...
Is it unilateral? Diplopia that is unilateral is rare, but it can be encountered in ectopia lentis as associated with Marfan's disease, as well as in congenital double pupil, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there redness of the eye? Redness of the eye suggests definite eye pathology. Without redness, one should suspect disease in the adjacent structures or ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it intermittent? Intermittent hemianopsia, whether it is bitemporal or homonymous in type, would suggest migraine, carotid artery ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the onset acute or gradual? An acute onset would suggest optic neuritis, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, extradural hematoma, brain abscess, dural sinus thrombosis, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? If the scotomas are transient, then migraine, transient ischemic attacks, and retrobulbar neuritis should be suspected.
Are there abnormalities on ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there abnormalities on neurologic examination? An abnormal neurologic examination should make one think of multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, muscular ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Red urine may be due to hematuria,
hemoglobinuria (hemolytic anemia), myoglobinuria (muscle trauma, myocardial infarction), and coproporphyria or uroporphyria
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Diplopia, or double vision, is a common ophthalmologic complaint. Diplopia may be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. It occurs secondary to paralysis, paresis, and/or restriction of the extraocular muscles. Most... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Papilledema is defined as swelling or edema of the optic discs; it is usually bilateral and is due to increased intracranial pressure. Clinically, the disk appears elevated and the margins... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Vision loss may be unilateral or bilateral; transient or persistent; of sudden or gradual onset; and painless or painful. Vision loss in one eye may be followed quickly by ensuing vision loss of the other eye,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diplopia of sudden onset is more related to neurologic disease than to ocular disease. Other than space-occupying orbital lesions, most diplopia can be related to a neurologic disorder. The first causes that... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Sudden decrease of vision is usually an ominous sign. Most often the cause of permanent loss is at the retinal or optic nerve level. For the optic nerve to be associated there must be inflammation. For the retina to... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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True optic disc swelling or edema can be a very ominous sign. Papilledema is defined as disc swelling produced by increased ICP; it may be asymmetric, UL, or BL. Acutely, the vision... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest glaucoma
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... No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor cerebri.
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... The anatomic location of the lesion in a gait disturbance depends on the type of disturbance.
GAIT DISTURBANCES
Spastic gait. In this type
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... There are various types of nail changes, such as thickening (onychogryposis), thinning, deformity, and separation from the nail bed (onycholysis). Whenever a peculiarity of the
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... To recall the causes of a diffuse pigmentation of the skin, one might simply visualize various organs of the body where a cause may originate. The adrenal gland brings to mind Addison disease, the
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... There was a time when the first thing a physician did was to look at the tongue. The art of examining the tongue is all but lost, although more than 30 diseases can be diagnosed by looking at the
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... What may be black and white and red all over? The answer is not the newspaper but the pathologic changes in the stool. A black stool is usually melena (see page 261), but do not be
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Apart from hematuria, red urine may signify hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria, suggesting the various hemolytic anemias, the march hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal “cold” hemoglobinuria and nocturnal
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Diplopia is double vision — seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is a loss of vision in one-half of the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Vision loss — the inability to perceive visual stimuli — can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Visual blurring is a common symptom that refers to the loss of visual acuity with indistinct visual details. It may result from eye injury, a neurologic or eye disorder, or a... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Visual floaters are particles of blood or cellular debris that move about in the vitreous. As these enter the visual field, they appear as spots or dots. Chronic floaters may occur normally in elderly or myopic patients. However,... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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Diplopia
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is loss of vision in one-half the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Scotoma
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Vision loss—the inability to perceive visual stimuli—can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Visual blurring is a common symptom that refers to the loss of visual acuity with indistinct visual details. It may result from an eye injury, a neurologic or eye disorder, or a disorder with... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Visual floaters are particles of blood or cellular debris that move about in the vitreous. As they enter the visual field, they appear as spots or dots. Chronic floaters may occur normally in elderly or myopic patients. However, the sudden... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Diplopia
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Richard C. Mauer
Diplopia, or true double vision, not simply blurred vision, can be a very useful clinical symptom. A range of problems can be limited to the eye or be as severe as an intracranial aneurysm.... Approach ... History ... Physical examination. Focused physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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Papilledema
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Richard C. Mauer
Papilledema is optic disc swelling produced by increased intracranial pressure. The diagnostic assessment of papilledema is critical in that the underlying cause can range from a subarachnoid... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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Scotoma
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
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... Michael J. Puk
Scotoma is defined as a blind or partially blind area in the visual field. A basic understanding of neuroanatomy helps to localize the visual field defect. Simply put, pathology anterior to the... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testin ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Conjunctivitis
❑ Corneal abrasion
❑ Foreign body
❑ Sinusitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
Acute Loss/Scotoma
❑ Ophthalmic migraine
❑ Amaurosis fugax ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Diplopia
❑ Alcohol
❑ Diabetes
❑ Brainstem ischemia... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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Eye pain
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, itching, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Vision loss
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... The inability to perceive visual stimuli, vision loss can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, neurologic, or... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Pupillary changes
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
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... Pupillary changes include nonreactive pupils or pupils that are sluggish. Nonreactive (fixed) pupils fail to constrict in response to light or to dilate when the light is removed. The development of a unilateral or... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Diplopia is the clinical term for double vision, or seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. Orbital... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Eye pain, or ophthalmalgia, may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is loss of vision in one-half the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than half the field of vision in... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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Scotoma
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Vision loss — the inability to perceive visual stimuli — can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Visual blurring is a common symptom that refers to the loss of visual acuity with indistinct visual details. It may result from eye injury, a neurologic or eye disorder, or a... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Visual floaters are particles of blood or cellular debris that move about in the vitreous. As these enter the visual field, they appear as spots or dots. Chronic floaters may occur normally in elderly... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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...An important role of the primary care physiciancaring for children is to screen for visual problems, so that lossof vision can be prevented or treated when possible. The precisediagnosis is usually made by an ophthalmologist. This chapter... Principal Causes of Vision Disturbances ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Table 74.1. Common Causes of Cataracts in Infants and Children ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is a loss of vision in one-half of the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Vision loss—the inability to perceive visual stimuli—can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Visual blurring is a common symptom that refers to the loss of visual acuity with indistinct visual details. It may result from eye injury, a neurologic or eye disorder, or a disorder with vascular complications, such as... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Visual floaters are particles of blood or cellular debris that move about in the vitreous. As these floaters enter the visual field, they appear as spots or dots. Chronic floaters may occur normally in elderly or myopic patients;... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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...
Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the
eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities
for eye pain.
... Pictures
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...
No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases
of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable
extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
There are various types of nail changes, such as thickening
(onychogryposis), thinning, deformity, and separation from the nail bed
(onycholysis). Whenever a peculiarity of the nail exists, the mnemonic
... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
To recall the causes of a diffuse pigmentation of the skin, one might
simply visualize various organs of the body where a cause may originate. The
... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
There was a time when the first thing a physician did was to look at
the tongue. The art of examining the tongue is all but lost, although more
than 30 diseases can be
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
What may be black and white and red all over? The answer is not the
newspaper but the pathologic changes in the stool. A black stool is
usually melena , but do
not be fooled by iron ingestion or the... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
Apart from hematuria, red urine may signify hemoglobinuria or
myoglobinuria, suggesting the various hemolytic anemias, the march
hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal “cold” hemoglobinuria and... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
...
The anatomic location of the lesion in a gait disturbance depends on
the type of disturbance.
Spastic gait. In this type of lesion, both ... Pictures
... READ MEDICAL BOOK EXCERPTS ONLINE » (free access, no registration)
