The plant contains a chemical called protoanemonin which can cause symptoms if eaten in large quantities. Skin exposure to the plant can also cause skin irritation but it is usually minor and short-lived.
• Cortical dysplasia - focal epilepsy syndrome: Abnormal development of the brain cortex which results in focal epilepsy and progressive neurological deterioration once the epilepsy starts in early childhood.
• Corticosteroid-induced hypertension: Corticosteroid-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by use of corticosteroids. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking corticosteroids. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of corticosteroid therapy.
• Cotard syndrome: A rare syndrome involving depression, suicidal thoughts and the belief that they no longer have a body and are already dead. Sometimes they believe that their body is rotting or that they have no blood or internal organs. Occasionally they believe they are immortal. The condition may have neurological or mental origins.
• Coulrophobia: An exaggerated or abnormal fear of clowns. Children are most often affected but teenagers and adults can occasionally be affected as well.
• Crack addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use crack on a regular basis. Chronic crack use can lead to dependency in as little as two weeks. Crack is a form of cocaine - powdered cocaine is heated with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate to make rocks of crack. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Crack withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when cocaine hydrochloride use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Creatine deficiency, X-linked: A rare inherited disorder characterized mainly by mental retardation, seizures, short stature and facial anomalies. The disorder is caused by the absence of a compound needed to transport creatine and thus creatine levels may be normal or high, but the body is unable to utilize it.
• Cremnophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of precipices.
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A very rare degenerative brain disease that can be inherited, transmitted (eg in surgical transplants using infected tissue) or as a result of genetic mutations. The condition is fatal.
• Cryophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of extreme cold, frost or ice.
• Cryptococcosis: A fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans which primarily affects the central nervous system and the lungs. People with weakened immune systems such as AIDS sufferers are generally more susceptible to this type of infection.
• Crystal meth addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use crystal meth on a regular basis. Crystal meth is a powerful stimulant used illegally for its effects. It is highly addictive and known by street names such as ice, speed, glass, crank and chalk. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Crystallophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of glass or crystals.
• Cushing syndrome, familial: A hormonal disorder caused by high levels of the cortisol hormone due to the abnormal development of the adrenal gland.
• Cushing's syndrome-induced hypertension: Cushing's syndrome-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by a condition caused Cushing's syndrome where the adrenal glands produce excessive amounts of cortisol.
• Cushing-like symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of Cushing's disease
• Cycad nut poisoning: The cycad nut contains a toxic chemical called cyasin which can be leeched out by soaking in water. The nuts are often used as a food source but it is important to leech out the toxic chemicals first. Eating nuts that still contain the toxin can cause serious symptoms. Cycad nuts may also increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
• Cyclical edema syndrome: Periodic swelling or bloating that occurs in women while they are standing but disappears when they lie down. Excessive aldosterone hormone may cause the problem which tends do become worse in the period leading up to menstruation.
• Cyclosporine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Cyclosporine-induced hypertension: Cyclosporine-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking cyclosporine. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of cyclosporine use.
• Cyclothymic disorder: A persistent disorder where the sufferer's mood swings from elation to depression are not severe enough to be diagnosed as bipolar disorder.
• Cymophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of waves.
• Cynophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of dogs.
• Cypridophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of venereal disease.
• Cystitis: Bladder infection or inflammation
• Cytochrome c oxydase deficiency, French-Canadian type: A rare, progressive, inherited metabolic disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase affects skeletal muscles, connective tissue, brain and liver.
• D'Acosta: A condition that occurs when an un-acclimatized person climbs to high altitudes.
• D-plus hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+HUS): A rare condition where gastroenteritis involving bloody diarrhea is caused by a bacteria (usually E.Coli) which leads to toxins being present in the blood. These circulating toxins affect red blood cells, kidneys and occasionally even the brain.
• Damocles syndrome: Stress, anxiety and uncertainty experienced by people who have been successfully treated for childhood cancer.
• Dancing Eye syndrome: Dancing eye syndrome is a rare neurological condition characterized by abnormal eye movements where the eyes seem to move randomly all over the place. Jerky limb movements are also often present. The severity of the condition and response to treatment varies considerably amongst patients.
• Dandy Walker syndrome recessive form: A rare recessively inherited brain malformation where a cyst develops in the brain which can interfere with the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid and lead to hydrocephalus. The severity of the condition is variable and symptoms tend to only occur if the fluid builds up inside the skull.
• Dandy-Walker Syndrome: A congenital brain malformation characterized by increased fluid in the brain.
• Darvocet withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Darcovet use is discontinued or reduced. Darcovet is a pain-killer. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Dehydratase deficiency: A very rare condition involving a deficiency of the enzyme called dehydratase. It is usually asymptomatic and often associated with high blood phenylalanine levels.
• Dehydration: Loss and reduction in body water levels
• Deipnophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of dining and dinner conversation.
• Del (1) (pter-p36.3) mosaicism: A very rare chromosomal disorder where the end portion of the short arm of chromosome one is missing in some body cells. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Del(1) (p34.3-p34.1): A very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of the short arm (p34.3-p34.1) of chromosome one is missing. This genetic anomaly results in virtually no physical manifestations.
• Del(1) (pter-p35): A very rare chromosomal disorder where the end portion of the short arm of chromosome one is missing. The type and severity of symptoms is variable.
• Del(1) (q41-q43): A very rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of the long arm (q41-q43) of chromosome one is missing.
• Deletion 10q: A rare disorder caused by the deletion of a portion of chromosome 10q. The range and severity of symptoms is determined by the size of the portion that is deleted.
• Deletion 8q: A rare chromosomal disorder involving deletion of the long arm (q) of chromosome 8 resulting in various abnormalities. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the amount and exact location of the genetic material that is deleted.
• Delirium: Severe mental deterioration
• Delirium tremens: A condition which occurs due to the withdrawal of a substance particularly alcohol and results in tremors of the hands and arms
• Delphinium poisoning: Delphinium is a member of the Buttercup family and contains toxic alkaloids. It's seeds are very toxic but other parts of the plant are also poisonous. As the plant ages, it becomes less poisonous. Toxicity varies amongst species.
• Dementia: Mental confusion and impaired thought.
• Dementia With Lewy Bodies: Second most frequent cause of dementia in elderly adults.
• Demerol withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Demerol use is discontinued or reduced. Demerol is a pain-killing drug. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Demonophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of demons or spirits.
• Demophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of crowds.
• Deposition diseases related fibromyalgia: Deposition diseases related fibromyalgia refers to fibromyalgia that is associated with deposition diseases. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues. Deposition diseases involve the abnormal deposit of material in parts of the body such as the joints e.g. gout.
• Depressive disorders: Depression or its various related conditions.
• Depressive symptoms: Inappropriate depressed mood.
• Dermatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of skin disease.
• Deshi Dewa-induced lead poisoning: Deshi Dewa is a folk remedy by Indian people as a fertility medicine. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Developmental delay due to 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: A very rare genetic disorder where an enzyme deficiency prevents the break down of certain proteins into energy and results in a harmful accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues. More specifically, there is a deficiency of an enzyme (2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) needed to convert the amino acid isoleucine into energy. 2-methylbutyrylglycine levels build up in the body and may cause damage. Symptoms vary according to the degree of enzyme deficiency - can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening.
• Dexedrine overdose: Dexedrine is a prescription drug mainly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Excessive doses of the drug can result in various symptoms and even death in severe cases.
• Dexedrine withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Dexedrine use is discontinued or reduced. Dexedrine is an amphetamine. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence. Symptoms are usually peak during the second day and last about a week.
• Dextrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of objects on the right side of the body.
• DiGeorge syndrome: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder which can result in a vast array of symptoms. Various names have been used to describe different manifestations of the syndrome. Di George Syndrome primarily involves an underdeveloped thymus and parathyroid glands which results in lowered immunity low blood calcium levels respectively. Another primary feature is heart defects. Various other variable features are also present. It is not uncommon for patients to have more than one of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome subtypes which can make diagnosis confusing - other subtypes include Sphrintzen syndrome, Caylor cardiofacial syndrome and CATCH 22.
• Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic: A disturbed water balance due to a deficiency of vasopressin (antidiuretic) hormone which causes excessive thirst and urination. Causes include autoimmune disease, malignancy, trauma, infection and blood vessel disease.
• Diabetes insipidus: A condition which is characterized by polyuria causing dehydration and resulting in great thirst
• Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic type 2: A rare congenital condition where the kidney fails to respond to the antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin), thus preventing reabsorption of water. This results in excessive urination and thirst. Type II is specifically caused by a defect in the AQP2 gene on chromosome 12q13.
• Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic, dominant type: A rare dominantly inherited, congenital condition where the kidney fails to respond to the antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin), thus preventing reabsorption of water. This results in excessive urination and thirst. The condition is specifically caused by a defect in the AQP2 gene on chromosome 12q13.
• Diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic, recessive type: A rare recessively inherited, congenital condition where the kidney fails to respond to the antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin), thus preventing reabsorption of water. This results in excessive urination and thirst. The condition is specifically caused by a defect in the AQP2 gene on chromosome 12q13.
• Diabetes-like symptoms: Symptoms similar to those of diabetes
• Diabetic hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar attack from insulin or diabetes medications
• Diaphragmatic paralysis: Diaphragmatic paralysis occurs when the muscles associated with breathing become do weak to function properly. Breathing becomes difficulty and severe cases can result in death if breathing assistance is not delivered. The condition can result from such things as motor neuron disease, trauma and myopathy.
• Dikephobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of justice.
• Dilaudid withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Dilaudid use is discontinued or reduced. Dilaudid is a pain-killing drug. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence. Symptoms are usually peak during the second day and last about a week.
• Dilutional hyponatremia: Low sodium levels due to excessive fluids.
• Dinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of whirlpools.
• Diogenes syndrome: A rare condition where a person (usually an elderly person) fails to look after there personal cleanliness and hygiene. They tend to be untidy and hoard rubbish.
• Diplopiaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of double vision.
• Dipsophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of drinking.
• Dipylidiasis: A parasitic intestinal infection caused by a tapeworm called Dipylidium caninum. The parasite commonly infects dogs and cats but can occur in humans. Transmission usually occurs through accidental ingestion of infected cat or dog fleas. Children are more likely to become infected and are also more likely to have symptoms.
• Discontinuation syndrome: Symptoms that can occur when a person suddenly stops taking their high blood pressure medication.
• Disequilibrium syndrome: A complication that can occur during or after dialysis and probably caused by abnormal water balance within the brain. Swelling of the brain causes a range of neurological symptoms.
• Disorganization: Difficulty staying organized in society as a symptom
• Domatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being inside a house.
• Doraphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of contact with animal fur or skin.
• Double Depression: Double depression occurs when someone with dysthymia experiences an episode of major depression.
• Down's Syndrome associated Alzheimer's disease: Early-onset Alzheimer's is more prevalent in Down's Syndrome sufferers than in the general population. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Down's syndrome associated Celiac Disease: Patients with Down's syndrome have a high degree of susceptibility to developing celiac disease. Up to 17% of Down's syndrome sufferers develop celiac disease but this rate varies amongst age groups and country of origin. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Doxepine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Doxepine -induced immune hemolytic anemia is a condition where use of a medication called Methyldopa triggers the body's immune system to destroy it's own red blood cells which results in anemia.
• Drowsiness: Excessive tiredness or sleepiness
• Drug abuse: Drug use as a symptom of other conditions
• Drug-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a condition where a medication triggers the body's immune system to destroy its own red blood cells which results in anemia. Certain drugs are more likely to trigger this abnormal immune response than others e.g. cephalosphorins and Quinidine.
• Drug-induced hypertension: Drug-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking certain drugs or medications e.g. corticosteroids, cyclosporine, amphetamines, alcohol and estrogens.
• Drug-related insomnia: Drug related insomnia is sleeplessness that is attributable to the excessive usage of medications.
• Dubowitz Syndrome: A rare genetic and developmental disorder characterized by infantile eczema, small stature, microcephaly and peculiar facial features.
• Dysmorphophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of deformity. It usually relates to deformities in other people.
• Dysomnia: Dysomnia is a general term for sleep disorder. It is a primary sleep disorder in which the patient suffers from changes in the quantity, quality, or timing of sleep.
• Dysthymia: Chronic depression usually associated with elderly people suffering stress from a variety of causes.
• Earache: Pain in the ear called "otalgia"
• Early-onset Alzheimer's: Early-onset Alzheimer's is a form of Alzheimer's disease that is linked to genetic defects or occurs in a familial pattern. It is not as common as the non-inherited form of Alzheimer's - occurs in up to 90% of Alzheimer sufferers. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• East African Trypanosomiasis: East African sleeping sickness from the tsetse fly
• Ecclesiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of church.
• Ecophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of home surroundings.
• Ecstasy abuse: Use of the illicit drug called ecstasy
• Ecstasy addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use ecstasy on a regular basis. Chronic ecstasy use can lead to dependency in as little as two weeks. Ecstasy is a synthetic psychoactive drug often used as a recreational drug. Street names for the drug includes: XTC, Adam, Clarity, Lover's Speed, Hug, Beans and Love Drug. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Ecstasy withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when ecstasy use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Eisoptrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of mirrors.
• Elective mutism: A rare psychiatric disorder where a child chooses not to speak in a social setting even though they are capable of speaking and often do so at home.
• Electrolyte abnormality: An imbalance in the level of any of a number of chemicals (electrolytes) in the blood stream e.g. chloride, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate. Symptoms can vary depending on which electrolyte is involved and the severity of the imbalance - severe cases can readily lead to death. An electrolyte abnormality can be caused by such things excessive loss of body fluid through vomiting or diarrhea, kidney conditions, malabsorption and various drugs such as diuretics and chemotherapy drugs.
• Electrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of electricity or receiving an electric shock.
• Eleutherophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of freedom.
• Elurophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cats.
• Emetophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of vomiting.
• Emotional symptoms: Symptoms affecting the emotions.
• Encephalitis: Infection of the brain (as a symptom)
• Encephalitis lethargica: A rare brain disease characterized by fever, headache, lethargy and reduced physical and mental responses. The disease occurred as an epidemic in the 1920's but now occurs sporadically - the exact cause is still not known.
• Endocardial fibroelastosis: A rare heart disorder characterized by a thickening of the heart muscle lining causing heart enlargement and heart failure.
• Endogenous depression: Endogenous depression is a mood disorder that affects some people from birth and is believed to be a genetic condition. A sufferer is prone to become depressed on the advent of traumatic events, exhaustion or when under high levels of stress and may not be aware of the disorder until confronted by symptoms of depression for the first time.
• Endogenous insomnia: Insomnia that is often caused by a discomfort within the body ranging from indigestion to pain.
• Enetophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of pins or needles.
• English Ivy poisoning: English Ivy is a poisonous vine fund in Europe, US and Canada. The leaves and berries are the most toxic part of the plant but all parts of the plant are toxic. Falcarinol and polyacetylene are the toxic chemicals found in the plant.
• Enterovirus antenatal infection: Fetal infection with enterovirus. The condition is extremely rare but infection around the time of birth often results in death or paralysis in survivors. The type and severity of symptoms is determined by the exact type of virus involved and at what stage of development the infection occurs.
• Entomophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of insects.
• Eosophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the dawn.
• Epilepsy: Paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function that may manifest as loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena
• Epilepsy, X-linked - learning disabilities - behavior disorders: An inherited syndrome characterized by epilepsy, behavioral disorders and learning disability. Patients may suffer various combinations of the disorder. The onset of seizures can vary from childhood to adulthood.
• Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 2: A genetic form of epilepsy which is severe and starts during infancy. The condition is considered an atypical form of Rett syndrome due to the development of stereotypical hand movements and repetitive behaviors. This form of the condition is caused by a defect on the CDKL5 gene.
• Epstein Barr virus related fibromyalgia: Epstein Barr virus related fibromyalgia refers to fibromyalgia that is associated with infection with the Epstein Barr virus. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues.
• Ereuthophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of blushing.
• Ergasiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of or aversion to work. The word is sometimes used to describe a surgeon's fear of operating.
• Ergophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of work.
• Erotophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sexual feelings. The condition is characterized by feelings of guilt and fear about sex. Sufferers dislkike talking about sex, are less likely to engage in sexual relations and have a very negative view of sexually explicit material. This term is used mostly in the field of psychology.
• Erythrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of blushing.
• Erythropoietin-induced hypertension: Erythropoietin-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking erythropoietin which is sometimes used to treat anemia in conditions such as chornic kidney failure. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of erythropoietin use.
• Euphophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of good news.
• Excessive dieting: Excessive limitation of food intake can lead to problems and effects such as dizziness, depression, intestinal problems, edema and impaired growth.
• FG Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by anal abnormalities, reduced muscle tone and a prominent forehead.
• FG syndrome 1: A rare inherited disorder characterized by anal abnormalities, reduced muscle tone and abnormal brain development. In type 1, the genetic defect is located on chromosome Xq12-q21.31.
• FG syndrome 2: A rare inherited disorder characterized by anal abnormalities, reduced muscle tone and abnormal brain development. In type 2, the genetic defect is located on chromosome Xq28.
• FG syndrome 3: A rare inherited disorder characterized by anal abnormalities, reduced muscle tone and abnormal brain development. In type 3, the genetic defect is located on chromosome Xp22.3.
• FG syndrome 4: A rare inherited disorder characterized by anal abnormalities, reduced muscle tone and abnormal brain development. In type 4, the genetic defect is located on chromosome Xp11.4-p11.3.
• FG syndrome 5: A rare inherited disorder characterized by anal abnormalities, reduced muscle tone and abnormal brain development. In type 5, the genetic defect is located on chromosome Xq22.3.
• Failure to thrive: Inadequate or interrupted physical growth.
• Familial Forms of Alzheimer's Disease: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour. Familial forms of the disease tend to run in families and are linked to mutations on various genes. Chromosome 1, 14 19 and 21 are the main chromosomes where mutations resulting in Alzheimer's are located..
• Familial dysautonomia: An inherited biochemical disorder that primarily affects the autonomic and sensory nervous system.
• Familial hypopituitarism: Impaired pituitary gland hormone-producing activity that tends to run in families. The failure of the pituitary gland in turn affects other hormone-producing glands which rely on the hormones from the pituitary gland for their activity. Symptoms are determined by the degree and type of hormone deficiency involved.
• Familial hypothyroidism: Impaired thyroid activity that tends to run in families.
• Familial infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy - late infantile: An infantile form of an inherited biochemical disorder involving a deficiency of an enzyme called cerebroside sulfatase. The enzyme deficiency causes cerebroside sulfate to build up within the body and causes damage to the nervous system including the brain. The late infantile form of this disease is much more common than the juvenile or adult form.
• Farouk-induced lead poisoning: Farouk is a folk remedy by Saudi Arabian people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Fear: Excessive feelings of fear.
• Febriphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fever.
• Fecal incontinence: The loss of control of a persons bowel motions
• Fetal alcohol syndrome: A condition which occurs in a new born fetus and is caused by the mother consuming excess alcohol during her pregnancy
• Fetterbush poisoning: Fetterbush is an evergreen shrub which bears elongated spikes of small, urn-shaped flowers. The plant is found mainly in the US. The leaves and flower nectar contain andromedotoxin which is very poisonous if eaten. Severe poisoning can result in death.
• Fibromyalgia: A difficult to diagnose condition affecting the muscles and/or joints
• Florida leucothoe poisoning: The Florida leucothoe is a shrubby plant often grown in gardens. The leaves contain andromedotoxin which can cause serious symptoms if eaten. The plant is considered very poisonous and can result in death if sufficient quantities of leaves are consumed.
• Folic acid toxicity: Excessive consumption of folic acid can cause symptoms of toxicity.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - MSG: An intolerance to MSG is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to a food additive called MSG which is used in a number of foods. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the food additive. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - amines: An intolerance to amines is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to amines which are found naturally in foods such as bananas, pineapples, vegetables, red wine, citrus fruit and many other foods. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the substance. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - chocolate: An intolerance to chocolate is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to chocolate. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize the food. The amount of chocolate required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - food additives: An intolerance to food additives is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to food additives. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the food additive. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - salicylate: An intolerance to salicylates is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to salicylates which is an ingredient in aspirin but is also found naturally in various fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the salicylate. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - sulfite: An intolerance to sulfites is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to sulfites which is often used as a preservative in a variety of foods and medications including meats, salads and dried fruits. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize or deal with the sulfite. The amount of the substance required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Additive Adverse reaction - sulphite: An intolerance to sulphite is an adverse reaction (not an immune response) by the body to sulphite. The adverse reaction results from the body's inability to metabolize the substance. The amount of sulphite required to trigger the onset of symptoms and the nature and severity of symptoms may vary considerably between patients.
• Food Allergy - beef: A beef allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to beef. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - buckwheat: A buckwheat allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to buckwheat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - chicken meat: A chicken meat allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to chicken meat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - duck meat: A duck meat allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to duck meat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - goose meat: A goose meat allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to goose meat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - lamb: A lamb allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to lamb meat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - meat: A meat allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to meat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - pork: A pork allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to meat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food Allergy - red meat: A red meat allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to red meat. This type of allergy is rare and severe reactions are even rarer. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches.
• Food addiction: Food addiction refers to compulsive eating that is unrelated to actual hunger. The person feels compelled to eat even when they aren't hungry. Although it is not considered a recognised addiction it can have a significant impact on a person's life and health. Food addicts often have underlying emotional problems.
• Fragile-X Syndrome: A rare inherited characterized by various physical anomalies as well as mental retardation. The symptoms are milder in females.
• Fretfulness: sense of being easily irritable.
• Frigophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of cold.
• Frontotemporal dementia: A degenerative brain disease involving frontal and temporal brain lobes resulting in dementia. Degeneration of the frontal lobe causes behavioral and personality changes degeneration of the temporal lobe causes semantic dementia.
• Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor: Tumors that develop in the pancreas and cause excessive secretion of one or more pancreatic hormones such as insulin, somatostatin, glucagons, gastrin, ACTH (corticosteroids) and vasoactive intestinal peptidase.
• Fungal meningitis: Fungal meningitis is an infection that causes swelling and irritation of the tissue around the brain and spinal cord. It usually strikes people whose weakened immune systems can't fight off infection. The disease is not common. but it can be very serious.
• GTP cyclohydrolase deficiency: A rare metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency (GTP cyclohydrolase) which causes a harmful build up of phenylalanine in the blood.
• Galactosemia I: A rare inherited disorder where deficiency of a particular enzyme (galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase) prevents the metabolism of galactose which is a sugar component of milk. Ranges from milk intolerance in mild cases to death in severe untreated cases.
• Galeophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sharks.
• Gambling addiction: Addiction to gambling activities.
• Gametophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of marriage.
• Gaming addiction: Gaming addiction refers to the excessive amounts of time spent on online computer games. When the person attempts to reduce the amount of time spent on the activity they suffer withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and anxiety. The preoccupation can cause problems with relationships and even with work performance.
• Gamophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of marriage.
• General somatic pain: General somatic pain is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm.
• Geniophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of chins.
• Genophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sex.
• Genuphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of knees.
• Gephyrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of crossing a bridge.
• Gerascophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of growing old.
• Geumophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of tastes or flavors.
• Ghasard-induced lead poisoning: Ghasard is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Asian and Indian people as a tonic (usually for indigestion). This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Global developmental delay - osteopenia - ectodermal defect: A rare syndrome characterized by developmental delay, osteopenia and skin anomalies.
• Glossophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of speaking in public or speech anxiety.
• Glucagonoma syndrome: A rare condition characterized by a tumor which secretes glucagon and a characteristic spreading rash, diabetes mellitus and various other symptoms.
• Glutamate decarboxylase deficiency: A rare disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme called glutamate decarboxylase which causes seizures that will only respond to pyridoxine (vitamin B6).
• Gluten allergy: Gluten allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to gluten or foods containing gluten. The specific symptoms that can result can vary considerably amongst patients from a severe anaphylactic reaction to asthma, abdominal symptoms, eczema or headaches. Gluten allergy is similar to celiac disease - celiac disease only occurs in people with a genetic defect which predisposes them to the condition whereas gluten can occur in anyone but is more common in people who are also prone to other allergies.
• Glycine synthase deficiency: A rare genetic disorder characterized by high blood glycine levels which is toxic to the body. The severity of the condition varies according to the degree of deficiency and age of onset. The classical neonatal form is generally quite severe, the atypical mild form which generally includes symptoms such as aggressiveness, behavioral problems and speech problems. The transient neonatal form involves high blood glycine levels at birth which then returns to normal within a couple of months - there was no neurological or developmental impairment.
• Glycogen storage disease type 1C: A genetic metabolic disorder involving a deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (due to a defect in the microsomal phosphate) which results in the accumulation of glycogen in various tissues. G6P is stored as glycogen until the body needs to convert it to a sugar for energy. The enzyme deficiency prevents the conversion and hence low blood sugar levels result.
• Glycogen storage disease type 1D: A genetic metabolic disorder involving a deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase (due to a defect in the microsomal glucose transporter) which results in the accumulation of glycogen in various tissues. G6P is stored as glycogen until the body needs to convert it to a sugar for energy. The enzyme deficiency prevents the conversion and hence low blood sugar levels result.
• Glycogen storage disease type 6: A rare, generally mild form of inherited glycogen storage disease where a deficiency of phosphorylase b kinase leads to hypoglycemia and accumulation of glycogen in the liver.
• Glycogen storage disease type 6A, due to phosphorylase kinase deficiency: A rare, generally mild form of inherited glycogen storage disease where a deficiency of phosphorylase kinase leads to hypoglycemia and accumulation of glycogen in the liver. Phosphorylase kinase deficiency can cause glycogen storage disease type VIa and/or IX.
• Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty: A rare disorder affecting males where premature puberty is not caused by a premature release of gonadotropin hormones.
• Grand mal seizures: A condition which is characterized by the sudden onset of generalized muscle spasms and loss of consciousness
• Graphophobia: An exaggerated or irrational dislike of writing.
• Graves disease: A condition which is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid resulting hyperthyroidism
• Greenhead ant sting: The Greenhead ant is found in parts of Australia and can cause allergic reactions in susceptible people. Some people have a relatively minor allergic response whereas other develop anaphylaxis which is a life-threatening allergic response which requires urgent medical attention. The ants have a venom gland attached to a stinger located in their tail region. Ants can sting more than once.
• Greta-induced lead poisoning: Greta is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Grief or loss: The normal emotional response that occurs to an external loss
• Growth delay due to insulin-like growth factor I deficiency: A rare disorder where the deficiency of a growth factor (IGF-1) causes growth delay, deafness and mental retardation.
• Gräsbeck-Imerslund disease: A rare genetic blood disorder where a defect in the vitamin B12 receptor means that it can't be absorbed from food during digestion. As a result of the low vitamin B12 levels, the body produces increased numbers of abnormal enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts).
• Guarana overuse: The consumption of high doses of guarana can cause symptoms.
• Gulf War syndrome: Syndrome in military veterans of the Gulf war
• Gynephobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or hatred of women.
• Gynophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or hatred of women.
• HIV-1, CRF01_AE: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF A/E occurs mainly in Asia and originated in central Africa. It tends to be transmitted mainly through heterosexual contact i.e. infection occurs through mucosal exposure.
• HIV-1, CRF02_AG: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/G involves both And G subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF A/G occurs mainly in west and central Africas well as Taiwan.
• HIV-1, CRF04_ cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/B involves both And B subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF_cpx is made up of a combination of subtypes A, G, H, K, and U - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes). This subtype has been diagnosed in Cyprus and Greece.
• HIV-1, CRF05_ D/F: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF D/F involves both D and F subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF D/F occurs mainly in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• HIV-1, CRF06_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF06_cpx involves a combination of subtypes A, G, J and K - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes). This subtype has been diagnosed in Burkina Faso and Mali.
• HIV-1, CRF07_BC: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF07_BC involves a combination of type B' and C and is extremely rare.
• HIV-1, CRF08_BC: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF08_BC involves a combination of type B' and C and is extremely rare.
• HIV-1, CRF11_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF11_cpx is extremely rare and appears to include a mix of subtypes CRF01 (And E), A, G and J - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes).
• HIV-1, CRF12_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF B/F has been diagnosed in Uruguay and Argentina.
• HIV-1, CRF13_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF13_cpx involves a combination of subtypes CRF01 (And E), A, G, J and U - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes).
• HIV-1, CRF14_BG: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF14_BG involves a combination of subtypes B and G. This subtype has been diagnosed in Spain.
• HIV-1, CRF15_01B: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF15_01B involves a combination of subtypes CRF01 (And E) and B.
• HIV-1, CRF16_ A2D: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF16_ A2D involves a combination of subtypes A2 and D. This subtype has been diagnosed in Kenyand South Korea.
• HIV-1, CRF17_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF17_BF involves a combination of subtypes B and F.
• HIV-1, CRF18_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF18_cpx involves a combination of subtypes A, E, F, G, H, K and U - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes).
• HIV-1, CRF19_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF19_cpx involves a combination of subtypes A, E, D and G - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes).
• HIV-1, CRF20_BG: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF20_BG involves a combination of subtypes B and G. This subtype has been diagnosed in Cuba.
• HIV-1, CRF21_A2D: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF21_A2D involves a combination of subtypes A, D and G.
• HIV-1, CRF22_01A1: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF22_01A1 involves a combination of subtypes CRF01 (And E) and A1.
• HIV-1, CRF23_BG: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF23_BG involves a combination of subtypes B and G.
• HIV-1, CRF24_BG: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF24_BG involves a combination of subtypes B and G. This subtype has been diagnosed in Cuba.
• HIV-1, CRF25_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF25_cpx involves a combination of subtypes A, G and U - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes). This subtype has been diagnosed in Cameroon and Saudi Arabia.
• HIV-1, CRF26_AU: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF26_AU involves a combination of subtypes And U.
• HIV-1, CRF27_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF27_cpx involves a combination of subtypes A, E, G, H, J, K and U - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes). This subtype has been diagnosed in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• HIV-1, CRF28_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF28_BF involves a combination of subtypes B and F.
• HIV-1, CRF29_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF29_BF involves a combination of subtypes B and F.
• HIV-1, CRF30_0206: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF30_0206 involves a combination of subtypes CRF02 (And G) and CRF06 (A, G, J and K).
• HIV-1, CRF31_BC: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF31_BC involves a combination of subtypes B and C.
• HIV-1, CRF32_06A1: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF32_06A1involves a combination of subtypes CRF06 (A, G, J, K) and A1.
• HIV-1, CRF33_01B: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF33_01B involves a combination of subtypes CRF01 (And E) and B. This subtype has been diagnosed in Malaysia.
• HIV-1, CRF34_01B: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF34_01B involves a combination of subtypes CRF01 (And E) and B. This subtype has been diagnosed in Thailand.
• HIV-1, CRF35_AD: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF35_AD involves a combination of subtypes And D. This subtype has been diagnosed in Afghanistan.
• HIV-1, CRF36_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF36_cpx involves a combination of subtypes CRF01 (And E), CRF02 (And G) and G - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes). This subtype has been diagnosed in Cameroon.
• HIV-1, CRF37_cpx: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF37_cpx involves a combination of subtypes CRF01 (And E), CRF02 (And G) and U - (cpx refers to a complex of two or more subtypes). This subtype has been diagnosed in Cameroon.
• HIV-1, CRF38_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF38_BF involves a combination of subtypes B and F.
• HIV-1, CRF39_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF39_BF involves a combination of subtypes B and F. This subtype has been diagnosed in Brazil.
• HIV-1, CRF40_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF40_BF involves a combination of subtypes B and F. This subtype has been diagnosed in Brazil.
• HIV-1, CRF41_CD: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF41_CD involves a combination of subtypes C and D.
• HIV-1, CRF42_BF: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF42_BF involves a combination of subtypes B and F1.
• HIV-1, CRF43_02G: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype CRF43_02G involves a combination of subtypes CRF02 (And G) and G. This type has been diagnosed in Saudi Arabia.
• HIV-1A: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype A is most prevalent in West Africa.
• HIV-1A1: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. HIV-1A1 is a subtype of HIV-1A.
• HIV-1A2: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. HIV-1A2 is a subtype of HIV-1A.
• HIV-1A3: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. HIV-1A3 is a subtype of HIV-1A.
• HIV-1B: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype B is most prevalent in Thailand, Australia, Japan, Europe and America. This subtype tends to be transmitted mainly by homosexual contact and intravenous drug use i.e. infection occurs mainly through blood exposure.
• HIV-1C: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype C is most prevalent in Nepal, India and Southern and Eastern parts of Africa. This subtype tends to be a more virulent subtype and is transmitted mainly through heterosexual contact i.e. infection occurs through mucosal exposure.
• HIV-1D: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype D is most prevalent in the Eastern and Central parts of Africa and tends to be a more virulent subtype.
• HIV-1E: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype E has to date not occurred on its own but has occurred in combination with subtype A in a subtype called CRF A/E. This subtype occurs mainly in Asia and originated in central Africa. It tends to be transmitted mainly through heterosexual contact i.e. infection occurs through mucosal exposure.
• HIV-1F: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype F is most prevalent in Eastern Europe, South America and Central Africa.
• HIV-1F1: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. HIV-1F1 is a subtype of HIV-1F.
• HIV-1F2: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. HIV-1F2 is a subtype of HIV-1F.
• HIV-1G: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype G is most prevalent in Africa and central parts of Europe. This subtype tends to be a more virulent subtype.
• HIV-1H: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype H is most prevalent in central parts of Africa.
• HIV-1J: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype J is most prevalent in central America.
• HIV-1K: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group M, subtype K is most prevalent in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon.
• HIV-1M: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. HIV-1 group M is the most common form of HIV accounting for roughly 90% of cases worldwide.
• HIV-1N: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group N is very rare and has only been diagnosed in Cameroon.
• HIV-1O: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-1, Group O is very rare and has only been diagnosed in the western parts of Central Africa. This type is more difficult to diagnose and the standard test kits are not sensitive enough to pick up the virus.
• HIV-2: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. Group M is further classified into 9 subgroups - A to K and CRFs. CRF's are circulating recombinant forms which are a combination of any two subtypes e.g. CRF A/C involves both And C subtypes. HIV-2 is very rare and is generally only diagnosed in Africa but a number of cases have been diagnosed in the US. HIV-2 is less easily transmitted than HIV-1 and the time between infection and symptoms tends to be longer in HIV-2.
• HIV-2A: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. HIV-2 has two subtypes - And B and they are found mainly in Western Africa.
• HIV-2B: HIV is an immune system disease caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Once a person has been diagnosed with AIDS, even if treatment improved their CD4+ T cell count and infections are under control, the person is still considered to have AIDS. HIV is classified into two subtypes - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is further classified into three groups - Group M, N and O. HIV-2 has two subtypes - And B and they are found mainly in Western Africa.
• Hadeophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of hell.
• Hagiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of saints and holy things.
• Hai Ge Fen-induced lead poisoning: Hai Ge Fen is clamshell powder used mainly by Chinese people to make traditional Chinese herbal medicines. This product has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Hamaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the sight of blood.
• Hamartophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of error or sin.
• Hamaxophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being in a vehicle or riding in one.
• Hangover: Condition following excessive alcohol consumption.
• Haphophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of touch.
• Haptophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of touch.
• Harpaxophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of robbers.
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A progressive disease of the thyroid which leads to degeneration and hypothyroidism
• Head injury: Any injury that occurs to the head
• Hearing impairment: Impaired ability to hear.
• Heart attack: An acute myocardial infarction
• Hedonophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of pleasure.
• Heliophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sunlight or increased sensitivity to sunlight.
• Helminthiasis: Infection of the human body with a parasitic worm such as roundworms and pinworms. The worms usually only involve the intestinal tract but sometimes they may invade other organs. The type and severity of symptoms is determined by the type of worm and the part of the body infected.
• Helminthophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being infested with worms.
• Hemangioblastoma: A benign tumor that tends to occur in the central nervous system such as the brain and spinal cord. The tumor arises from the stem cells that develop into blood vessels or blood cells (hemangioblasts). Symptoms vary depending on the exact location and size of the tumor.
• Hematophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the sight of blood.
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare condition characterized by acute kidney failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia (reduced blood platelet count). The condition is often caused by upper respiratory infections or infectious diarrhea.
• Hemophagocytic reticulosis: The abnormal proliferation of reticulum cell (histiocytes) which infiltrate various organs and. Macrophages destroy blood cells causing blood abnormalities. Meningoencephalitis frequently occurs when the histiocytes infiltrate the mininges and cerebral tissue. Symptoms start at birth or soon after and become progressively worse without treatment. Medication can control the condition but a hematopoietic stem cell transplant is needed to achieve remission.
• Henna-induced lead poisoning: Henna is used mainly by Middle Eastern people as a hair and skin dye. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome: A rare syndrome involving the association of advanced liver disease and neurological problems.
• Hepatorenal tyrosinemia: A rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of particular enzymes which prevents the breakdown of tyrosine which then builds up in the liver. Type 1 involves a deficiency of the enzyme fumaril acetoacetate hydrolase.
• Herbal Agent adverse reaction - Ginseng: Ginseng can be used as a herbal agent, usually in the form of a tea, to help combat stress. Some people may develop an adverse reaction to Ginseng.
• Herbal Agent adverse reaction - Sassafras Oil: Sassafras Oil can be used as a herbal agent to treat skin irritation such as insect bites. The herbal agent contains a chemical called safrole which can cause harmful effects if ingested .
• Herbal Agent overdose - Ginseng: Ginseng can be used as a herbal agent, usually in the form of a tea, to help combat stress. Excessive doses of ginseng can cause overdose symptoms - 3 to 15 g per day for a number of years can cause overdose symptoms.
• Herbal Agent overdose - Golden Seal: Golden seal can be used as a herbal agent to treat a variety of conditions - bleeding after birth, mucosal inflammation, constipation, hemorrhoids. The herbal agent contains chemicals (alkaloid hydrastine, berberine) which can cause various symptoms if excessive quantities are taken.
• Herbal Agent overdose - Sabah vegetable: Sabah vegetable can be used as a herbal agent to treat obesity and prevent vision problems. The herbal agent contains a chemical (papvarine alkaloids) which can cause an adverse reaction in some people.
• Hereditary hypothyroidism: Hereditary hypothyroidism is a condition in which there is a defect in the thyroid gland which leads to increased production of TSH reduced production of thyroid hormone.
• Heroin dependence: The physical and psychological dependence to the recreational drug heroin
• Heroin withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when heroin use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Herpes, Neonatal: Neonatal herpes is the infection of a newborn with the herpes virus within the first six weeks of life. The virus may be transmitted from the mother to the baby while it is still in the uterus or during delivery. The risk of transmitting the virus is highest if genital herpes is contracted during the late stages of the pregnancy. A mother with long standing or recurring herpes infection usually has sufficient antibodies to the virus to prevent the infant becoming infected. Neonatal herpes can also be contracted when an infant comes into contact with an infected person e.g. being kissed by and adult with cold sores. A cesarean birth may be advised for mothers who have active genital lesions.
• Herpes, Neonatal - Central Nervous System Infection: Central nervous system herpes infection in neonates is a herpes infection of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) that develops in infants within the first six weeks of life. The virus may be transmitted from the mother to the baby while it is still in the uterus or during delivery. The risk of transmitting the virus is highest if genital herpes is contracted during the late stages of the pregnancy. A mother with long standing or recurring herpes infection usually has sufficient antibodies to the virus to prevent the infant becoming infected. Neonatal herpes can also be contracted when an infant comes into contact with an infected person e.g. being kissed by and adult with cold sores. A cesarean birth may be advised for mothers who have active genital lesions. Central nervous system infection will occur in nearly three quarters of infants with a herpes infection.
• Herpes, Neonatal - Disseminated: Disseminated neonatal herpes is a widespread infection of a newborn with the herpes virus within the first six weeks of life. The virus may be transmitted from the mother to the baby while it is still in the uterus or during delivery. The risk of transmitting the virus is highest if genital herpes is contracted during the late stages of the pregnancy. A mother with long standing or recurring herpes infection usually has sufficient antibodies to the virus to prevent the infant becoming infected. Neonatal herpes can also be contracted when an infant comes into contact with an infected person e.g. being kissed by and adult with cold sores. A cesarean birth may be advised for mothers who have active genital lesions. Brain infection will occur in over half of infants with the disseminated form.
• Herpetophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of reptiles.
• Heterophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or aversion to heterosexuals.
• Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the number 666.
• Hierophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sacred objects or priests.
• High T4 syndrome: A disorder involving transient increases in thyroxine levels for no apparent reason.
• High blood pressure: Excessive blood pressure.
• High sodium: High blood sodium levels (hypernatremia)
• Hip cancer: The presence of tumour growth in the bone of the hip, whether due to primary malignancies e.g. leukaemic or myeloma infiltration of the bone marrow, or due to secondary metastases from another site e.g. lung or breast; cancer affecting bone of hip likely to affect other bones e.g. vertebra, ribs
• Hippophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of horses.
• Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of long words.
• Hodgkin's Disease: A form of cancer that affects the lymphatic system.
• Hodgkin's disease, adult: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system in adults. The lymphatic system forms part of the body's immune system. This type of cancer can also occur in children.
• Hodgkin's disease, childhood: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system in children. The lymphatic system forms part of the body's immune system. This type of cancer can also occur in children.
• Hodophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of travel.
• Homichlophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fog.
• Homilophobia: An exaggerated or irrational hatred of sermons.
• Homophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of homosexuality which is affection between people of the same sex.
• Hostility: The expression of anger and confrontation
• Human T-lymphotropic virus type 3: A former name used for HIV which is an infectious viral disease. The infection usually has an initial symptom-free period which is followed by various stages of increasing severity.
• Huntington's disease: Inherited disease causing progressive mental deterioration.
• Hydranencephaly: A very rare condition where fluid replaces a portion of the brain.
• Hydrocephalus: A condition which is characterized by marked dilatation of the cerebral ventricles
• Hydrocephalus autosomal recessive: A rare, recessively inherited disorder where there is an abnormal buildup of fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) inside the skull.
• Hydrocodone withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Hydrocodone use is discontinued or reduced. Hydrocodone is pain-killing drug. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence. Symptoms are usually peak during the second day and last about a week.
• Hydrophophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of rabies.
• Hygrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of liquids, particularly wine and water.
• Hylephobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of forests or wood.
• Hymenolepiasis: A rare parasitic disease caused by a tapeworm called Hymenolepis nana or Hymenlepis dimunita. Infestation occurs through fecal contamination or by accidentally consuming insects that have eaten the parasitic eggs.
• Hymenolepsis diminuta infection: A tapeworm infection caused by Hymenolepsis diminuta that is relatively common in rodents but can rarely cause infection in humans. Insects such as fleas and beetles are intermediate hosts and transmission to humans can result from accidentally swallowing infected arthropods. Symptoms tend to only occur in children or in patients with a relatively heavy infestation.
• Hymenolepsis nana infection: A tapeworm infection caused by Hymenolepsis nana that is relatively common in house mice but can cause infection in humans. Insects such as fleas and beetles are intermediate hosts and transmission to humans can result from accidentally swallowing infected arthropods. Transmission can also occur through ingestion of infected fecal matter. Symptoms tend to only occur in children or in patients with a relatively heavy infestation.
• Hypengyophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of responsibility.
• Hyper IgE: Inherited immunodeficiency disorders involving excessive production of IgE and frequent bacterial (staphylococcal) infections mainly involving the skin as well as other problems. Recessively inherited forms of the condition tend to be more serious with bone problems.
• Hyperactivity: Excessive action and lack of control.
• Hyperadrenalism: Excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the body. Symptoms depend on which hormone is involved and the degree of involvement. Adrenal hormones are aldosterone, corticosteroids, androgenic steroids, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• Hyperaldosteronism-induced hypertension: Hyperaldosteronism -induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by excessive production of a hormone called aldosterone by the adrenal glands. The high blood pressure often responds poorly to the usual medications. Death can result in severe cases.
• Hypergonadotropic ovarian failure: Premature onset of menopause - occurs before the fourth decade -average age of onset of menopause is about 50 years of age. The condition can occur sporadically or may be inherited in a familial manner.
• Hypergonadotropic ovarian failure, familial or sporadic: A rare disorder where the ovaries fail to function prematurely. Ovarian failure can occur in the 20's or 30's. Normal ovarian failure occurs during menopause. Premature ovarian failure can be caused by a genetic mutation and can occur sporadically or in a familial pattern.
• Hyperostosis cortical infantile: A rare inflammatory disorder that affects bones and soft tissue in infants. The condition may affect virtually any bone and causes excessive enlargement of part of the bone (cortex). Infant feeding problems may occur if the jaw bone is affected which can affect weight gain. The inflammatory course of the disease eventually stops and over time the bones remodel to a normal appearance.
• Hyperostosis frontalis interna: A disorder where the front bone of the skull becomes thicker than normal.
• Hyperoxia: A high level of oxygen in body tissues. It can be caused by exposure to high atmospheric pressure or long term inhalation of high oxygen concentrations. The high levels of oxygen may affect the lungs, nervous system or the eyes and thus can result in varying symptoms.
• Hyperparathyroidism: Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid glands.
• Hyperparathyroidism, primary: A rare genetic disorder where excessive activity of the parathyroid gland causes increased blood calcium levels which can cause various problems.
• Hypersomnia: increased need of sleep
• Hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis: Hypertension due to bilateral renal artery stenosis is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Hypertension due to coarctation of the aorta: Hypertension due to coarctation of the aorta is high blood pressure resulting from a birth defect where a heart blood vessel called the aorta is abnormally narrowed. The high blood pressure tends to affect mainly the upper part of the body. Babies and very young children tend to have more severe symptoms as the degree of narrowing tends to be greater than in older children or adults.
• Hyperthyroidism: The excessive activity of the thyroid gland
• Hypertryptophanemia: A rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of tryptophan in the blood.
• Hypnophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sleep or being hypnotized.
• Hypoadrenalism: Reduced adrenal gland activity.
• Hypoadrenocorticism - hypoparathyroidism - moniliasis: An autoimmune disorder where hormone production by various glands is reduced. The main features of the disorder are Addison disease and/or hypoparathyroidism and/or chronic candidiasis.
• Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar levels
• Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: A rare inherited muscle condition characterized by periods of severe muscle weakness or paralysis which can last from hours to days. Episodes can occur as often as daily or only rarely.
• Hypomagnesemia primary: Low blood magnesium levels which is caused by the abnormal absorption and excretion of the mineral and can be caused by such things as kidney problems and intestinal malabsorption.
• Hypoparathyroidism: causesd by lack of PTH
• Hypoparathyroidism X-linked: Low parathyroid levels inherited in a X-linked manner and hence only males are symptomatic and females are asymptomatic carriers.
• Hypophosphatasia: A rare genetic disorder characterized by short limbs, dwarfism and general lack of bone calcification.
• Hypophosphatemia: Low blood phosphate levels. Causes include malnourishment, chronic alcoholism excessive carbohydrate consumption, malabsorption, phosphaturia, liver failure, respiratory alkalosis and certain genetic disorders.
• Hypopnea syndrome: Hypopnea Syndrome is a condition in which an individual experiences severe shallow breathing or a slow rate of airflow during sleep.
• Hypothalamic dysfunction: Abnormal function of the thalamus located in the brain. The thalamus controls pituitary gland function which in turn controls other hormone producing glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries and testes. The thalamus also regulates functions such as temperature control, emotions, sleep, appetite and salt balance. Abnormal thalamus functioning may be caused by such things as surgery, infection, genetic disorders, poor nutrition and tumors.
• Hypothalamic hamartomas: A benign congenital tumor that develops on or near the hypothalamus.
• Hypothyroid goitre: Goitre is the enlargement of the thyroid gland and hypothyroid state is characterized by increased TSH levels and decreased T3 and T4 levels circulating in the body.
• Hypothyroidism: The decreased activity of the thyroid gland
• Iatrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of going to the doctor.
• Ichthyohepatotoxication: Ichthyohepatotoxication is a condition caused by eating the liver of certain fish. It is believed that the high vitamin A content of the liver leads to vitamin A overdose and the resulting symptoms. Tropical shark livers are associated with this condition.
• Ichthyophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fish.
• Idiopathic Parkinson's disease: Idiopathic Parkinson's disease is Parkinson's disease for which no particular cause can be determined - it is the most prevalent form of the condition. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Idiopathic alveolar hypoventilation syndrome: A rare condition characterized by a reduced breathing rate despite no respiratory system abnormalities. The cause of the condition is unknown.
• Idiopathic edema: A condition involving salt retention that isn't a result of impaired heart, kidney or liver function.
• Ignophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of not knowing.
• Imerslünd-Grasbeck Syndrome: A rare genetic blood disorder where a defect in the vitamin B12 receptor means that it can't be absorbed from food during digestion. As a result of the low vitamin B12 levels, the body produces increased numbers of abnormal enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts).
• Impulse Control Disorders: Disorders where people have difficulty controlling their impulses
• Impulsivity: Lack of impulse control.
• Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder: A group of inherited disorders where the body is not able to metabolize amino acids consumed in the diet. Amino acids are a part of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and are metabolized in order to provide energy or to make other needed compounds. There are many steps involved in metabolism and the severity can be greatly variable depending on the exact nature of the disorder.
• Inborn urea cycle disorder: A genetic disorder involving a deficiency of one of the enzymes needed in the urea cycle. The urea cycle is the process of removing ammonia from blood stream by converting it to urea and excreting it via urine. A build-up of ammonia in the blood is toxic to the body and can cause serious brain damage. The progressively severe symptoms usually become obvious within the first few weeks of birth. Nevertheless, mild or partial enzyme deficiencies may cause little or no symptoms or symptoms that don't start until later in life.
• Inch ant sting: The Inch ant is found in parts of Australia and can cause allergic reactions in susceptible people. Some people have a relatively minor allergic response whereas other develop anaphylaxis which is a life-threatening allergic response which requires urgent medical attention. The ants have a venom gland attached to a stinger located in their tail region. Ants can sting more than once.
• Increased anxiety: A mental condition that is characterized by increased anxiety and avoidance behaviours
• Infantile polymyoclonus: A rare disorder characterized by involuntary muscle jerking and rapid eye movements. The condition is not progressive and symptoms go through periods of improvement and deterioration.
• Infantile sleep apnea: Apnea of infancy occurs in children who are younger than 1 year old and who were born after a full-term pregnancy.
• Infectious CFS: Infectious chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic fatigue condition which may follow severe infections - viral or other. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition.
• Inhalant abuse: Inhalant abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Inhalants include gasoline, adhesives, solvents, and aerosols. These inhalants can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Inhalant addiction: Inhalant addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse inhalants (e.g. inhaling them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Inhalants are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Inhalants includes glues, shoe polish, household cleaners, room deodorizers and nail polish removers.
• Inheritable disorders of connective tissue: Disorders that affect the connective tissue of the body that are handed down from generation to generation
• Inherited spherocytic anemia: Inherited Spherocytic anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by red blood cells that are shaped like a sphere (spherocytes) rather than the normal doughnut shape. These abnormal cells are broken down prematurely resulting in a shortage of red blood cells (anemia).
• Insanity: A non specific term used to describe a severely deteriorated mental state resulting from a mental disorder.
• Insect allergy: An allergic response to a wasp sting.
• Insect bite allergy: An insect bite allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a bite by an insect such as an ant. Multiple bites increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Insect sting allergy: An insect sting allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a sting by an insect such as an ant. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Insomnia: feeling of melancholy
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Episodes of explosively aggressive behavior
• Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency of: A very rare disorder where a deficiency of a protein called intrinsic factor prevents vitamin B12 from being absorbed from the stomach. Thus, vitamin B12 deficiency occurs which leads to anemia.
• Iophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of poisons.
• Iron deficiency: When there is a deficiency of iron in the body
• Irritability: Excessive feelings of annoyance or frustration.
• Isolation: Social withdrawal or isolation
• Isopterophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of termites.
• Jack jumper ant sting: The jack jumper ant is commonly found in many parts of Australia and can cause allergic reactions in susceptible people. Some people have a relatively minor allergic response whereas other develop anaphylaxis which is a life-threatening allergic response which requires urgent medical attention. Jack jumpers deliver their venom by grabbing skin in its jaws and then using a stinger located in their tail region to inject the venom.
• Jacobs syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by heart inflammation (pericardium), joint disease and permanent finger flexion. The number of joints affected is variable.
• Japanese andromeda poisoning: An evergreen flowering shrub originating from Asia. The leaves and flower nectar contain a chemical called andromedotoxin which is highly toxic. Ingesting the leaves or nectar can result in death as the plant is considered highly toxic.
• Jessamine poisoning: Jessamine is an evergreen shrub which bears aromatic flowers and small white or purplish berries. It is often utilized as a houseplant or grown in gardens. The unripe berries contain various alkaloids which can be toxic if large quantities of the berries are eaten.
• Jin Bu Huan-induced lead poisoning: Jin Bu Huan is a folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat pain. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Job syndrome: An immunodeficiency disorder characterized by excessive production of IgE and frequent bacterial infections mainly involving the skin.
• Judeophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of Jews.
• Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma: A type of brain tumor that occurs in children and young adults. The tumor is derived from a type of cell called an astrocyte and it can occur in various parts of the brain as well as the optic pathways and the spinal cord. Malignancy is rare. Symptoms may vary depending on the size and location of the tumor.
• Kakorrhaphiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of failure or defeat.
• Kandu-induced lead poisoning: Kandu (red powder) is a folk remedy used mainly by Asian and Indian people to treat intestinal problems. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Kartagener syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by enlarged bronchial tubes, sinusitis and cross-positioning of body organs.
• Katagelophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being ridiculed or disliked.
• Kawasaki disease: A childhood illness that generally affects the skin, mouth and lymph nodes.
• Kenophobia: Unnatural fear of large open spaces. Also called cenophabia.
• Keraunophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of thunder and lightning.
• Kinetophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of movement or motion .
• Kleine-Levin Syndrome: A rare disorders marked by episodes of enormous eating and sleeping with increased dependence or aggressiveness. In between, episodes, the person is generally normal.
• Kleptophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of thieves or having things stolen by thieves.
• Knoiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of dust.
• Kohl-induced lead poisoning: Kohl is a folk remedy used mainly by various ethnic groups (e.g. Africans, Asians, Indians and Pakistanis) to treat skin infections and to manage the umbilical stump. It is also used as a cosmetic in Arab communities. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Kopophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fatigue or exhaustion.
• Krabbe leukodystrophy: A rare inherited biochemical disorder involving the deficiency of an enzyme called galactocerebrosidase. It is a leukodystrophy which refers to a group of genetic disorders that affect the growth of the protective coating around the brain nerves.
• Krabbé Disease: Brain myelin disorder with various symptoms.
• Kramer-Pollnow disease: A neurological condition where young children develop hyperactivity followed by mental retardation, reduced speech efficiency and anxiety.
• Kushta-induced lead poisoning: Kushta is a folk remedy used mainly by Indian and Pakistani people as an aphrodisiac and to treat diseases involving organs such as the liver, brain, heart and stomach. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Kynophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of rabies.
• LSD addiction: LSD addiction is the uncontrollable craving for LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) which is a hallucinogenic drug which is derived from a type of fungus. Although the drug is not technically classified as addictive as it doesn't cause drug-seeking behaviours but increasing tolerance to the drug means that increasing doses of the drug are required to achieve the desired effects. It causes a psychological addiction rather than a physical addiction.
• Lachanophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of vegetables.
• Laliophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of talking.
• Late-onset Alzheimer's: Late-onset Alzheimer's is a form of Alzheimer's disease that doesn't appear to be linked to any genetic defects or familial pattern. It is by far the most common form of Alzheimer's - occurs in up to 90% of Alzheimer sufferers. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Lazarus complex: Various symptoms observed in people who have survived a heart attack.
• Lead poisoning: A type of heavy metal poisoning caused by excessive exposure to lead.
• Lead poisoning - African Folk Remedies - Kohl: Kohl is a folk remedy used mainly by African people to treat skin infections and to manage the umbilical stump. It is also used as a cosmetic in Arab communities. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - African Folk Remedies - Surma: Surma is a black powder used as a cosmetic as well as a folk remedy by African people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Aisan Folk Remedies - Chuifong tokuwan: Chuifong tokuwan is a folk remedy used mainly by Asian people to arthritis and other pain. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Asian Folk Remedies - Bali goli: Bali goli (flat black bean) is a folk remedy used mainly by Asian people to treat intestinal problems. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Asian Folk Remedies - Deshi Dewa: Deshi Dewa is a folk remedy by Asian people as a fertility medicine. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Asian Folk Remedies - Ghasard: Ghasard is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Asian and Indian people as a tonic (usually for indigestion). This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Asian Folk Remedies - Kandu: Kandu (red powder) is a folk remedy used mainly by Asian people to treat intestinal problems. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Asian Folk Remedies - Kohl: Kohl is a folk remedy used mainly by Asian people to treat skin infections and to manage the umbilical stump. It is also used as a cosmetic in Arab communities. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Asian Folk Remedies - Pay-loo-ah: Pay-loo-ah is a folk remedy used mainly by Vietnamese people to treat fever and rash. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Asian Folk Remedies - Surma: Surma is a black powder used as a cosmetic as well as a folk remedy by Asian people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Chinese Folk Remedies - Ba Bow Sen: Ba Bow Sen is a folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat childhood hyperactivity and to alleviate nightmares. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Chinese Folk Remedies - Cordyceps: Cordyceps is a folk remedy by Chinese people to treat high blood pressure, bleeding problems and diabetes. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Chinese Folk Remedies - Hai Ge Fen: Hai Ge Fen is clamshell powder used mainly by Chinese people to make traditional Chinese herbal medicines. This product has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Chinese Folk Remedies - Jin Bu Huan: Jin Bu Huan is a folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat pain. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Chinese Folk Remedies - Po Ying Tan: Po Ying Tan is a folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat minor childhood complaints. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Chinese Folk Remedies - Rueda: Rueda is a lead-containing folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat infant colic or to calm young children. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Folk Remedies: A number of folk remedies have the potential to cause lead poisoning due to their relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. The high content of lead in some folk remedies can cause symptoms of lead poisoning which can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Hispanic Folk Remedies - Alarcon: Alarcon is a folk remedy used mainly by Hispanic people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Hispanic Folk Remedies - Azarcon: Azarcon is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Hispanic people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Hispanic Folk Remedies - Coral: Coral is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Hispanic people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Hispanic Folk Remedies - Greta: Greta is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Hispanic people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Hispanic Folk Remedies - Liga: Liga is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Hispanic people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Hispanic Folk Remedies - Luiga: Luiga is a folk remedy used mainly by Hispanic people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Hispanic Folk Remedies - Maria Luisa: Maria Luisa is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Hispanic people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Indian Folk Remedies - Deshi Dewa: Deshi Dewa is a folk remedy by Indian people as a fertility medicine. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Indian Folk Remedies - Kandu: Kandu (red powder) is a folk remedy used mainly by Indian people to treat intestinal problems. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Indian Folk Remedies - Kohl: Kohl is a folk remedy used mainly by Indian people to treat skin infections and to manage the umbilical stump. It is also used as a cosmetic in Arab communities. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Indian Folk Remedies - Kushta: Kushta is a folk remedy used mainly by the Indian people as an aphrodisiac and to treat diseases involving organs such as the liver, brain, heart and stomach. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Indian Folk Remedies - Surma: Surma is a black powder used as a cosmetic as well as a folk remedy by Indian people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Iranian Folk Remedies - Bint Al Zahab: Bint Al Zahab is a folk remedy used mainly by Iranian people to treat infant colic and to facilitate the passage of meconium in newborns. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Kuwait Folk Remedies - Bokhoor: Bokhoor is a traditional used mainly by Kuwait people to calm infants - it involves burning wood and lead sulphide and inhaling the fumes that are produced. This practice has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to the relatively high exposure to lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Loas Folk Remedies - Pay-loo-ah: Pay-loo-ah is a folk remedy used mainly by the Hmong people from Loas to treat fever and rash. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Alarcon: Alarcon is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Albayaidle: Albayaidle is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems such as vomiting and colic. It is also used to treat apathy and lethargy. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Albayalde: Albayalde is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems such as vomiting and colic. It is also used to treat apathy and lethargy. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Azarcon: Azarcon is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Coral: Coral is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Greta: Greta is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Liga: Liga is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Luiga: Luiga is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Mexican Folk Remedies - Maria Luisa: Maria Luisa is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Middle East Folk Remedies - Surma: Surma is a black powder used as a cosmetic as well as a folk remedy by Middle East people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Middle Eastern Folk Remedies - Alkohl: Alkohl is a folk remedy used mainly by Middle Eastern people to treat skin infections and to manage the umbilical stump. It is also used as a cosmetic in Arab communities. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Middle Eastern Folk Remedies - Anzroot: Anzroot is a folk remedy used mainly by Middle Eastern people to treat gastroenteritis. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Middle Eastern Folk Remedies - Cebagin: Cebagin is a folk remedy used mainly by Middle Eastern people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Middle Eastern Folk Remedies - Henna: Henna is used mainly by Middle Eastern people as a hair and skin dye. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Middle Eastern Folk Remedies - Kohl: Kohl is a folk remedy used mainly by Middle Eastern people to treat skin infections and to manage the umbilical stump. It is also used as a cosmetic in Arab communities. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Middle Eastern Folk Remedies - Saoot: Saoot is a folk remedy used mainly by Middle Eastern people to treat digestive eye injuries, teething and to manage the umbilical stump in newborns. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Pakistan Folk Remedies - Kohl: Kohl is a folk remedy used mainly by Pakistani people to treat skin infections and to manage the umbilical stump. It is also used as a cosmetic in Arab communities. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Pakistan Folk Remedies - Kushta: Kushta is a folk remedy used mainly by the Pakistani people as an aphrodisiac and to treat diseases involving organs such as the liver, brain, heart and stomach. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Pakistan Folk Remedies - Surma: Surma is a black powder used as a cosmetic as well as a folk remedy by Pakistani people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Pakistani eye cosmetics: Exposure to lead can result from the use of Pakistani eye cosmetics contaminated with lead. The most frequent cases have been noted in children as they are more sensitive to the effects of lead. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Lead poisoning - Saudi Arabian Folk Remedies - Al Murrah: Al Murrah is a folk remedy used mainly by Saudi Arabian people to treat problems such as stomach pain, diarrhea and colic. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Saudi Arabian Folk Remedies - Bint Dahab: Bint Dahab is a folk remedy used mainly by Saudi Arabian people to treat such things as constipation, diarrhea, colic and various other infant conditions. It is also used by Saudi Arabian jewelers. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Saudi Arabian Folk Remedies - Bokhoor: Bokhoor is a traditional used mainly by Saudi Arabian people to calm infants - it involves burning wood and lead sulphide and inhaling the fumes that are produced. This practice has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to the relatively high exposure to lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Saudi Arabian Folk Remedies - Farouk: Farouk is a folk remedy by Saudi Arabian people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Saudi Arabian Folk Remedies - Santrinj: Santrinj is a paint primer but is also used as a folk remedy mainly by Saudi Arabian people to treat teething and gum boils. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Saudi Folk Remedies - Traditional Saudi medicine: Traditional Saudi medicine is a folk remedy used mainly by Saudi people to treat teething and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lead poisoning - Tamarind candy: Eating tamarind candy jam products made in Mexico can lead to exposure to lead as the product is often packaged in lead-containing containers which can leach lead. The most frequent cases have been noted in children as they are more sensitive to the effects of lead. Elevated levels of lead in the blood can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Lead poisoning - Tibetan Folk Remedies - Tibetan herbal vitamin: Tibetan herbal vitamin is a folk remedy used mainly by Tibetan people to improve brain functioning. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Learning disabilities: Difficulty with learning or schooling.
• Leigh syndrome, French Canadian type: A rare, progressive, inherited metabolic disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase affects skeletal muscles, connective tissue, brain and liver.
• Leigh syndrome, Saguenay-Lac-St. Jean type: A rare, progressive, inherited metabolic disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase affects skeletal muscles, connective tissue, brain and liver.
• Lenten rose poisoning: Lenten rose is a herbaceous plant which has light-colored flowers which become purple as they age. The plant is often found in gardens. The plant contains a chemical called protoanemonin which can cause various symptoms if large quantities are eaten. Skin irritation can also result from skin exposure.
• Lepraphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of leprosy.
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: Inherited biochemical disorder of purine metabolism caused by the virtual absence of an enzyme called hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase or HPRT.
• Letterer-Siwe disease: A rare usually fatal condition characterized by skin lesions, bleeding tendency, enlarged liver and spleen, enlarged lymph nodes and progressive anemia. The condition is caused by excessive proliferation of histiocytes.
• Leukomalacia: Softening or destruction of the white matter of the brain. Brain tissue that surrounds fluid-filled parts of the brain (ventricles) is destroyed. It tends to occur mainly in premature or newborn babies who have been deprived of oxygen or have poor blood flow to parts of the brain. Intrauterine infections and premature membrane rupture tend to predispose infants to this condition. This type of brain destruction can cause cerebral palsy. Severity of symptoms varies according to the degree of injury to the brain.
• Levophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of objects on the left side of the body.
• Licorice-induced hypertension: Licorice-induced hypertension is a relatively quick increase in blood pressure due to eating licorice (either in the form of candy or as a herb). Blood pressure usually resumes to normalisation quite rapidly. Patients with existing blood pressure problems should avoid consuming licorice as it can cause their blood pressure to rise to dangerously high levels.
• Lidocaine toxicity: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Liga-induced lead poisoning: Liga is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Limbic encephalitis: Inflammation of the limbic system which is the part of the brain responsible for basic autonomic functions.
• Limnophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of lakes.
• Linonophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of string.
• Lissencephaly: A very rare disorder characterized by abnormal brain formation so that the brain surface appears smooth rather than convoluted.
• Liver symptoms: Symptoms affecting the liver
• Logophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of words.
• Lortab withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Lortab use is discontinued or reduced. Lortab is a pain-killer and cough reliever. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence. Symptoms are usually peak during the second day and last about a week.
• Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome: A rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized primarily by eye and bone abnormalities, mental retardation and kidney problems.
• Luiga-induced lead poisoning: Coral is a folk remedy used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Lunaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the moon.
• Lupine poisoning: A flowering herb which produced long clusters of flowers in various colors. It also produces flat, seed-filled pods. The seeds contain toxic chemicals (alkaloids such as lupinine, anagyrine, sparteine) which can cause poisoning if eaten in large quantities. Different species have different amounts of the toxin and some species are not toxic at all.
• Lupus: Autoimmune disease with numerous effects on various organs and linings.
• Lymphatic Filariasis: Parasitic worm infection of the lympatic system
• Lymphomatous thyroiditis: Progressive thyroid gland enlargement due to autoimmune disease.
• Lyssophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of becoming insane.
• Machado-Joseph Disease: Rare genetic muscle disease causing muscle weakness.
• Macrocytic anemia: Macrocytic anemia is a blood disorder where the red blood cells are larger than normal but have low levels of haemoglobin which is needed to carry oxygen throughout the body. The condition usually results from a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate, digestive problems, malabsorption and certain medications which affect folic acid levels. Various rare inherited disorders may also result in macrocytic anemia e.g. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Severity and range of symptom may vary depending on the underlying condition.
• Macrocytosis: Blood condition where average red blood cell size is increased
• Magnesium wasting renal: A rare genetic syndrome characterized mainly by excessive loss of magnesium in the urine due to kidney problems.
• Major depressive disorder related fibromyalgia: Major depressive disorder related fibromyalgia refers to fibromyalgia that is associated with major depression. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues.
• Malignant hypertension: Malignant hypertension is a condition characterized by very high blood pressure and swelling of the optic nerve. This type of hypertension is more common in people with kidney problems such as narrowed kidney blood vessels. The condition is a medical emergency which can cause organ damage if not treated promptly.
• Mania: Inappropriately euphoric mood usually with hyperactivity and other symptoms.
• Maria Luisa-induced lead poisoning: Maria Luisa is a lead-containing tetraoxide salt used mainly by Mexican people to treat digestive or stomach problems including indigestion and diarrhea. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Marijuana abuse: Illicit depressant/hallucinogenic drug
• Marijuana addiction: Marijuana addiction is the uncontrollable desire to use marijuana on a regular basis. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Marijuana withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when marijuana use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Marsh marigold poisoning: Marsh marigold is a low growing plant with rounded leaves and small yellow flowers. The plant can be found growing in the wild or in gardens. The leaves from the plant contain a chemical called protoanemonin which can cause symptoms if large quantities are eaten. The young leaves are actually edible if they are boiled with frequent changes of water.
• Mc Leod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome: A rare syndrome characterized by neuromuscular, blood and central nervous system symptoms. The disease is slowly progressive.
• Mechanophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of machinery.
• Medication related hypothyroidism: Drug-induced hypothyroidism is an underactive thyroid gland due to a reaction from medication.
• Mediterranean myoclonic epilepsy: A rare inherited type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy which tends to cause symptoms during childhood. The involuntary muscle movements tend to occur more frequently and become more severe with increasing age. Symptoms may occur following various stimuli such as light, stress or exercise.
• Medulloblastoma: A type of brain tumor.
• Megaloblastic Anemia 1: A rare genetic blood disorder where a defect in the vitamin B12 receptor means that it can't be absorbed from food during digestion. As a result of the low vitamin B12 levels, the body produces increased numbers of abnormal enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts).
• Megaloblastic anemia: A rare blood disorder where insufficient vitamin B12 absorption results in reduced production of red blood cells and increased levels of abnormal, enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts). Vitamin B12 insufficiency can result from absorption problems or lack of dietary intake of the vitamin or folic acid.
• Meningitis: Infection of the membrane around the brain (as a symptom)
• Meningococcal disease: Dangerous bacterial infection causing meningitis or bacteremia.
• Menkes Disease: Genetic disease of copper deficiency.
• Menopause: End of female reproductive years
• Mental problems: Symptoms affecting judgement, thought or intelligence.
• Mental retardation, Smith-Fineman-Myers type: A rare inherited disorder characterized mainly by mental retardation and low facial muscle tone.
• Mental retardation, X-linked - acromegaly - hyperactivity: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by mental retardation, hyperactivity and enlarged hands, feet and testes.
• Mental retardation, X-linked - choreoathesis - abnormal behavior: A rare X-linked disorder characterized by mental retardation, abnormal behavior and a movement disorder. The disorder is inherited in a X-linked manner which means that only males display the full range of symptoms whereas female carriers may have mild or no symptoms.
• Mental retardation, X-linked - hypotonia - facial dysmorphism - aggressive behavior: A rare X-linked disorder characterized by mental retardation, reduced muscle tone, aggressive behavior and unusual facial appearance. The disorder is inherited in a X-linked manner which means that only males display the full range of symptoms whereas female carriers may have mild or no symptoms.
• Mental retardation, X-linked, 59: A rare form of mental retardation inherited in a X-linked manner. It occurs as a result of a defect in the sigma-2 subunit of the adaptor protein-1 gene on chromosome Xp22. Mental retardation ranged from mild to severe.
• Mental retardation, X-linked, 77: A rare form of mental retardation inherited in a X-linked manner. It occurs as a result of a defect on chromosome Xq12-q21.3. Mental retardation tends to be moderate to severe.
• Mental retardation, X-linked, Brunner type: A very rare disorder where a deficiency of monoamine oxidase A causesmild mental retardation and behavioral problems.
• Mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic, due to JARID1C mutation: A rare disorder characterized by mental retardation, spasticity and other variable features. The disorder is inherited in a X-linked manner which means that only males display the full range of symptoms whereas female carriers may have mild or no symptoms. The disorder is caused by a defect on the JARID1C gene on chromosome Xp11.22-p11.21.
• Merinthophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being bound.
• Metabolic disorder: occurs when abnormal chemical reactions occur in the body
• Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: An inherited biochemical deficiency involving a deficiency of the enzyme called arylsulfatase A which leads to a harmful buildup of fatty material in the body.
• Metallophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of metals.
• Meteorophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of meteors or meteorites.
• Methamphetamine overdose: Methamphetamine is a prescription drug mainly used to treat ADHD . Excessive doses of the drug can result in various symptoms and even death in severe cases.
• Methamphetamine withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when methamphetamine use is discontinued or reduced. Methamphetamines are often called speed, meth, crystal or crank. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Methyldopa-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Methyldopa-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a condition where use of a medication called Methyldopa triggers the body's immune system to destroy it's own red blood cells which results in anemia.
• Microcephaly: A smaller than average brain
• Microcephaly immunodeficiency lymphoreticuloma: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a small head, reduced immunity and increased risk of cancer. There are a wide range of other abnormalities and symptoms that can occur.
• Microencephaly: Small brain. The condition is often characterized by a small head and neurological problems. The type and severity of symptoms are variable.
• Microphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of microorganisms.
• Middle ear infection: An infection which occurs in the middle ear
• Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Mild brain injury caused by trauma, accident or injury
• Mild chronic pain: Mild chronic pain is defined as pain that persists longer than the temporal course of natural healing, associated with a particular type of injury or disease process.
• Mild citrullinemia: Citrullinemia is an inherited urea cycle disorder which causes toxic substances including ammonia to build up in the blood. There are two main subtypes of Citrullinemia (I and II) which are caused by different genetic abnormalities and result in different symptoms. Milder forms may present in childhood and rare late-onset forms (type II) may not cause symptoms until adulthood.
• Milk poisoning: Milk poisoning is a condition where the body is too alkaline and the blood contains too much calcium. It can be caused by drinking large quantities of milk or using too many alkaline antacid remedies. High vitamin D intake can make the condition worse. The people most at risk of this condition tend to be older people (especially women) who are taking calcium supplements as well as calcium carbonate containing remedies to treat dyspepsia.
• Milk-Alkali syndrome: Milk-Alkali syndrome is a condition where the body is too alkaline and the blood contains too much calcium which results in impaired kidney function. It can be caused by drinking large quantities of milk or using too many alkaline antacid remedies. High vitamin D intake can make the condition worse. The people most at risk of this condition tend to be older people (especially women) who are taking calcium supplements as well as calcium carbonate containing remedies to treat dyspepsia.
• Misanthropy: An exaggerated or irrational hatred of mankind. Sufferers have a great distrust of human nature and tend to dislike or distrust other people.
• Misogynism: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of females.
• Misogyny: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of women.
• Misophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of dirt or being contaminated by dirt or germs.
• Misosophy: An exaggerated or irrational fear of wisdom.
• Mitochondrial Parkinson's disease: A form of Parkinson's disease that seems to be linked to mitochondrial defects - mitochondria are the energy-producing components of body cells. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Mixed apnea: Mixed apnea is a combination of central and obstructive apnea and is seen particularly in infants or young children who have abnormal control of breathing.
• Mixed connective tissue disease: A rare disorder of the connective tissue which affects a range of body tissues and organs.
• Moccasin snake poisoning: The Moccasin snake is a poisonous snake found mainly in America and Asia. Moccasin snakes include the copperhead, cottonmouth and the Siberian, Central Asian and Malayan pit vipers. They are considered less venomous than rattlesnakes The snake venom contains toxins which affect the blood and tissues rather than the nervous system. Children tend to suffer more severe symptoms due to their smaller body size. Rapid swelling of the skin around the site of the bite is a sign of a more severe poisoning.
• Moderate chronic pain: Moderate chronic pain is defined as pain that persists longer than the temporal course of natural healing, associated with a particular type of injury or disease process and is moderate in intensity.
• Molysomophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of infection.
• Monopathophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sickness.
• Monophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being alone. Sufferers may also fear being away from a particular place or person who makes them feel safe. An underlying anxiety disorder is generally involved.
• Monosomy 1p36: A rare chromosomal disorder where deletion of a portion of chromosome 1 causes various abnormalities such as heart problems, mental retardation, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism and short stature. The range and severity of symptoms is variable with some cases being relatively mild.
• Mood disorders: Disorders that affect a persons mood
• Morning Glory poisoning: The morning glory is a flowering vine with heart-shaped leaves that originates from tropical areas of America. The seeds contain chemicals (indole alkaloids, LSD) which can cause symptoms if eaten. The seeds are considered to have a low level of toxicity.
• Mountain andromeda poisoning: The Mountain Andromeda is an evergreen flowering shrub bearing elongated clusters of white flowers. The leaves and flower nectar contain a chemical called andromedotoxin which is highly toxic. Ingesting the leaves or nectar can result in death as the plant is considered highly toxic.
• Mountain sickness: Symptoms caused by rapid ascent to a higher altitude as a result of a reduction in available oxygen. May occur in mountain climbers or those traveling in unpressurized planes. Symptoms may include dizziness, nausea, weakness, fatigue, insomnia, headache, irritability, breathlessness and euphoria. The elderly or those suffering from pulmonary or cardiac disorders may suffer pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest or prostration. Also called acute altitude sickness.
• Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans). This occurs due to there being not enough of the enzyme called N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase (B) which is needed to break down the mucopolysacharides. The mucopolysaccharides are then deposited in various tissues.
• Mucopolysaccharidosis type 3: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans). This occurs due to there being not enough of the enzyme called N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase (B) which is needed to break down the mucopolysacharides. The mucopolysaccharides are then deposited in various tissues.
• Multiinfarct dementia: also known as vascular dementia
• Multiple Sclerosis: Autoimmune attack on spinal nerves causing diverse and varying neural problems.
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia: A group of conditions that is characterised by the hyperplasia and hyperfunction of two or more glands of the endocrine system
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: Rare inherited disease causing tumors in multiple glands
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: Rare inherited disease causing tumors in multiple glands
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3: Rare inherited disease causing tumors in multiple glands
• Musculoskeletal chronic fatigue syndrome: Musculoskeletal chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which is characterized by symptoms such as severe persistent fatigue, depression, weakness, muscle pain and lack of energy. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition. There is no known cause but it appears to be associated with a previous infection in some cases. Musculoskeletal chronic fatigue syndrome tends to be dominated by musculoskeletal symptoms.
• Musicophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of music.
• Musophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of mice and rats.
• Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis: Formation of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow in response to bone marrow damage.
• Myoclonus progressive epilepsy of Unverricht and Lundborg: A rare genetic brain disease characterized by convulsions which become progressively worse. Modern treatment can have a big effect on the prognosis.
• Myofascial pain syndromes: Any pain associated with the myofascia of the muscle tissue
• Mythophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of making false or incorrect statements.
• Myxophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of slime.
• N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase sulfamidase deficiency: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans). This occurs due to there being not enough of the enzyme called N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase sulfamidase which is needed to break down the mucopolysacharides. The mucopolysaccharides are then deposited in various tissues.
• Narcolepsy: Narcolepsy is characterized by the classic tetrad of excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.
• Narcotic addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use narcotics on a regular basis. The drug may be used as a therapeutic medication for various conditions but it's use is also frequently abused. Examples of narcotic drugs include heroin, morphine, Demerol and codeine. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Nasal decongestant-induced hypertension: Nasal decongestant-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by taking nasal decongestants. Patients with an existing history of hypertension may suffer further blood pressure increases while taking amphetamines and this can be serious. Severity of symptoms varies amongst patients depending on their susceptibility, underlying health and duration of nasal decongestant use.
• Necrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of death or corpses.
• Negrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of African Americans.
• Neonatal hepatitis: A rare life-threatening condition where iron accumulates in the liver of the fetus and produces severe symptoms after birth. Death is common during the fetal or infant stage.
• Neonatal tetanus: Muscle tetanus of the very young infant
• Neophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of new things.
• Nephophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of clouds.
• Nervousness: Nervous or overly anxious mental state
• Neuroectodermal tumor, primitive: A very rare type of tumor that occurs in children under the age of ten. It is very aggressive and has a poor prognosis with less than half of patients surviving. The tumor originates from primitive nerve cells in the brain (CNS PNET) or other parts of the body (peripheral PNET). CNS tumors can be further divided into infratentorial tumors (e.g. medulloblastoma) or supratentorial tumors. The tumors usually cause no symptoms in the early stages and the symptoms that do develop will vary depending on the exact location and size of the tumor.
• Neurological chronic fatigue syndrome: Neurological chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic fatigue condition which tends to be dominated by neurological symptoms. Symptoms tend to be more severe than other forms of CFS. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition.
• Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory, Type IV: A rare disorder characterized mainly by insensitivity to pain and inability to sweat.
• Neurosyphilis: Syphilis affecting the nervous system.
• Neurotoxicity syndromes: Altered nervous system functioning caused by exposure to certain chemicals (manmade or natural) that affect the nervous system - essentially it is the poisoning of the nervous system. Examples of toxic compounds that may cause neurotoxicity include lead, certain solvents and pesticides. Symptoms may occur immediately or gradually over a period of time.
• Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome: A very rare syndrome characterized mainly by a small head, reduced immunity and increased risk of cancer. There are a wide range of other abnormalities and symptoms that can occur.
• Noctiphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the night.
• Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Hearing loss from loud noise exposure.
• Non Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A late onset form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia where insufficient adrenal corticosteroids are produced by the body due to the deficiency of a particular chemical. The severity of symptoms varies from person to person and onset may occur as early as childhood.
• Non-Food Allergy - Africanized honeybee: An Africanized honeybee allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to an Africanized honeybee sting. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - Ant: An ant bite allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to an ant bite. Multiple bites increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. Certain ants pose more of an allergy risk than others e.g. red fire ant. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - Black fire ant: A black fire ant bite allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a black fire ant bite. Multiple bites increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - Bumblebee: A Bumblebee allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a Bumblebee sting. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - Hornet: A hornet allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a hornet sting. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - Red fire ant: A red fire ant bite allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a red fire ant bite. Multiple bites increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - Tropical fire ant: A tropical fire ant bite allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a tropical fire ant bite. Multiple bites increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - Yellow jacket Wasp: A yellow jacket allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a yellow jacket wasp sting. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - honey bee: A honey bee allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a honey bee sting. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - scorpion: A scorpion allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a scorpion sting. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-Food Allergy - wasp: A wasp allergy is an adverse reaction by the body's immune system to a wasp sting. Multiple stings increase the risk of a severe reaction or death. The body's immune system produces immunoglobulin E (IgE - an antibody) and histamine in response to contact with the allergen. The specific symptoms that can result can vary amongst patients.
• Non-diarrheal (D-) HUS syndrome: A rare condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and kidney failure that is not associated with diarrhea which means that it is not a result of bacterial gastroenteritis. This form of hemolytic uremic syndrome may be caused by kidney transplants, certain drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, cytotoxic drugs), pregnancy, malignancy, HIV, non-diarrheal bacterial infections, immunological conditions or it may be inherited or in some cases there is no obvious cause (idiopathic).
• Non-hereditary spherocytic anemia: Non-inherited spherocytic anemia is an acquired blood disorder characterized by red blood cells that are shaped like a sphere (spherocytes) rather than the normal doughnut shape. These abnormal cells are broken down prematurely resulting in a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). The blood condition may result from such things as acute, widespread burns to the body, low blood phosphate levels, Zieve's syndrome and toxins from poisonous snakes, spiders and insects.
• Nonaffective Psychosis: Any mental disorder that is characterised by a significant derangement of ones personality and a loss of ones touch with reality
• Nosophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of contracting a disease.
• Nudophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of nudity.
• Nychtophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of darkness or the night.
• Nymphomania: Extreme sexual promiscuity in a female.
• Nyssen-Van Bogaert syndrome: An adult form of an inherited biochemical disorder involving a deficiency of an enzyme called cerebroside sulfatase. The enzyme deficiency causes cerebroside sulfate to build up within the body and causes damage to the nervous system including the brain.
• Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is defined as the combination of obesity (body mass index above 30kg/m2), hypoxia (falling oxygen levels in blood) during sleep, and hypercapnia (increased blood carbon dioxide levels) during the day, resulting from hypoventilation (excessively slow or shallow breathing)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behavioral disorder with obsessive thoughts and compulsive acts.
• Obstructive sleep apnea: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is characterized by episodic upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep.
• Occupational lead exposure - ammunition production: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed as ammunition makers if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - battery manufacturing: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the battery manufacturing industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - brass foundry: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the brass foundry industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - ceramic production: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the ceramic production industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - explosives production: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the explosives production industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - furniture refinishing: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the furniture refinishing industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - lead glass factury: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in lead glass factories if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - lead mine: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in lead mines if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - lead smelting: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the lead smelting industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - painter: Exposure to lead can occur in painters if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - pottery making: Exposure to lead can occur in people involved in pottery making if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - radiator repair: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the radiator repair industry. The soldering required to repair the radiator can lead to the lead exposure if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - ship building: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the ship building industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - ship repairing: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the ship repairing industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Occupational lead exposure - smelting: Exposure to lead can occur in people employed in the smelting industry if adequate precautions are not taken. Lead exposure can cause elevated levels of lead in the blood which in turn can cause various symptoms depending on the severity and duration of the exposure.
• Ochlophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of crowds.
• Ochophophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of vehicles.
• Odontophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of teeth. The fear is usually associated with animal's teeth.
• Odynophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of pain.
• Oecophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of home surroundings.
• Oenophobia: An exaggerated or irrational dislike or hatred of wine.
• Oikophobia: An exaggerated or irrational dislike or fear of home surroundings.
• Oinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational dislike or hatred of wine.
• Olfactophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of smells.
• Ombrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of rain or being rained on.
• Ommetaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of eyes.
• Online gambling addiction: Online gambling addiction refers to the excessive amounts of time and money spent on online gambling. When the person attempts to reduce the amount of time and money spent on the activity they suffer withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and anxiety. The preoccupation can cause problems with finances, relationships and even with work performance.
• Online shopping addiction: Online shopping addiction refers to the excessive amounts of time and money spent on online shopping, often buying things which are neither wanted or used. When the person attempts to reduce the amount of time and money spent on the activity they suffer withdrawal symptoms such as irritability and anxiety. The preoccupation can cause problems with finances, relationships and even with work performance.
• Onomatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of a certain name or words due to their supposed importance.
• Ophibiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of snakes.
• Ophidophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of snakes.
• Opioid addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use opioids on a regular basis. Opioids may may be prescribed by a physician for the purpose of pain relief but patients may become physically dependent on the drug and continue to obsessively use it even after the condition it was prescribed for has resolved. In other cases, opioid addiction results from the illicit use of the drug for recreational purposes. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling. Examples of opioids includes morphine, heroin, oxycodone and fentanyl.
• Opium addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use opium on a regular basis. Opium may may be prescribed by a physician for the purpose of pain relief but patients may become physically dependent on the drug and continue to obsessively use it even after the condition it was prescribed for has resolved. In other cases, opium addiction results from the illicit use of the drug for recreational purposes. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Opium withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Opium use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Opsoclonus Myoclonus: Condition with involuntary muscle and eye movement.
• Organic mood syndrome: Persistant mood changes due to physical causes such as a chemical imbalance rather than psychiatric causes. The duration and severity of the condition is determined by the nature and location of the cause.
• Organophosphate insecticide poisoning: Excessive ingestion of organophosphate insecticides. The type and severity of symptoms varies depending on the exact poison ingested and the quantity.
• Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: A rare metabolic disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase means that nitrogen isn't removed from the body and builds up in the blood in the form of ammonia.
• Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency: A rare metabolic disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase means that nitrogen isn't removed from the body and builds up in the blood in the form of ammonia.
• Ornithophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of birds.
• Orthostatic intolerance: A condition where various symptoms occur when a person moves to an upright position such as standing after sitting down or sitting up after lying down. It is due to problems with blood flow, blood pressure and heart rate.
• Osmophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of odors.
• Osphresiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of odors.
• Osteoarthritis: A form of degenerative arthritis due to chronic degeneration
• OxyContin withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when OxyContin use is discontinued or reduced. OxyContin is a pain reliever but is also used as a recreation drug. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Oxycontin addiction: Oxycontin is a commonly prescribed pain killer which is recognized as carrying a high risk of addiction. Initial use of the drug may be to control chronic pain but patients may find themselves increasingly dependent on the drug and unable to stop its use. Other cases of addiction may occur when people deliberately and illegally misuse Oxycontin as a recreational drug.
• PANDAS: A rare disorder characterized by the association of a tic disorder or OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) with a streptococcal infection and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The symptoms can start suddenly and recovery is slow with frequent relapses. It is believed that the infection affects a part of the brain that is involved with movement.
• Pain killer addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use pain-relieving medication on a regular basis. Pain killers are often prescribed for the treatment of sleeping problems but chronic use can lead to dependence on the drug. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Panic: Symptoms of intense fear and terror (often with the desire to flee)
• Panic attack: A condition which is characterized by an acute episode of intense anxiety
• Panic disorder: is a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated mood
• Panphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of everything or a generalized state of anxiety or fear not related to any one particular thing.
• Papaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the pope or papacy.
• Paralipophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of neglecting some duty or responsibility.
• Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: Limbic encephalitis is an inflammation of the limbic system which is the part of the brain responsible for basic autonomic functions. In the paraneoplastic type, the inflammation is caused by cancers such as small cell lung cancer.
• Paranoia: Delusion that people or events conspire against you.
• Paranoid personality disorder: Excessive paranoid beliefs
• Paraphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sexual perversion.
• Parasitophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of parasites.
• Paraskavedekatriaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of Friday the 13th.
• Parkinson disease 10 (PARK10): Type 10 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 1p32. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 11 (PARK11): Type 11 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 2q21.2. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 12 (PARK12): Type 12 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome Xq21-q25. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 13 (PARK13): Type 13 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 2p12. This form of the condition tends to progress slowly. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 2, autosomal recessive juvenile (PARK2): Type 2 Parkinson disease is juvenile form of the condition and is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 6q25.2-q27. The condition may be inherited in a recessive manner and symptoms tend to be milder following sleep. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 3, autosomal dominant Lewy body (PARK3): Type 3 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 2p13. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 4, autosomal dominant Lewy body (PARK4): Type 4 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 4q21. This form of the condition tends to start around the age of 45 years and progresses rapidly. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 5 (PARK5): Type 5 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 4p14. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 6, autosomal recessive early-onset (PARK6): Type 6 Parkinson disease is an early-onset form of the condition and is linked to a genetic mutation on the PINK1 gene on chromosome 1p36. The condition may be inherited in a recessive manner and symptoms tend to fluctuate during the day. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 7, autosomal recessive early-onset (PARK7): Type 7 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation in the DJ1 gene on chromosome 1p36. This form of the condition tends to start before the age of 40 years and progresses slowly. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 7, autosomal recessive, early-onset: A recessively inherited form of Parkinson's disease caused by a mutation in the DJ1 gene on chromosome 1p36. Disease progression tends to be slow.
• Parkinson disease 8 (PARK8): Type 8 Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 1p32. This form of the condition tends to progress slowly. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease 9 (PARK9): Type 9 Parkinson disease is linked to a mutation in the ATP13A2 gene on chromosome 1p36. This condition progresses rapidly and usually starts during the second decade of life. Dementia, eye movement problems and wasting of the brain tissue occur in addition to the typical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson disease, familial, type 1 (PARK1): Type 1 familial Parkinson disease is linked to a genetic mutation on chromosome 4q21. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity and slowed movements.
• Parkinson's Disease: Degenerative brain condition characterised by tremor.
• Parthenophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of or aversion to young girls.
• Pathophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of disease.
• Pay-loo-ah-induced lead poisoning: Pay-loo-ah is a folk remedy used mainly by the Hmong people from Loas to treat fever and rash. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Peach seed poisoning: Peach seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. The toxic chemicals are not released if the seed remains intact and therefore poisoning usually occurs if the seeds are crushed and eaten. Accidental ingestion is very unusual. Most parts of the peach plant contain the toxic chemical with the highest concentration in young leaves.
• Peccatiphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sinning.
• Pediatric AIDS: Pediatric AIDS is an immune system disease in infants or children caused by the HIV virus. AIDS is a term used when a person infected with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count below 200 or 14% of lymphocytes. AIDS is an advanced form of HIV. To be classified as AIDS the person must also have an AIDS-related condition such as opportunistic infections. Symptoms in children are similar to those of an adult but their susceptibility to various AIDS-related conditions varies e.g. children are less susceptible to Kaposi sarcoma, taxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis than adults.
• Pediculophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of lice.
• Pediophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of children.
• Peladophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of baldness.
• Pellagra: Dietary deficiency of vitamin B3 (niacin)
• Peniaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of poverty.
• Penicillin-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Penicillin-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a condition where use of a medication called Penicillin triggers the body's immune system to destroy it's own red blood cells which results in anemia.
• Pentheraphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of mother-in-law.
• Percocet withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Percocet use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Perinatal hypophosphatasia: An inherited bone disorder due to an inborn error of metabolism characterized by a severe deficiency of alkaline phosphate which results in death before or within days of birth.
• Periodic limb movements in sleep: Repeated involuntary leg movements during sleep.
• Pernettya poisoning: Pernettya is a shrubby plant found mainly in the southern parts of the world. It is often utilized as an ornamental shrub. The leaves, berries and flower nectar contain a chemical called andromedotoxin which can cause symptoms if eaten. Serious cases of poisoning can result in death.
• Pernicious anemia: A megaloblastic anaemia due to malabsorption of the vitamin B12
• Personality change: Change in a person's behavior and personality
• Personality disorders: A group of psychiatric disorders that are characterised but abnormal dysfunctional personalities
• Pervasive developmental disorder: Group of developmental disorders often recognized before 3 years of age.
• Pfiesteria piscicida poisoning: Pfiesteria piscicida is an estuarine microorganism (dinoflagellate) that can cause illness in humans as well as fish. The particular toxin involved has not yet been identified. The microorganism may release toxins into the water or it may be aerosolized which can result in skin, eye and respiratory exposure. The condition is not contagious and they symptoms may vary considerably amongst patients.
• Pfiesteria poisoning: Pfiesteria is an estuarine microorganism (dinoflagellate) that can cause illness in humans as well as fish. The particular toxin involved has not yet been identified. The microorganism may release toxins into the water or it may be aerosolized which can result in skin, eye and respiratory exposure. The condition is not contagious and they symptoms may vary considerably amongst patients.
• Pfiesteria shumwayae poisoning: Pfiesteria shumwayae is an estuarine microorganism (dinoflagellate) that can cause illness in humans as well as fish. The particular toxin involved has not yet been identified. The microorganism may release toxins into the water or it may be aerosolized which can result in skin, eye and respiratory exposure. The condition is not contagious and they symptoms may vary considerably amongst patients.
• Phagophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of eating.
• Phalacrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of becoming bald.
• Phanmophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of specters or phantoms.
• Pharmacophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of drugs.
• Phasmophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of ghosts.
• Phenogophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of daylight.
• Phenol sulfotransferase deficiency: A rare inherited disorder where the body is deficient in an enzyme (phenol sulfotransferase) which makes them unable to process phenols and other toxic substance in the body. A buildup of phenol in the body can cause physical and behavioral problems.
• Phenophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of noise.
• Phenylketonuria: A metabolic disorder where there is a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase which leads to a harmful buildup of the phenylalanine in the body. Normally the phenylalanine is converted into tyrosine. The severity of the symptoms can range from severe enough to cause mental retardation to mild enough not to require treatment. Severity is determined by the level of impairment of enzyme activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase.
• Pheochromocytoma: pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that usually starts in the cells of the adrenal glands
• Pheochromocytoma-induced hypertension: Pheochromocytoma-induced hypertension is high blood pressure caused by an adrenal gland tumor. The high blood pressure often responds poorly to the usual medications. Death can result in severe cases.
• Philosophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of philosophers or philosophy.
• Phobia: An irrational intense fear of an activity, thing or place
• Phobophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fear.
• Phonemophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of thinking.
• Phonophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of noise.
• Phosphate diabetes: A condition where the kidney tubules fail to reabsorb phosphate resulting in excess phosphate in the urine.
• Photalgiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of eye pain caused by light.
• Photophobia: Dislike, sensitivity or avoidance of bright light
• Physical addiction: Physical addiction refers to the compulsive need for a drug or substance in order to prevent the withdrawal symptoms (physical and/or psychological) or due to increased tolerance to the effects of the substance.
• Pick's disease of the brain: A degenerative brain disease involving the frontal and temporal brain lobes resulting primarily in progressive dementia and loss of motor and language functions. It is characterized by the presence of proteins called Pick bodies in damaged nerve cells.
• Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome: A rare genetic condition characterized by reduced fetal growth, mental retardation and distinctive facial features.
• Pituitary cancer, childhood: Cancer (malignant) of the pituitary gland in children. The pituitary gland produces various hormones and some pituitary tumors (functioning tumors) can affect the secretion of one or more of these hormones resulting in a range of symptoms depending on the exact location of the tumor. Some pituitary tumors do not affect hormone production (nonfunctioning tumors).
• Pituitary tumors, adult: A benign or cancer tumor that develops in the tissue of the pituitary gland in adults. The pituitary gland produces various hormones and some pituitary tumors (functioning tumors) can affect the secretion of one or more of these hormones resulting in a range of symptoms depending on the exact location of the tumor. Some pituitary tumors do not affect hormone production (nonfunctioning tumors).
• Plant poisoning - Acetylandromedol: Acetylandromedol is a chemical found naturally in plants from the Ericaceae family which includes rhodendrons. Human poisoning can occur through eating honey made from pollen and nectar from these flowers or from eating other parts of the plant. The severity of symptoms may vary from mild to life-threatening depending on the amount consumed.
• Plant poisoning - Andromedotoxin: Andromedotoxin is a toxin found naturally in plants such as aloe vera, senna, rhubarb and Cascara buckthorn. The main symptoms are gastrointestinal which can range in severity depending on the amount consumed. Severe cases can result in kidney damage and gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Plant poisoning - Grayanotoxin: Grayanotoxin is a chemical found naturally in plants from the Ericaceae family which includes rhodendrons. Human poisoning can occur through eating honey made from pollen and nectar from these flowers or from eating other parts of the plant. The severity of symptoms may vary from mild to life-threatening depending on the amount consumed.
• Plant poisoning - Rhodotoxin: Rhodotoxin is a chemical found naturally in rhodendrons. Human poisoning can occur through eating honey made from pollen and nectar from these flowers or from eating other parts of the plant. The severity of symptoms may vary from mild to life-threatening depending on the amount consumed.
• Pneumatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of spirits.
• Pneumonia caused by serotype O11 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Inflammation of the lungs and bronchioles caused by an opportunistic pathogen called Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.
• Pneumonia, Aspiration: Inflammation of the lungs and bronchioles caused by breathing in liquids and solids (usually the stomach contents).
• Pneumonia, Bacterial: Inflammation of the lungs and bronchioles caused by bacteria.
• Pneumonia, Staphylococcal: Inflammation of the lungs and bronchioles caused by the Staphylococcal bacteria. The condition is not common and often occurs as a complication of influenza or other viral respiratory infections. This form of pneumonia is considered serious and up to a third of cases can result in death.
• Pneumonia, Viral: Inflammation of the lungs and bronchioles caused by a virus.
• Pnigophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of choking or smothering.
• Po Ying Tan-induced lead poisoning: Po Ying Tan is a folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat minor childhood complaints. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Pogonophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of beards.
• Poikilocytic anemia: Poikilocytic anemia refers a blood disorder characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells. The abnormal red blood cells may be destroyed prematurely resulting in anemia. The severity of the anemia and hence the severity of symptoms is variable.
• Poinephobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of punishment.
• Poison hemlock poisoning: Poison hemlock is a herbaceous plant which has a relatively large taproot and clusters of small white flowers. The plant if often found growing in the wild as a weed. The plant contains various alkaloid chemicals which can cause symptoms if eaten. Severe cases of poisoning can result in death.
• Polar bear poisoning: Polar bears are often used as a food source by the arctic inhabitants. Eating the liver and kidneys of the polar bear is believed to result in a Vitamin A overdose which can cause serious symptoms and even death in extreme cases. Eating more than 200 grams of Polar bear liver can result in human death however death is considered rare.
• Politicophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of politicians.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects approximately 5% of all women.
• Polymyalgia rheumatica: A condition characterized by muscle pain and stiffness, fatigue and fever. It is often associated with giant-cell arteritis which is a related but more serious condition.
• Polyphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of lots of things.
• Ponophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fatigue or exhaustion. It primarily relates to fear of fatigue associated with working too hard.
• Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by excess production of porphyrin or its precursors which affects the skin and/or nervous system.
• Post-ADD chronic fatigue syndrome: Post- ADD chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic condition which occurs in young adults who have suffered attention deficit disorder during childhood. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition.
• Post-Streptococcal Neurologic Disorders: A rare autoimmune disorder where the body develops an abnormal autoimmune response to streptococcal infection and causes neurological symptoms.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder: Stress following a traumatic event.
• Post-viral CFS: Post-viral chronic fatigue syndrome is a chronic fatigue condition which may follow severe viral infections. The condition is often debilitating and may be difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests for the condition.
• Postconcussive syndrome: Symptoms that can occur following a head injury.
• Posteriophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of falling behind.
• Postoperative pulmonary embolism: Pulmonary embolism (lung blood clot) after surgery.
• Postpartum hyperthyroidism: Postpartum thyroiditis is a postpartum condition that results in temporary hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism.
• Postpartum hypothyroidism: Postpartum hypothyroidism is a relatively common disorder that has previously been unrecognized and untreated. Although symptoms are temporary and usually mild, most women are relieved to learn that their symptoms are not all in their heads, that they are not "losing their minds," that they don't have a life-threatening disease, and that there are inexpensive, effective treatments to relieve their discomfort.
• Potamophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of rivers.
• Potocki-Lupski syndrome: A rare chromosomal disorder where a portion of the short arm of chromosome 17 is duplicated.
• Potophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of drinks.
• Pregnancy symptoms: Symptoms related to pregnancy.
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is a diagnosis used to indicate serious premenstrual distress with associated deterioration in functioning.
• Premenstrual syndrome: A collection of symptoms that some women suffer that occurs directly before menstruation
• Prescribed medication addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use prescribed medication in a manner or frequency not prescribed. Drugs such as painkillers are prescribed to treat such things as pain but patients may become physically dependent on the drug and continue to obsessively use it even after the condition it was prescribed for has resolved. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Primary Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Primary autoimmune hemolytic anemia is characterized by an abnormal immune system response. The body's immune system produces antibodies against the body's own red blood cells which leads to the destruction of red blood cells and hence anemia. The secondary form of the condition is the result of an underlying condition such as lupus or hepatitis whereas the primary form has no underlying condition.
• Primary Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Primary cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition where the body's immune system triggers the production of antibodies against the body's own red blood cells. The process occurs only when the patient is exposed to temperatures colder the average body temperature. The red cells are destroyed at an abnormally rapid rate which leads to anemia. The primary form of the condition means that there is no underlying condition. The condition may develop gradually or occur suddenly and cause serious symptoms.
• Primary Fibromyalgia: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues. Primary fibromyalgia is a term given to fibromyalgia that occurs for no apparent reason whereas secondary fibromyalgia has an identifiable cause. The primary form is more common than the secondary form.
• Primary hypothyroidism: Primary hypothyroidism is a condition in which a defect in the thyroid gland leads to reduced production of thyroid hormone.
• Primary insomnia: Primary insomnia is sleeplessness that is not attributable to a medical, psychiatric, or environmental cause.
• Prion diseases: Various diseases caused by abnormal proteins (prions) in the brain.
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A disorder characterized by reduced motor control, dementia and eye movement problems.
• Pseudopolycythaemia: An acquired condition where the blood has the normal number of red blood cells but has a reduced plasma volume. It usually occurs in males with weight and blood pressure problems who smoke.
• Psoriasis: Chronic skin rash condition, usually red or silver and blistery.
• Psychiatric disorders: Any condition that affects ones mind
• Psychiatric disorders associated Celiac Disease: Patients with Psychiatric disorders are more susceptible to developing celiac disease than the average population. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Psychological addiction: Psychological addiction refers to the lack of willpower in fighting against a compulsive need for something i.e. a mental dependence rather than a physical dependence. The addiction stems from psychological or emotional factors. Psychological addictions may involve addictions to drugs, sex, shopping and just about anything else. A person finds themselves unable to resist the source of their addiction.
• Psychological disorders: Any condition that affects ones mind
• Psychological problems: Symptoms affecting emotional or psychological factors.
• Psychophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the mind.
• Psychotic Behaviour: Inability or opposition to recognize and accept reality and to relate this to others.
• Pteronophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of feathers.
• Puberty symptoms: Symptoms related to puberty in adolescence.
• Pulmonary edema: A condition which is characterized by engorgement of the pulmonary vessels and transudation of fluid into the alveoli
• Pulmonary embolism: The occurrence of an embolism which blocks blood vessels in the lungs
• Puss caterpillar poisoning: The puss caterpillar has hollow, poison-filled spines amongst the hairs along its body. It is found mainly in the southern states of the United states. It is often found feeding on trees such as elm, oak and sycamore. Contact with the poisonous spines can result in various symptoms. The puss caterpillar is one of the more poisonous stinging caterpillars. Children tend to be more severely affected than adults.
• Pyle disease: A rare genetic disorder characterized by numerous bone abnormalities as well as loss of vision and hearing.
• Pyogenic pericarditis: The pericardium is the fibrous sac surrounding the heart. Infection can cause the pericardium to become inflamed and swollen and to produce pus. It may result from a ruptured esophagus, heart infection or from surgery involving the heart or chest cavity. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Pyrexiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fever.
• Pyridoxine deficiency: Deficiency of vitamin B6 which has many uses in the body.
• Pyrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of fire.
• Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Quinidine-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a condition where use of a medication called Methyldopa triggers the body's immune system to destroy it's own red blood cells which results in anemia.
• Rabies: An infectious disease that can affect any mammal including humans and is transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal. The infectious agent is the Neurotropic lyssavirus which affects the salivary gland and also causes neurological symptoms.
• Rape trauma syndrome: A condition that occurs following sexual assault.
• Reactive attachment disorder of early childhood: A disorder where young children fail to develop a normal attachment to their primary caregiver. It may be caused by such things as neglect, abuse or caregiver unresponsiveness during the early years of life. The severity and type of symptoms are variable.
• Reactive depression: When a person loses a loved one, when a marriage breaks down, when there is financial loss, for a few weeks or even a few months a person could be feel low, show a loss of initiative and little interest in his daily routine. This feeling fades and the person returns to normal routines and outlook after that. This type of depression is associated with grief or loss and is temporary.
• Rebound hypertension: Rebound hypertension is an increase in blood pressure in response stopping or reducing high blood pressure medication. Severe cases can result in a very large increase in blood pressure which requires prompt treatment to avoid complications such as organ damage. Rebound hypertension can be avoided by taking the doses as prescribed and reducing dosages gradually if a lower dosage is recommended.
• Rectophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the rectum.
• Red Imported Fire ant sting: The Red Imported Fire ant is found in parts of Australia and can cause allergic reactions in susceptible people. Some people have a relatively minor allergic response whereas other develop anaphylaxis which is a life-threatening allergic response which requires urgent medical attention. The ants have a venom gland attached to a stinger located in their tail region. Ants can sting more than once.
• Red buckeye poisoning: The red buckeye is a shrubby plant which bears a cluster of small red flowers and brown seeds with distinctive pale markings. The plant originated in the US. The seeds and leaves contain various chemicals (glycoside aesculin, saponin aescin and alkaloids) which can cause poisoning symptoms if eaten. The plant is considered very toxic and death can result in cases of severe poisoning.
• Refractory Celiac Disease: Refractory Celiac Disease is celiac disease that fails to respond to treatment which involves a gluten-free diet. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The condition is quite uncommon and often the resulting poor absorption of nutrients from the intestines leads to a poor prognosis.
• Renal hypertension: Renovascular hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing or damage to kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Renovascular Hypertension: Renovascular hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from narrowing or damage to kidney blood vessels which prevents the blood from flowing through the kidneys properly.
• Repetition: Inappropriately repeating routines, rituals, movements or actions.
• Resistant hypertension: Resistant hypertension is a form of high blood pressure that doesn't respond to treatment. Blood pressure remains high even when a combination of three drugs is used. It can be caused by such things a secondary hypertension, fluid retention or if the patient doesn't stick to the treatment plan.
• Respiratory acidosis: respiratory acidosis is acidosis (abnormally increased acidity of the blood) due to decreased ventilation of the pulmonary alveoli, leading to elevated arterial carbon dioxide concentration
• Respiratory muscle paralysis: paralysis of the respiratory muscle especially the diaphragm
• Respiratory paralysis: Respiratory paralysis occurs when the muscles associated with breathing become do weak to function properly. Breathing becomes difficulty and severe cases can result in death if breathing assistance is not delivered. The condition can result from such things as motor neuron disease, trauma and myopathy.
• Restless Legs Syndrome: A neurological disorder where legs develop and crawling, aching skin sensation which is relived by moving the legs.
• Rett's syndrome: Autism-like behavioral syndrome in infant girls
• Reye's syndrome: is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver
• Rhabdophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being punished severely. The term can also be used to describe a fear of being beaten with a rod of a fear of magic and the paranormal.
• Rheumatic pericarditis: Inflammation and swelling of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) that occurs as a complication in people with rheumatism. Rheumatic pericarditis condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Rheumatoid arthritis related fibromyalgia: Rheumatoid arthritis related fibromyalgia refers to fibromyalgia that is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory form of arthritis and is an autoimmune disease.
• Rhypophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of filth.
• Rib symptoms: Symptoms affecting the ribs
• Riedel syndrome: A rare condition that occurs when fibrous tissue forms in the thyroid area and progressively destroys the thyroid gland.
• Right hemisphere syndrome: A range of possible conditions that can result from damage to the right cerebral hemisphere.
• Right parietal lobe syndrome related Alzheimer's disease: Right parietal lobe syndrome related Alzheimer's disease is a variant of Alzheimer's disease that involves abnormalities in a particular part of the brain. It is characterized by Alzheimer's symptoms as well as problems with such things as construction (making things) and drawing as well as denial of their disabilities. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder involving degeneration of the brain. The disease mainly affects brain functions involving thinking, memory, personality and behaviour.
• Ringed seal poisoning: The Ringed seal is often used as a food source by the arctic inhabitants. Eating the liver of the ringed seal can result in a Vitamin A overdose which can cause serious symptoms and even death in extreme cases.
• Ritalin withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Ritalin use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Ritter syndrome: A rare infantile skin disorder involving severe redness, inflammation, blistering and peeling of skin and mucous membranes which can result from a variety of infections, malignancies and drugs.
• Roseola infantum: Contagious infant conditions
• Rueda-induced lead poisoning: Rueda is a lead-containing folk remedy used mainly by Chinese people to treat infant colic or to calm young children. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Russophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of Russians.
• SBCAD deficiency: A very rare genetic disorder where an enzyme deficiency prevents the break down of certain proteins into energy and results in a harmful accumulation of acids in the blood and body tissues. More specifically, there is a deficiency of an enzyme (2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) needed to convert the amino acid isoleucine into energy. 2-methylbutyrylglycine levels build up in the body and may cause damage. Symptoms vary according to the degree of enzyme deficiency - can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening.
• SLE related fibromyalgia: SLE related fibromyalgia refers to fibromyalgia that is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues. SLE is an autoimmune disease that can affect virtually any body system e.g. blood vessels and organs.
• Sanfilippo syndrome type A: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans). This occurs due to there being not enough of the enzyme called heparin sulfatase which is needed to break down the mucopolysacharides. The mucopolysaccharides are then deposited in various tissues.
• Sanfilippo syndrome type B: A rare inherited biochemical disorder characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) due to deficiency of an enzyme called N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminidase. Mucopolysaccharide levels build up and are then deposited in various tissues.
• Santrinj-induced lead poisoning: Santrinj is a paint primer but is also used as a folk remedy mainly by Saudi Arabian people to treat teething and gum boils. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Saoot-induced lead poisoning: Saoot is a folk remedy used mainly by Middle Eastern people to treat digestive eye injuries, teething and to manage the umbilical stump in newborns. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Schizoaffective disorder: A psychiatric condition in which symptoms of a mood disorder occur with prominent psychotic symptoms
• Schizoid personality disorder: A personality disorder which is characterized by long term emotional coldness, indifference and criticism of others.
• Schizophrenia: Psychiatric disorder with delusional beliefs and hallucinations.
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder which is characterized by long term emotional coldness, indifference and criticism of others.
• Sciophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of shadows.
• Scoleciphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of worms.
• Scopophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being looked at, stared at or being seen.
• Scotophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the dark.
• Scurvy: Severe disease from vitamin C deficiency
• Sea snake poisoning: The Sea snake is a poisonous snake found in the warmer western parts of the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Sea snakes have scales but not gills or fins so they still need to go to the surface of the water to breathe. Sea snake venom is particularly poisonous but their bite fails to achieve any significant envenomation. The venom is toxic to the nervous system and muscles.
• Seckel syndrome 3: Seckel syndrome is a rare inherited disorder mainly involving retarded growth, mental retardation, small head and a facial appearance resembling a bird. It is often referred to as bird-headed dwarfism. There are three subtypes of the disorder with type 1 being the most severe.
• Secondary Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Secondary autoimmune hemolytic anemia is characterized by an abnormal immune system response. The body's immune system produces antibodies against the body's own red blood cells which leads to the destruction of red blood cells and hence anemia. The secondary form of the condition is the result of an underlying condition such as lupus or hepatitis whereas the primary form has no underlying condition. The condition may develop gradually or occur suddenly and cause serious symptoms.
• Secondary Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Secondary cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition where the body's immune system triggers the production of antibodies against the body's own red blood cells. The process occurs only when the patient is exposed to temperatures colder the average body temperature. The red cells are destroyed at an abnormally rapid rate which leads to anemia. The secondary form of the condition means that it is the result of an underlying condition - it usually occurs after some sort of infection. The condition may develop gradually or occur suddenly and cause serious symptoms.
• Secondary Fibromyalgia: Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues. Primary fibromyalgia is a term given to fibromyalgia that occurs for no apparent reason whereas secondary fibromyalgia has an identifiable cause. The primary form is more common than the secondary form.
• Secondary Hypertension: Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure resulting from an underlying cause such as kidney disease. Hypertension is a serious health condition due to the fact that it often causes no symptoms until it is severe.
• Secondary hypothyroidism: Secondary hypothyroidism is a condition in which the activity of the thyroid gland is decreased, due to failure of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus
• Secondary insomnia: Secondary insomnia differs from primary insomnia in that a specific condition can be identified as the cause of the sleep problem and should be evaluated by a physician.
• Secondary pulmonary hypertension: Secondary pulmonary hypertension refers to high blood pressure in the arteries that carry blood to the lungs. Blood pressure in other parts of the body is normal or sometimes even low. The condition may be caused by such things as lung conditions (e.g. emphysema, chronic bronchitis), heart conditions (e.g. congestive heart failure, birth defects involving heart), AIDS or medications such as fenfluramine (a diet drug).
• Selachophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sharks.
• Selaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of flashes of light.
• Selective Vitamin B12 malabsorption with Proteinuria: A rare genetic blood disorder where a defect in the vitamin B12 receptor means that it can't be absorbed from food during digestion. As a result of the low vitamin B12 levels, the body produces increased numbers of abnormal enlarged red blood cells (megaloblasts).
• Selenium - overuse: Excessive use of selenium can case various adverse symptoms.
• Self harm: Actions designed to cause harm inflicted by oneself.
• Sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthria, and ophthalmoparesis: A very rare syndrome characterized by progressive ataxia, eye muscle problems and a speech disorder (dysarthria).
• Serotonin Syndrome: The toxic reaction of the body to the substance, possibly via allergic reaction or overdose.
• Severe anxiety: A mental condition that is characterized by severe anxiety and avoidance behaviours
• Severe chronic pain: Chronic severe pain is defined as pain that persists longer than the temporal course of natural healing, associated with a particular type of injury or disease process and is severe in intensity.
• Sexual precocity, familial, gonadotropin-independent, male-limited: A genetic anomaly characterized by premature male puberty due to excessive testosterone secretion and reduced gonadotropin secretion.
• Shaken Baby Syndrome: A condition caused by violent shaking of a baby.
• Sheep laurel poisoning: Sheep laurel is a small shrub which bears clusters of small white or pink flowers and encapsulated fruit. The plant contains chemicals (andromedotoxin and arbutin) which can cause various symptoms if ingested. The plant is considered to be very toxic and death can result if sufficient quantities are eaten.
• Shock: Physical and mental reaction to reduced circulation
• Shock, Cardiogenic: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Cardiogenic shock is caused by impaired heart function which means that blood is unable to be pumped effectively around the body.
• Shock, Distributive: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Distributive shock occurs when the blood vessels are dilated with affects blood volume and blood pressure within the vessels. Septic, neurogenic and anaphylactic shock are various forms of distributive shock.
• Shock, Endocrine: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Endocrine shock is caused by a disturbance in the endocrine (hormone producing) system. Some examples include severe cases of hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis and severe adrenal insufficiency.
• Shock, Hemorrhagic: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Hemorrhagic shock is caused by excessive bleeding which reduces the blood volume.
• Shock, Hypovolaemic: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Hypovolaemic shock is caused by a rapid fluid loss which reduces the blood volume.
• Shock, Neurogenic: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Neurogenic shock is caused problems with the nervous system.
• Shock, Obstructive: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Obstructive shock is caused by obstruction the blood flow. Causes include cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism and narrowing of the aortic artery.
• Shock, Septic: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Septic shock is caused by infection which affects large parts of the body. This form of shock results in death in about half of the cases.
• Shock, Traumatic: Shock is a life-threatening condition involving insufficient blood flow to the body tissues. Traumatic shock is caused by a serious injury or trauma to the body which affects the blood volume through one or more factors such as severe bleeding, heart damage and lung damage.
• Short Bowel Syndrome: Disorder of shortened bowel usually from bowel surgery.
• Sickle cell anemia: Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by red blood cells which are crescent-shaped rather than the normal doughnut shape. These abnormally shaped red blood cells are unable to function normally and tend to undergo premature destruction which leads to anemia. If the genetic defect which causes the condition is inherited from both parents the condition can be quite severe whereas if it is inherited from only one parent, often there are no symptoms. The abnormally shaped red blood cells can cause problems when they clump together and block blood vessels.
• Siderodromophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of trains.
• Siderophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the stars.
• Sinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of China.
• Sinus node disease: Heart rhythm disorder due to the sinus node in the heart
• Sitophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of food.
• Situational depression: Situational depression is a short-term condition that occurs when a person is unable to cope with, or adjust to, a particular source of stress, such as a major life change, loss or event.
• Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Syndromes involving the cessation of breathing during sleep. Examples include obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. The condition may range from mild to severe.
• Sleep apnea: A condition which is characterized by transient attacks of apnea that usually occur during ones sleep
• Sleep disorders: Any condition which affects ones sleep
• Sleep disturbance related fibromyalgia: Sleep disturbance related fibromyalgia refers to fibromyalgia that is associated with sleep disturbance. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues.
• Sleeping pill addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use sleeping pills on a regular basis. Sleeping pills are often prescribed for the treatment of sleeping problems but chronic use can lead to dependence on the drug. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Smith-Fineman-Myers syndrome 1: A rare inherited disorder characterized mainly by mental retardation and low facial muscle tone. The genetic defect occurs on chromosome Xq13.
• Social phobia: Excessive anxiety in social situations.
• Social problems: Difficulty relating to other people
• Social withdrawal: When an individual withdraws from normal social interactions
• Solophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of sunlight or abnormal sensitivity to sunlight.
• Solvent abuse: Solvent abuse is the use of various inhalants for the purpose of achieving a "high". They are often used as a cheap, readily available alternative to street drugs but they can cause serious damage to the body. Solvents include nail polish removers, paint thinners, gasoline, typing correction fluid and toxic markers. These solvents can be abused by sniffing them, spraying directly into the mouth, heating them and then inhaling them or injecting them directly into the body.
• Solvent addiction: Solvent addiction refers to the compulsive need to abuse solvents (e.g. sniffing them). Sufferers have withdrawal symptoms when attempting to stop the habit and feel unable to stop the habit despite knowing the harm it is causing their health. Solvents are very damaging to the body and can readily result permanent brain damage and even death. Death can occur through chronic use and in rare cases can occur after one session of use. Children and teenagers are particular at risk for this type of addiction - it is readily available and users feel it gains them greater acceptance from their peers. Solvents includes paint thinner, toxic markers, gasoline, cigarette lighter fluid, typing correction fluid and nail polish removers.
• Soto's Syndrome: A rare hereditary disorder characterized by excessive growth during the first few years of life as well as various other mental and physical anomalies.
• Spastic paraplegia 4, autosomal dominant: A rare syndrome characterized mainly by progressive stiffness and increased reflexes in the leg muscles. The severity of the condition is very variable as is the age of onset.
• Specific phobias: Irrational fears of specific situations, actions or items.
• Specrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of specters or phantoms.
• Spectrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of mirrors.
• Spermatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of germs.
• Spermophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of germs.
• Spherocytic anemia: Spherocytic anemia is a blood disorder characterized by red blood cells that are shaped like a sphere (spherocytes) rather than the normal doughnut shape. These abnormal cells are broken down prematurely resulting in a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). The condition may be inherited or acquired.
• Spinocerebellar ataxia 27: A rare genetic disorder (chromosome FGF14; 13q34 defect) characterized by tremors, dyskinesia and psychiatric episodes. Gait ataxia and dysarthria (speech disorder) also occur and are symptoms common to all the spinocerebellar ataxia types.
• Stachybotrys chartarum: A toxic black slimy mold that can be found in damp indoor environments. Exposure can occur through the skin, ingestion or inhalation. It can causes conditions such as "sick building syndrome".
• Staggerbush poisoning: Staggerbush is a shrubby plant with small pink or white droopy flowers. The plant originated in the US. The leaves and flower nectar contain andromedotoxin which is very poisonous if eaten. Severe poisoning can result in death.
• Stasiphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of standing or walking. Sufferers believe that they are unable to stand or walk.
• Steroid abuse: Steroids are man-made chemicals that can be used to promote muscle development and increase male sexual characteristics. Steroids are a prescription drug usually used to treat disorders such as delayed puberty and body wasting in AIDS patients. Excessive or improper use of steroids usually occurs in athletes and can result in a range of unwanted symptoms.
• Steroid withdrawal syndrome: Symptoms that can occur when a patient stops taking corticoid medication.
• Stiff-Person Syndrome: A very rare progressive neurological disorder involving muscle tightness and painful muscle spasms.
• Strauss syndrome: A brain dysfunction disorder which affects children and involves hyperactivity, attention span problems, impulsive behavior, animal cruelty and other behavioral abnormalities.
• Streptococcal Group B invasive disease: Infection with bacteria called Group B Streptococcus which can cause severe symptoms or even death. The bacteria occur in the stomach and the urogenital tract of females and are normally harmless and cause no symptoms. However, it can cause a range of diseases in newborns, the elderly and people with poor immune systems.
• Stress: Emotional stress (sometimes refers to physical stress)
• Stridor: Noisy breathing such as wheezing
• Stroke symptoms: Brain-related symptoms of bleeding or blockage.
• Sturge-Weber Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by excessive blood vessel growth, calcium accumulation inside the brain and seizures.
• Stygiophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of hell.
• Sub clinical hypothyroidism: Sub clinical hypothyroidism, also referred to as mild hypothyroidism, is defined as normal serum free T4 levels with slightly high serum TSH concentration.
• Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A progressive neurological disorder involving inflammation of the brain caused by a complication of the measles virus. It can occur up to 10 years after the initial measles virus and may be due to a defective immune response to the virus or a reactivation of the virus.
• Subacute Thyroiditis: A self-limiting, virally induced inflammation of the thyroid characterised by a febrile illness and swelling of the thyroid, with subsequent damage to the thyroid tissue causing leakage of thyroid hormones into the circulation
• Subacute sclerosing leukoencephalitis: A rare chronic form of brain inflammation that is associated with the measles virus. The patient usually appears to have a full recovery after the measles infection with symptoms developing usually between two and eight years after the infection. The condition tends to affect children and young adults mainly. The disease process involves the degeneration of the protective nerve sheaths (myelin) in the brain. Measles immunization is the most effective way of preventing the development of this complication of measles.
• Substance Withdrawal Syndrome: Symptoms that occur when drug use is discontinued or reduced in dosage. The term covers withdrawal from smoking and alcohol as well as therapeutic and recreational drugs. Symptoms may vary depending on the drug involved and the level of dependence.
• Substance abuse: Abuse of illicit substances
• Sucrase-isomaltase malabsorption, congenital: A rare disorder where a congenital deficiency of an enzyme (sucrase-isomaltase) prevents the absorption of sucrose and isomaltose consumed in the diet.
• Sucrase-isomaltose malabsorption, congenital: A rare disorder where a congenital deficiency of an enzyme (sucrase-isomaltase) prevents the absorption of sucrose and isomaltose consumed in the diet.
• Suicidal symptoms: Thoughts or actions toward suicide.
• Sulphonamide -induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia: Sulphonamide-induced immune hemolytic anemia is a condition where use of a medication called Methyldopa triggers the body's immune system to destroy it's own red blood cells which results in anemia.
• Sundown syndrome: Various symptoms such as confusion and restlessness that is observed mainly in elderly institutionalized patients with dementia. Symptoms tend to occur mainly at sunset.
• Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: A rare disorder where hemosiderin (free iron) is deposited in parts of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord tissue). It is often caused by repeated periods of bleeding in the brain (subarachnoid space).
• Surma-induced lead poisoning: Surma is a black powder used as a cosmetic as well as a folk remedy by Middle East people to treat teething. This folk remedy has the potential to cause lead poisoning due to its relatively high content of lead. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead. The use of folk remedies is still prevalent in some cultures. Lead poisoning can result in serious illness and even death in severe cases.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 1: Susceptibility to celiac disease 1 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 6p21.3) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 10: Susceptibility to celiac disease 10 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 3q25-q26) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 11: Susceptibility to celiac disease 11 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 3q28) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 12: Susceptibility to celiac disease 12 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 6q25) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 13: Susceptibility to celiac disease 13 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 12q24) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 2: Susceptibility to celiac disease 2 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 5q31-q33) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 3: Susceptibility to celiac disease 3 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 2q33) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 4: Susceptibility to celiac disease 4 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 19p13.1) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 5: Susceptibility to celiac disease 5 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 15q11-q13) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 6: Susceptibility to celiac disease 6 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 4q27) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 7: Susceptibility to celiac disease 7 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 1q133) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 8: Susceptibility to celiac disease 8 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 2q11-q12) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Susceptibility to Celiac Disease 9: Susceptibility to celiac disease 9 is a term allocated to a genetic defect on a particular chromosome (chromosome 3p21) which makes a patient more susceptible to developing celiac disease. However, it is important to note that having the genetic anomaly does not mean a person will definitely develop celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Sychrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of ice or frost.
• Sydenham chorea: Brain disease causing involuntary movements or spasms.
• Symmetrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of symmetry.
• Syncope: Loss or interruption of consciousness.
• Syphilitic aseptic meningitis: A chronic syphilis infection which affects the nervous system.
• Tabophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of a wasting sickness.
• Tachophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of speed.
• Taijin-KyofuSho syndrome: A psychotic disorder characterized by a strong fear that the body, its parts or its functions are offensive to people.
• Taphephobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries.
• Tapinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of small things.
• Taurophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of bulls.
• Technophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of modern technology.
• Teeth grinding: Grinding teeth when asleep
• Teething: Condition when an infant gets a new tooth.
• Telephonophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the telephone.
• Tension myositis related fibromyalgia: Tension myositis related fibromyalgia refers to fibromyalgia that is associated with tension myositis. Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized mainly by pain mainly in the muscles which involves no associated damage to the tissues. Tension myositis is a chronic pain syndrome that tends to mainly affect the back, neck, arm and pelvis.
• Teratophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of monsters and deformed people or of giving birth to a malformed infant.
• Tertiary hypothyroidism: Tertiary hypothyroidism results from a malfunction of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that controls the endocrine system.
• Testotoxicosis: Premature male puberty due to excessive testosterone secretion and reduced gonadotropin secretion. It often occurs as a result of certain hormone-secretion tumors.
• Tetanus: A disease caused by chemicals which are produced by a bacterium (clostridium tetani) and are toxic to the nerves. The infection usually occurs when the bacteria enter the body through a deep wound - these bacteria are anaerobic and hence don't need oxygen to survive.
• Thaasophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of boredom or being idle.
• Thalassophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the sea.
• Thanatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of death.
• Theatrophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of theatres.
• Theophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of God.
• Thermophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or dislike of heat.
• Thiamine deficiency: Dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
• Thixophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of touch.
• Thyroid disorders: Any disorder of the thyroid gland.
• Thyroid hormone plasma membrane transport defect: Thyroid problems caused by a defect in the transport of a thyroid hormone called T4 (thyroxine) within the body. The thyroid produces excessive hormones to try to compensate for that inability of the body to utilize the hormone.
• Tick paralysis: Paralysis from Australian tick bites
• Tocophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of childbirth.
• Togaviridae disease: Infection with any of a number of togaviridae viruses which can caused conditions such as Equine encephalitis, Ross River virus and Rubella virus. Symptoms are determined by the type of virus involved. Togaviridae are arboviruses and are transmitted by arthropods.
• Tomophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of surgical operations.
• Topophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of certain places.
• Tourette Syndrome: A neurological disorder involving vocal and movement tics where where uncontrollable movements or verbal utterances are made.
• Toxic Shock Syndrome: Severe immune reaction causing shock
• Toxicophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of being poisoned.
• Tranquilizer addiction: An uncontrollable desire to use tranquilizers on a regular basis. Tranquilizers are often prescribed for the treatment of anxiety and sleeping problems but chronic use can lead to dependence on the drug. Frequent use leads to an increased tolerance to the drug so higher and higher doses are required to achieve the desired euphoric feeling.
• Tranquilizer withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when tranquilzer use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence. Tranquilizers includes benzodiazepines such as valium, rohypnol and serepax.
• Transfusion Reaction: The allergic reaction to the transfusion of blood products to a person
• Traumatic Brain Injury: Brain injury from trauma or accident.
• Traumatic spreading depression syndrome: Transient neurological problems that can occur after minor head injury in infants and children.
• Traumatophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of war or physical injury.
• Tremophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of trembling.
• Tremor: The occurrence of involuntary trembling
• Trichophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of hair.
• Triskaidekaphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the number 13.
• Troell-Junet syndrome: A disorder involving enlarged extremities, diabetes, skull abnormalities and excessive thyroid hormone production.
• Trypanophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of injections .
• Tuberculous pericarditis: Inflammation and swelling of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) that occurs as a complication of tuberculosis. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Tuberous sclerosis: A rare genetic disorder characterized by harmartomatous skin nodules, seizures, phakomata and bone lesions.
• Turner Syndrome: Rare chromosome syndrome with one X but no second X or Y chromosome.
• Turner syndrome associated Celiac Disease: Females with Turner syndrome are more susceptible to developing celiac disease than the average population. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Type 1 diabetes related Celiac Disease: Patients with Type 1 diabetes are more susceptible to developing celiac disease than the average population. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of low levels of lipoprotein lipase which is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Type Ia Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type Ia Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of low levels of lipoprotein lipase which is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Type Ib Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type Ib Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of low levels of apolipoprotein C-II which is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Type Ic Hyperlipoproteinemia: Type Ic Hyperlipoproteinemia is a rare inherited condition characterized by high levels of chylomicrons (a type of lipoprotein) in the blood. This condition is the result of inhibited lipoprotein lipase activity. Lipoprotein lipase is responsible for lowering lipoprotein levels. Cholesterol levels are usually normal and the risk of heart disease is low.
• Tyrannophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or hatred of tyrants.
• Tyrosinemia: A rare genetic metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of particular enzymes which prevents the breakdown of tyrosine which then builds up in the liver.
• Ultram withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Ultram use is discontinued or reduced. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Unverricht-Lundborg disease: A rare inherited type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy which tends to cause symptoms during childhood. The involuntary muscle movements tend to occur more frequently and become more severe with increasing age. Symptoms may occur following various stimuli such as light, stress or exercise.
• Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome: A rare inherited type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy which tends to cause symptoms during childhood. The involuntary muscle movements tend to occur more frequently and become more severe with increasing age. Symptoms may occur following various stimuli such as light, stress or exercise.
• Uremic pericarditis: Inflammation and swelling of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) that occurs as a complication in people with uremia. Uremia is a buildup of urea and other waste material in the blood due to kidney failure. Uremic pericarditis condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Urinary tract infection: Infection of the urinary tract
• Urinary tract infections (child): Infection of the urinary system in children.
• Urophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of urine.
• Vaccinophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of vaccines or vaccination.
• Vacinko syndrome: A psychological disorder observed in Oglala Sioux Indians. The symptoms are variable.
• Van Bogaert disease: A rare inherited condition where cholesterol is deposited in the brain and other parts of the body. The disease is classified as a lipid storage disorder due to the abnormal deposition of cholesterol and cholestanol in various parts of the body - especially the brain, lungs and Achilles tendon. The condition is possibly highly underdiagnosed.
• Van Bogaert's disease: A rare inherited condition where cholesterol is deposited in the brain and other parts of the body. The disease is classified as a lipid storage disorder due to the abnormal deposition of cholesterol and cholestanol in various parts of the body - especially the brain, lungs and Achilles tendon. The condition is possibly highly underdiagnosed.
• Van Bogaert-Scherer-Epstein Disease: A rare inherited condition where cholesterol is deposited in the brain and other parts of the body. The disease is classified as a lipid storage disorder due to the abnormal deposition of cholesterol and cholestanol in various parts of the body - especially the brain, lungs and Achilles tendon. The condition is possibly highly underdiagnosed.
• Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: The bovine spongiform encephalopathy affects cattle but the variant form can infect humans. Human infection can occur by consuming infected cattle products, especially the brain and other central nervous system tissues.
• Variegate porphyria: A rare metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of a certain enzyme which results in a build-up in the body of porphyrins or their precursors. This form of hepatic porphyria causes the sufferer to have acute attacks as well as skin sensitivity.
• Vascular malformations of the brain: Conditions affecting the brain blood vessels. The type and severity of symptoms is determined by the type, location and extent of the malformation. There are six types of vascular malformations of the brain: telangiectasis, venous malformations, cavernous malformations, arteriovenous malformations, vein of Galen malformation and mixed malformations.
• Velocardiofacial syndrome: A genetic disorder which can present with a wide range of phenotypic manifestations which has lead to a number of different names being assigned to the various presentations e.g. DiGeorge Syndrome and Cayler Anomaly Face Syndrome. There are nearly 200 different symptoms that can occur and the severity of the condition is also highly variable depending on the nature and severity of the symptoms that are present.
• Venereophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of venereal disease.
• Venerupin shellfish poisoning: The venerupin shellfish can be eaten by humans. The shellfish can become toxic if they consume toxic algae. The shellfish is most commonly found and eaten in Japan but has been introduced into parts of the US. Interestingly, all cases of poisoning have occurred in very localized areas of Japan where they are harvested from lakes. This type of poisoning tends to have a high death rate - up to a third of patients die.
• Vermiphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of earthworms.
• Vicodin withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Vicodin use is discontinued or reduced. Vicodin is a pain-killing drug. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Violence: The occurrence of violence
• Viral pericarditis: Inflammation and swelling of the pericardium (fibrous sac surrounding the heart) that results from a viral infection. Causative viruses include HIV, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and adenoviruses. The condition may be misdiagnosed as a heart attack and vice versa.
• Visceral pain: Pain perceived in the viscera.
• Vitamin B1 toxicity: Excessive consumption of vitamin B1 (thiamine) can cause symptoms of toxicity.
• Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A deficiency of Vitamin B12 primarily causes anemias the body is unable to make sufficient quantities of normal red blood cells. Severe cases can lead to permanent nervous system problems. The vitamin B12 deficiency can result from absorption problems, insufficient dietary intake, certain medications (e.g. metformin), inherited conditions (e.g. transcobalamin deficiency) and certain chronic parasitic intestinal infestations.
• Vitamin B6 toxicity: Excessive consumption of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) can cause symptoms of toxicity.
• Vitamin D toxicity: Excessive consumption of vitamin D can cause symptoms of toxicity.
• Vitamin E deficiency: Deficiency of Vitamin E
• Vitiligo: A condition which is characterized by chronic pigmentary changes to the skin seen by white patches
• Volume depletion: Reduced fluid volume in the cells, including both water and salts, similar to but distinct from dehydration.
• Von Gierke Disease: An inherited metabolic disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase prevents glycogen being turned into glucose leading to a buildup of glycogen in the liver and kidneys.
• WAGR Syndrome: A syndrome that is due to the deletion of chromosome 11.
• Walrus poisoning: The walrus is used as a food source in some parts of the world. Eating the liver of the walrus can result in a Vitamin A overdose which can cause serious symptoms and even death in extreme cases.
• War sailor syndrome: A type of post-traumatic stress disorder that occurred in merchant ship sailors from World War II.
• Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a condition where the body's immune system triggers the production of antibodies against the body's own red blood cells. The red cells are destroyed at an abnormally rapid rate which leads to anemia. Warm haemolytic anemia is characterized by the fact that the abnormal destruction of red blood cells is more active when the patient is exposed to warm temperatures. The severity of the condition varies depending on the underlying cause e.g. cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, HIV and lupus. The condition may develop gradually or occur suddenly and cause serious symptoms.
• Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome: A rare syndrome that occurs as complication of septicemia (often due to meningococcal or pneumococcal infection) and involves blood coagulation in blood vessels, adrenal gland hemorrhages and ultimately kidney failure.
• Watermelon stomach: The dilation of the blood vessels in the antral of the stomach
• Weinstein Kliman Scully syndrome: A syndrome that is characterised by cardiomyopathy, hypogonadism and metablic anomalies
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: A rare degenerative brain disorder caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency. Chronic alcoholics are prone to this condition.
• West African Trypanosomiasis: West African sleeping sickness from the tsetse fly
• Western equine encephalitis: An infectious disease caused by an arbovirus (Alphavirus - Togaviraidae) and transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The infection primarily attacks that central nervous system and severity can range from asymptomatic to severe complications and even death in rare cases.
• Westphal disease: A condition that is closely associated with Huntington's disease and is a clinical variant of it
• Whiplash: Neck injury often from a car accident.
• Whiplash Injuries: An injury to the neck when the neck is rapidly forced backward and then forwards or vice versa. It most commonly occurs in vehicle accidents when the vehicle is stopped abruptly or pushed forwards suddenly.
• Wild cherry seed poisoning: Wild cherry seeds contain a chemical called amygdalin which breaks down into cyanide in the human body. The toxic chemicals are not released if the seed remains intact and therefore poisoning usually only occurs if the seeds are crushed and eaten. Accidental ingestion is very unusual.
• William's syndrome associated Celiac Disease: Patients with William's syndrome are more susceptible to developing celiac disease than the average population. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by intolerance to gluten by the small intestine. The type and severity of symptoms varies amongst people - some people have severe gastrointestinal symptoms from infancy whereas other have no symptoms other than fatigue or anemia during adulthood.
• Williams Syndrome: A syndrome characterised by mental retardation, facial abnormalities and emotional instability
• Wilms tumor - aniridia - genitourinary anomalies - mental retardation: A syndrome resulting from deletion of genetic material from chromosome the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p13). The characteristic symptoms are partial or complete absence of iris, genitourinary anomalies, mental retardation and Wilms' tumor. The specific range and severity of symptoms is variable depending on the size and exact location of the genetic material that is missing.
• Wilson's disease: Wilson disease, or hepatolenticular degeneration, is a neurodegenerative disease of copper metabolism.
• Withdrawal symptoms: The occurrence of a group a symptoms that occur due to a withdrawal reaction that occurs when discontinuing use of a substance
• Wolfram's disease: A condition that is inherited and consists of multiple symptoms
• Work addiction: Work addiction refers to the excessive amounts of time spent at work. The person feels unable to reduce the amount of time spent at work as it becomes a sole source of fulfilment for them. Family and social relationships often suffer as a consequence. Although it is not considered a recognised addiction it can have a significant impact on a person's life. Workaholics often have underlying emotional problems.
• X-linked mental retardation - hypotonia: A very rare inherited disorder characterized primarily by mental retardation. Initial symptoms of muscle weakness gives way to spasticity and contractures.
• Xanax withdrawal: Symptoms that occur when Xanax use is discontinued or reduced. Xanax is a central nervous system depressant. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of dependence.
• Xanthomatosis cerebrotendinous: A rare inherited condition where cholesterol is deposited in the brain and other parts of the body. The disease is classified as a lipid storage disorder due to the abnormal deposition of cholesterol and cholestanol in various parts of the body - especially the brain, lungs and Achilles tendon. The condition is possibly highly underdiagnosed.
• Xanthophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the color yellow or the word yellow.
• Xenophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear or hatred of foreigners and strange things.
• Xerophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of dryness and dry places such as deserts.
• Yager-Young syndrome: The false belief by a patient that they have low blood sugar because of the symptoms they are experiencing.
• Yellow fever: A viral infection transmitted by mosquito bites which can damage various organs such as the liver, heart, kidney and digestive tract.
• Young Simpson syndrome: A condition that is characterised by mainly mental retardation and physical signs of hypothyroidism
• Zadik Barak Levin syndrome: A condition that affects the endocrine system as well as some facial characteristics
• Zelophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of jealousy.
• Zemmiphobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of the great mole rat.
• Zoophobia: An exaggerated or irrational fear of animals.
• Zunich-Kaye syndrome: A very rare genetic syndrome characterized by a range of symptoms such as colobomas of the eye, heart defects, ichthyosiform dermatosis, mental retardation and ear defects.

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