...
Is the bed-wetting frequent or only occasional? Frequent bed-wetting should signify pathology in the urogenital tract or endocrine system. If ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the volume of urine large or small? If the volume of urine released is small, stress incontinence and vesicovaginal fistula should be considered. If the amounts released are large, one should consider ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there daytime frequency of urination also? If there is daytime frequency, the differential diagnosis of polyuria should be considered.
Is there associated pain or difficulty ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? Migraine, asthma, and drugs such as diuretics may produce transient polyuria.
Is it massive? Massive polyuria is ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Stress incontinence occurs most commonly in women who have had many pregnancies or who are in menopause. The patient loses control of the bladder when he or she coughs, laughs, or sneezes and consequently leaks small amounts of urine.... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Most cases of urethral discharge in both males and females are due to gonorrhea or
Chlamydia trachomatis
. When the smear and culture are negative for gonorrhea, a course
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Is the stool volume small or large? A small volume of stool should suggest anal fissure; hemorrhoids, diarrhea, or postoperative incontinence from ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Incontinence, defined as the involuntary loss of urine, is one of the ten most common medical problems in the U.S. However, most patients do not seek treatment despite the significant effects on self-esteem and social interactions.... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Polyuria is defined as urine output greater than 3 L per day. The output of a large volume of dilute urine leads to extracellular dehydration, which stimulates the thirst centers to influence the patient to... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Enuresis is defined as urinary incontinence. The age of achieving daytime or night-time continence can vary considerably. Nocturnal enuresis (night-time bedwetting) can be normal in children up to age 8. Daytime... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Incontinence may be due to loss of voluntary control of urination, in which case neurologic disorders are usually the cause, or it may result from overflow of a distended bladder (overflow incontinence),
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... The differential diagnosis of nocturia is similar to that of polyuria. A pathophysiologic analysis of the symptom would indicate that the patient is producing excessive urine at night, there is an obstruction to
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Polyuria is an absolute increase in the urine output in a 24-hour period. The average individual excretes 1,500 mL of urine a day. Many physiologic conditions increase the output of urine (stress, exercise, and warm weather associated
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A significant purulent urethral discharge invariably signals the diagnosis of gonorrhea and, until a Gram stain is done, little consideration is given to the other causes of a nonbloody
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... By following the innervation of the bladder from its termination to the spinal cord, brain, and “supratentorium,” one can develop an extensive list of possibilities for
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Enuresis usually refers to nighttime urinary incontinence in girls age 5 and older and boys age 6 and older. This sign rarely continues into adulthood, but may occur in some adults with sleep apnea. It's most common in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... Nocturia — excessive urination at night — may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally, more urine is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is aggravated by overhydration,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... This excretion from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection. ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, frequency is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Bladder distention — abnormal enlargement of the bladder — results from an inability to excrete urine, which results in its accumulation. Distention can be caused by a... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Fecal incontinence, the involuntary passage of feces, follows a loss or an impairment of external anal sphincter control. It can result from many GI, neurologic, and psychological disorders; the effects of drugs; or surgery. In some... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Central diabetes insipidus
Renal disease
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, congenital
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... Cystitis and urethritis, the two forms of lower urinary tract infection (UTI), are nearly 10 times more common in females than in males and affect approximately 10% to 20% of all females at least once. Lower UTI is also a... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Neurogenic bladder (also known as neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract, neurologic bladder dysfunction, and neuropathic bladder) refers to all types of... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Bladder tumors can develop on the surface of the bladder wall (benign or malignant papillomas) or grow within the bladder wall (generally more virulent) and quickly invade... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... The most common congenital malformations of the ureter, bladder, and urethra include duplicated ureter, retrocaval ureter, ectopic orifice of the ureter, stricture or stenosis of the ureter, ureterocele,... Causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Enuresis
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Enuresis usually refers to nighttime urinary incontinence in girls age 5 and older and boys age 6 and older. This sign rarely continues into adulthood but may occur in some adults with sleep apnea. It’s most... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Nocturia
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Nocturia—excessive urination at night—may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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Polyuria
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Urethral discharge from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Urinary frequency refers to an increased urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, urinary frequency is a cardinal sign... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate accompanied by bladder pain is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Bladder distention—abnormal enlargement of the bladder—results from an inability to excrete urine, which then accumulates in the bladder. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Fecal incontinence, the involuntary passage of feces, follows any loss or impairment of external anal sphincter control. It can result from various GI, neurologic, and psychological disorders; the effects of drugs; or surgery.... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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Nocturia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Anna M. Wright and Vincent H. Ober
Approach Nocturia, defined as awakening from sleep to urinate, is a frequent symptom in patients of all ages and it... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Urethral Discharge
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... George P.N. Samraj
Discharge from the urethra is a common symptom. The characteristics and the cause of urethral discharge (UD) vary widely. Discharge can be profuse or scanty; clear, yellowish, or white;... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Urinary Incontinence
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Richard Rathe
Urinary incontinence (UI) in adults is one of the most prevalent and underdiagnosed afflictions in the United States (>25 million effected individuals, >50% of... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Urinary tract infection
❑ Diabetes mellitus
❑ Diuretic therapy ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
❑ Cystitis
❑ Benign prostatic hypertrophy
❑ Pelvic floor relaxation
&... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Also known as neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract, neurologic bladder dysfunction, and neuropathic bladder, neurogenic bladder refers to all types of bladder dysfunction caused by an... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Cystitis and urethritis, the two forms of lower urinary tract infection (UTI), are nearly 10 times more common in women than in men and affect approximately 10% to 20% of all women at least once. Lower UTI is also a... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Bladder tumors can develop on the surface of the bladder wall (benign or malignant papillomas) or grow within the bladder wall (generally more virulent) and quickly invade underlying muscles. Most bladder tumors (90%) are transitional cell... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Bladder distention
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Bladder distention is an abnormal enlargement of the bladder due to the accumulation of urine arising from an inability to excrete urine. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Nocturia — excessive urination at night — may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination.... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Urethral discharge from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, urinary frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may be transient or permanent and... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Bladder distention — abnormal enlargement of the bladder — results from an inability to excrete urine, which results in its accumulation. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic obstruction, neuromuscular... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Urinaryincontinence or enuresis refers to the involuntary passage of urine. Most children have achieved urine continenceduring the day by 4 yrs of age, and during the night by 6... Principal Causes of Urinary Incontinence ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Definedas fecal soiling beyond 4 yrs of age. Until this age, children arelearning normal bowel control and bowel habits. Primary fecal incontinence exists whenchild has... Principal Causes of Fecal Incontinence ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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...Polyuria (excessive urine volume) is usuallyassociated with polydipsia (excessive thirst). Principal Causes of Polyuria and Polydipsia Diabetesmellitus ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Enuresis usually refers to nighttime urinary incontinence in girls age 5 and older and boys age 6 and older. This sign rarely continues into adulthood, but may occur in some adults with sleep apnea. It's classified as primary or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Nocturia—excessive urination at night—may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It's usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Urethral discharge is an excretion from the urinary meatus that may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection.
History ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary tract... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A sudden compelling urge to urinate (urinary urgency), accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Urinary incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Bladder distention—abnormal enlargement of the bladder—results from an inability to excrete urine, which results in its accumulation. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Fecal incontinence, the involuntary passage of feces, follows a loss or an impairment of external anal sphincter control. It can result from many GI, neurologic, and psychological... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
The differential diagnosis of nocturia is similar to that of polyuria.
A pathophysiologic analysis of the symptoms would indicate that the patient
is producing excessive urine at night, there is an obstruction to... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
Polyuria is an absolute increase in the urine output in a 24-hour
period. The average individual excretes 1,500 mL of urine a day. Many
physiologic conditions increase the output of urine (stress,... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
A significant purulent urethral discharge invariably signals the
diagnosis of gonorrhea and, until a Gram stain is done, little consideration
is given to the other causes of a nonbloody urethral discharge. However, one... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
By following the innervation of the bladder from its termination to the
spinal cord, brain, and “supratentorium,” one can develop an extensive
list of possibilities for this... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
Incontinence may be due to loss of voluntary control of urination, in
which case neurologic disorders are usually the cause, or it may result from
overflow
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... Author: Craig DeWolfe, MD
What to Do - Take Action
Appropriate nutrition is vital to maintaining health and recovering from
disease and injury. Research in this field has offered the practitioner... Suggested Readings
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