...
Is it diffuse or focal? Diffuse scrotal swelling would suggest congestive heart failure, nephrosis, uremia, and cirrhosis, as well as focal disease such as filariasis or bilateral hydrocele. Focal scrotal swelling ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Is it unilateral? The presence of unilateral atrophy would suggest hernia surgery, previous orchitis from mumps, gonorrhea, syphilis, tuberculosis or elephantiasis, varicocele, hydrocele, and an undescended testicle.
Is there a history of ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Is there pain or tenderness of the testicle? The presence of pain or tenderness should suggest torsion of the testicle, orchitis, epididymitis, and a strangulated inguinal hernia.
Is the testicle retracted or does elevation of the testicle ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
A scrotal mass may or may not be detected by the patient or the patient's parent. Many are discovered by the clinician during routine physical examinations. Most scrotal masses seen in infants are hydroceles and inguinal hernias; both are more... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The causes of this sign can best be recalled by using the mnemonic VINDICATE.
TESTICULAR ATROPHY
V—Vascular conditions bring to mind varicoceles, which
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Like that of most masses, the differential diagnosis of testicular masses is the best analyzed by the anatomic and histologic approach ( Table 57 ). The skin may be involved by many inflammatory conditions leading to swelling,
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Scrotal swelling occurs when a condition affecting the testicles, epididymis, or scrotal skin produces edema or a mass; the penis may be involved. Scrotal swelling can affect males of any age. It can be unilateral or bilateral and painful or painless.
The... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Primary
Acquired
Adult seminiferous tubule failure
Amyloidosis
Autoimmune destruction
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Hypogonadism is a condition resulting from decreased androgen production in males, which may impair spermatogenesis (causing infertility) and inhibit the development of normal secondary sex characteristics. (See Production of sperm.) The clinical effects of androgen... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Malignant testicular tumors primarily affect young to middle-aged men and are the most common solid tumor in this group. (In children, testicular tumors are rare.) Most testicular tumors originate in gonadal cells. About 40% are seminomas... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Malignant spinal neoplasms may be any one of many tumor types similar to intracranial tumors; they involve the cord or its roots and, if untreated, can eventually cause paralysis. As primary tumors, they originate in the meningeal coverings, the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Primary malignant brain tumors account for about 10% to 30% of adult cancers. These tumors may occur at any age. The most common tumor types in adults are gliomas and meningiomas, which usually occur supratentorially (above the covering of the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Primary malignant bone tumors (also called sarcomas of the bone and bone cancer) are rare, constituting less than 1% of all malignant tumors. Most bone tumors are secondary, caused by seeding from a primary site. Primary malignant bone tumors are more... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Benign tumors may develop anywhere in the ear canal. Common types include keloids, osteomas, and sebaceous cysts; their causes vary. (See Causes and characteristics of benign ear tumors.) These tumors seldom become malignant; with... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Bladder tumors can develop on the surface of the bladder wall (benign or malignant papillomas) or grow within the bladder wall (generally more virulent) and quickly invade underlying muscles. Ninety percent of bladder tumors are transitional cell carcinomas, arising from the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Breast cancer occurs more commonly in the left breast than the right and more commonly in the outer upper quadrant. Growth rates vary. Theoretically, slow-growing breast cancer may take up to 8 years to become palpable at 1 cm. It spreads by way of the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Cancer of the vulva most commonly affects the skin folds around the vagina, called the labia. It isn't very common, but is considered serious because it makes sexual intercourse painful and difficult. If found early, it has a high cure rate. ... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... One of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system, cervical cancer is classified as either preinvasive or invasive.
Preinvasive cancer ranges from minimal cervical dysplasia, in which the lower third of the epithelium... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Colorectal cancer is the second most common visceral malignant neoplasm in the United States and Europe. Incidence is equally distributed between men and women. Colorectal malignant tumors are almost always adenocarcinomas. About one-half of these are... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs in the esophagus, the muscular tube that propels food from the mouth to the stomach. It's difficult to treat, but can be cured if the cancer is confined to the esophagus. For patients whose cancer has spread beyond the esophagus, cure... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Primary fallopian tube cancer is extremely rare and accounts for fewer than 0.5% of all gynecologic malignancies. Because this disease is generally well advanced before diagnosis (up to 30% of such cancers are bilateral with extratubal spread),... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Gallbladder cancer is rare, accounting for fewer than 1% of all cancers. It's normally found by accident in patients with cholecystitis; 1 in 400 cholecystectomies reveals a malignant tumor. The disease is most prevalent in females older than age 60. It's rapidly... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Gastric cancer can be classified as polypoid, ulcerating, ulcerating and infiltrating, or diffuse, according to gross appearance. The parts of the stomach affected by gastric cancer, listed in order of decreasing frequency, are the pylorus and antrum, the lesser... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Scrotal swelling occurs when a condition affecting the testicles, epididymis, or scrotal skin produces edema or a mass; the penis may be involved. Scrotal swelling can affect males of any age. It can be unilateral or bilateral and painful or painless.
The sudden... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Differential Overview
Pain Predominant
❑ Epididymitis
❑ Testicular torsion
❑ Prostatitis
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Malignant testicular tumors, which rank first in cancer deaths among men ages 20 to 35, primarily affect young to middle-aged men; they are the most common solid tumor in this group. (In children, testicular tumors are rare.) Most testicular tumors originate in gonadal cells. About... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A rare type of bone cancer, primary malignant bone tumors (sarcomas of the bone) constitute less than 1% of all malignant tumors. Most malignant bone tumors are secondary, caused by seeding from a primary site. Primary malignant bone tumors are more common in... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... With an incidence of 4.5 per 100,000 patients, malignant brain tumors (gliomas, meningiomas, and schwannomas) are common (slightly more so in men than in women).
Tumors may occur at any age. In adults, incidence is... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Bladder tumors can develop on the surface of the bladder wall (benign or malignant papillomas) or grow within the bladder wall (generally more virulent) and quickly invade underlying muscles. Most bladder tumors (90%) are transitional cell carcinomas,... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women and is the number two killer (after lung cancer) of women ages 35 to 54. It occurs in men, though only rarely. (See Breast cancer in men.) The overall breast cancer death rate for American women has fallen. Lymph node... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The third most common cancer of the female reproductive system, cervical cancer is classified as either microinvasive or invasive.
Precursors to cervical cancer include:
❑ minimal cervical dysplasia (squamous... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... In the United States and Europe, colorectal cancer is the second most common visceral neoplasm. Incidence is equally distributed between men and women. Colon cancer affects more than twice as many people as rectal cancer. Incidence increases with age, with most patients... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Nearly always fatal, esophageal cancer usually develops in men over age 50. This disease occurs worldwide, but incidence varies geographically. It’s most common in Japan, China, the Middle East, and parts of South Africa.
Causes
The cause of... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Cancer of the gallbladder is rare, constituting less than 1% of all cancer cases. It’s usually found coincidentally in patients with cholecystitis; 1 in 400 cholecystectomies reveals cancer.
This disease is most prevalent in women over age 60.... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Common throughout the world, gastric cancer affects all races. However, unexplained geographic and cultural differences in incidence occur; for example, mortality is high in Japan, Iceland, Chile, and Austria. In the United States, incidence has... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Kidney cancer is also known as nephrocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hypernephroma, and Grawitz’s tumor. It usually occurs in older adults, with about 85% of tumors originating in the kidneys and others resulting from metastasis from other primary sites.... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The most common form of laryngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (95%); rare forms include adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and others. Such cancer may be intrinsic or extrinsic.
An intrinsic tumor is on the true vocal... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A rare form of cancer, liver cancer (primary and metastatic hepatic carcinoma) has a high mortality. It’s responsible for roughly 2% of all cancers in the United States and for 10% to 50% in Africa and parts of Asia. Liver cancer is most prevalent in... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Lung cancer usually develops within the wall or epithelium of the bronchial tree. Its most common types are epidermoid (squamous cell) carcinoma, small cell (oat cell) carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell (anaplastic) carcinoma.
Although the... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... After cancer of the lung, breast, and colon, primary ovarian cancer ranks as the most common cause of cancer deaths among American women. In women with previously treated breast cancer, metastatic ovarian cancer is more common than cancer at any other site. ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Scrotal swelling occurs when a condition affecting the testicles, epididymis, or scrotal skin produces edema or a mass; the penis may be involved. Scrotal swelling can affect males of any age. It can be unilateral or bilateral and painful or painless. ... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Scrotal swelling occurs when a condition affecting the testicles, epididymis, or scrotal skin produces edema or a mass; the penis may be involved. Scrotal swelling can affect males of any age. It can be unilateral or bilateral and painful or painless.
... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Scrotal swelling occurs when a condition affecting the testicles, epididymis, or scrotal skin produces edema or a mass; the penis may be involved. Scrotal swelling can affect males of any age. It can be unilateral or bilateral and painful or painless.
... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The causes of this sign can best be recalled by using the mnemonic
VINDICATE.
V—Vascular conditions bring to mind varicoceles, which cause
atrophy on the side of the dilated veins.
I&... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Like that of most masses, the differential diagnosis of testicular
masses is best analyzed by the anatomic and histologic
approach (Table 57). The skin may be involved by many
inflammatory conditions leading to... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Jane E. Minturn, MD Teratoma - BASICS Teratoma - description Embryonal neoplasm containing tissue derived from all 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm): Mature or ... Teratoma - DIAGNOSIS ... Teratoma - TREATMENT ... Teratoma - FOLLOW UP ... Teratoma - bibliography ... Teratoma - CODES ... Teratoma - FAQ
... READ EXCERPTS »
New therapies are improving the survival rates for patients with lung cancer. How do these treatments work?
The PSA test remains a controversial screening tool for prostate cancer, but there is little doubt on its value for helping with treatment decisions....
The most common cancer in men is also the most complicated to treat. Listen to experts describe the latest in screening, diagnosis and treatment.
New research shows some men with very late-stage prostate cancer may benefit from chemotherapy. Learn why doctors are changing their minds about the...