Diagnostic Tests for Throat cancer
Throat cancer Tests: Book Excerpts
Home Diagnostic Testing
These home medical tests may be relevant to Throat cancer:
- Colon & Rectal Cancer: Home Testing
- Lung & Respiratory Health Tests:
- Cold & Flu: Home Testing:
- Cancer-Related Home Testing:
Throat cancer Diagnosis: Book Excerpts
Diagnostic Tests for Throat cancer: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the diagnostic tests for Throat cancer.
DYSPHAGIA:
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)
In a patient with definite dysphagia, it is wise to consult a gastroenterologist at the outset! The most useful diagnostic test (and most inexpensive) is the barium swallow, and an upper GI series might be done as well. The barium swallow will often display fairly definitive features of carcinoma of the esophagus, esophageal diverticulum, achalasia, hiatal hernia, and esophagitis. The barium swallow, however, must be frequently followed by esophagoscopy to obtain a more definitive diagnosis and a tissue biopsy, particularly in the case of carcinoma of the esophagus. If both of these tests are negative, the possibility of myasthenia gravis should be considered, and a Tensilon test should be done. Esophageal manometry may detect achalasia or diffuse esophageal spasm. When a mediastinal mass is suspected, a CT scan of the mediastinum should be done. When all testing is negative, hysteria should be considered. Ultrasonography can be used to diagnose abnormal movements of the tongue and larynx. Videofluoroscopy is also useful in diagnosing oropharyngeal causes. Reflux esophagitis can be diagnosed with ambulatory pH monitoring. A therapeutic trial of a proton pump inhibitor may be useful.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs, 2003
SORE THROAT:
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)
In a sore throat with typical exudates very suggestive of streptococcal pharyngitis, a throat culture may be all one needs before starting definitive antibiotic therapy. In the more difficult cases, screening for streptococcal antigens (streptozyme test and ASO titer) might be indicated. An ASO titer is particularly important when one suspects rheumatic fever. If the patient's streptococcal sore throat persists, a Monospot test and a culture for gonorrhea should be done. Although there are hardly any false-negative Monospot tests, there are 10% false positives, and that should be kept in mind. A blood smear for atypical lymphocytes may be helpful, as well as a heterophile antibody titer in those cases.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs, 2003
Dysphagia:
History and physical examination
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
If the patient's dysphagia doesn't suggest an airway obstruction, begin a health history. Ask the patient if swallowing is painful. If so, is the pain constant or intermittent? Have the patient point to where dysphagia feels most intense. Does eating alleviate or aggravate the symptom? Are solids or liquids more difficult to swallow? If the answer is liquids, ask if hot, cold, and lukewarm fluids affect him differently. Does the symptom disappear after he tries to swallow a few times? Is swallowing easier if he changes position? Ask if he has recently experienced vomiting, regurgitation, weight loss, anorexia, hoarseness, dyspnea, or a cough.
To evaluate the patient's swallowing reflex, place your finger along his thyroid notch and instruct him to swallow. If you feel his larynx rise, the reflex is intact. Next, have him cough to assess his cough reflex. Check his gag reflex if you're sure he has a good swallow or cough reflex. Listen closely to his speech for signs of muscle weakness. Does he have aphasia or dysarthria? Is his voice nasal, hoarse, or breathy? Assess the patient's mouth carefully. Check for dry mucous membranes and thick, sticky secretions. Observe for tongue and facial weakness and obvious obstructions (for example, enlarged tonsils). Assess the patient for disorientation, which may make him neglect to swallow.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Mouth lesions:
History and physical examination
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Begin your evaluation with a thorough history. Ask the patient when the lesions appeared and whether he has noticed pain, odor, or drainage. Also ask about associated complaints, particularly skin lesions. Obtain a complete drug history, including drug allergies and antibiotic use, and a complete medical history. Note especially malignancy, sexually transmitted disease, I.V. drug use, recent infection, or trauma. Ask about his dental history, including oral hygiene habits, the frequency of dental examinations, and the date of his most recent dental visit.
Next, perform a complete oral examination, noting lesion sites and character. Examine the patient’s lips for color and texture. Inspect and palpate the buccal mucosa and tongue for color, texture, and contour; note especially painless ulcers on the sides or base of the tongue. Hold the tongue with a piece of gauze, lift it, and examine its underside and the floor of the mouth. Depress the tongue with a tongue blade, and examine the oropharynx. Inspect the teeth and gums, noting missing, broken, or discolored teeth; dental caries; excessive debris; and bleeding, inflamed, swollen, or discolored gums.
Palpate the neck for adenopathy, especially in patients who smoke tobacco or use alcohol excessively.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Throat pain:
History and physical examination
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Ask the patient when he first noticed the pain, and have him describe it. Has he had throat pain before? Is it accompanied by fever, ear pain, or dysphagia? Review the patient’s medical history for throat problems, allergies, and systemic disorders.
Next, carefully examine the pharynx, noting redness, exudate, or swelling. Examine the oropharynx, using a warmed metal spatula or tongue blade, and the nasopharynx, using a warmed laryngeal mirror or a fiber-optic nasopharyngoscope. Laryngoscopic examination of the hypopharynx may be required. (If necessary, spray the soft palate and pharyngeal wall with a local anesthetic to prevent gagging.) Observe the tonsils for redness, swelling, or exudate. Obtain an exudate specimen for culture. Then examine the nose, using a nasal speculum. Also, check the patient’s ears, especially if he reports ear pain. Finally, palpate the neck and oropharynx for nodules or lymph node enlargement.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Dysphagia:
History and physical examination
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
If the patient’s dysphagia doesn’t suggest an airway obstruction, begin a health history. Ask the patient if swallowing is painful. If so, is the pain constant or intermittent? Have the patient point to where dysphagia feels most intense. Does eating alleviate or aggravate the symptom? Are solids or liquids more difficult to swallow? If the answer is liquids, ask if hot, cold, and lukewarm fluids affect him differently. Does the symptom disappear after he tries to swallow a few times? Is swallowing easier if he changes position? Ask if he has recently experienced vomiting, regurgitation, weight loss, anorexia, hoarseness, dyspnea, or a cough.
To evaluate the patient’s swallowing reflex, place your finger along his thyroid notch and instruct him to swallow. If you feel his larynx rise, the reflex is intact. Next, have him cough to assess his cough reflex. Check his gag reflex if you’re sure he has a good swallow or cough reflex. Listen closely to his speech for signs of muscle weakness. Does he have aphasia or dysarthria? Is his voice nasal, hoarse, or breathy? Assess the patient’s mouth carefully. Check for dry mucous membranes and thick, sticky secretions. Observe for tongue and facial weakness and obvious obstructions (for example, enlarged tonsils). Assess the patient for disorientation, which may make him neglect to swallow.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Mouth lesions:
History and physical examination
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Begin your evaluation with a thorough history. Ask the patient when the lesions appeared and whether he has noticed any pain, odor, or drainage. Also ask about associated complaints, particularly skin lesions. Obtain a complete drug history, including drug allergies and antibiotic use, and a complete medical history. Note especially any malignancy, sexually transmitted disease, I.V. drug use, recent infection, or trauma. Ask about his dental history, including oral hygiene habits, frequency of dental examinations, and the date of his most recent dental visit.
Next, perform a complete oral examination, noting lesion sites and character. Examine the patient’s lips for color and texture. Inspect and palpate the buccal mucosa and tongue for color, texture, and contour; note especially any painless ulcers on the sides or base of the tongue. Hold the tongue with a piece of gauze, lift it, and examine its underside and the floor of the mouth. Depress the tongue with a tongue blade, and examine the oropharynx. Inspect the teeth and gums, noting missing, broken, or discolored teeth; dental caries; excessive debris; and bleeding, inflamed, swollen, or discolored gums.
Palpate the neck for adenopathy, especially in patients who smoke tobacco or use alcohol excessively.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Throat pain:
History and physical examination
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Ask the patient when he first noticed the pain and have him describe it. Has he had throat pain before? Is it accompanied by fever, ear pain, or dysphagia? Review the patient’s medical history for throat problems, allergies, and systemic disorders.
Next, carefully examine the pharynx, noting redness, exudate, or swelling. Examine the oropharynx, using a warmed metal spatula or tongue blade, and the nasopharynx, using a warmed laryngeal mirror or a fiber-optic nasopharyngoscope. Laryngoscopic examination of the hypopharynx may be required. (If necessary, spray the soft palate and pharyngeal wall with a local anesthetic to prevent gagging.) Observe the tonsils for redness, swelling, or exudate; if exudate is present, obtain a specimen for culture. Then examine the nose, using a nasal speculum. Also, check the patient’s ears, especially if he reports ear pain. Finally, palpate the neck and oropharynx for nodules or lymph node enlargement.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Dysphagia:
Physical examination
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
A general physical examination and focused organ- or symptom-specific examinations based on the history often confirm the cause of the patient’s dysphagia.
A. Focused examination. Assess mental status, motor and sensory functioning, deep tendon reflexes, cerebellar function, and cranial nerves. Focus special attention on the cranial nerves (CN) associated with swallowing (CN IX, X). A decreased gag reflex is associated with an increased risk of aspiration. Inspect the oropharynx and note the patients’speech. A widened anteroposterior chest diameter and distant breath sounds are signs of chronic obstructive lung disease and may indicate chronic aspiration.
B. The swallow. Observe the patient swallowing a variety of liquids and solids. Can the patient chew, mix, and propel a food bolus to the posterior pharynx without choking or coughing? When in the swallowing sequence does the patient complain of difficulty?
Testing
A. Clinical laboratory tests. Limit initial laboratory evaluations to specific studies based on the differential diagnosis generated after a complete history and physical examination. These can include thyroid function studies, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a complete blood count to screen for infectious or inflammatory conditions.
B. Special studies and diagnostic imaging. Additional diagnostic testing is indicated to confirm a diagnosis, to obtain biopsy specimens, or to establish the risk for aspiration. Specialists in radiology, otolaryngology, and gastroenterology will most often complete these tests.
1. Nasopharyngoscopy. Nasopharyngoscopy assesses patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia and those at risk for aspiration. It quickly identifies structural masses and lesions and assesses laryngeal sensitivity to contact. Patients demonstrating aspiration without cough are at high risk for pulmonary complications.
2. Barium studies. Barium swallow detects obstructive lesions and assesses motility better than endoscopy, but lacks precision in identifying the nature of some obstructive lesions. It is relatively inexpensive with few complications, but can be difficult to perform on sick or uncooperative patients. Double contrast studies provide better visualization of esophageal mucosa.
3. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. Patients with food impactions, esophageal mucosal symptoms, or masses identified by barium studies should undergo upper endoscopy. A consensus panel found endoscopy more sensitive (92% vs. 54%) and more specific (100% vs. 91%) than double contrast UGI in patients with dysphagia of all causes (5). Patients prefer endoscopy to UGI studies, and the higher initial cost of endoscopy may be offset by lower subsequent medical costs because of its improved diagnostic accuracy.
4. Videoradiographic studies. Patients at risk for silent aspiration (stroke, neurologic impairment) may benefit from videoradiographic studies performed by a team composed of a radiologist, otolaryngologist, and speech pathologist with expertise in swallowing disorders. The studies are expensive and require special equipment and facilities.
5. Other studies. Manometry detects abnormalities in only 25% of those with nonobstructive lesions. Esophageal pH monitoring is the gold standard for suspected reflux. Plain films of the chest or neck and ultrasound of the pharynx offer limited information. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans provide excellent definition for suspected structural central nervous system abnormalities. Radionuclide studies can be used to evaluate transit function through the esophagus.
Diagnostic assessment
A thorough history and physical examination readily identify the cause of dysphagia in most patients. Confirmatory studies are predicated on the differential diagnoses generated. Referral to other specialists is warranted when the cause is not clear or if further diagnostic or therapeutic expertise is required. Elderly patients are at highest risk for dysphagia and complications, especially silent aspiration. Aggressive early evaluation and management of stroke victims reduce symptoms and risk of aspiration.
References
1. National ambulatory medical care survey: 1993 summary. Vital and Health Statistics, series 13. Hyattsville, Maryland: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1998;136:74.
2. Lindgren S, Janzon L. Prevalence of swallowing complaints and clinical findings among 50–79-year-old men and women in an urban population. Dysphagia 1991;6:
187–192.
3. Castell DO. Approach to the patient with dysphagia. In: Yamada T, ed. Textbook of gastroenterology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995:638–648.
4. Boyce HW. Drug induced esophageal damage: diseases of medical progress. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;6:547–550.
5. Dooley CP, Larson AW, Stace NH, et al. Double contrast barium meal and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparative study. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:538–545.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter, 2000
Sore Throat:
Diagnostic Approach
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)
The most important consideration is whether the patient has a group A strep infection because prompt treatment prevents rheumatic fever. The findings of fever, tender anterior cervical adenopathy, and tonsillar exudate can be combined to make the diagnosis more or less likely. Rapid antigen tests have a sensitivity of 80% to 90% and specificity of 95% to 100%, so give a reasonably accurate diagnosis. Because of limitations in sensitivity however, patients with a high suspicion on clinical grounds should have a backup culture taken.
Prior probability in an adult population with sore throat is 5% to 10%, and in a pediatric population 20% to 25%. A prominent sore throat out of proportion to the degree of pharyngeal inflammation should raise the possibility of acute epiglottitis and acutely impending airway compromise. Persistent unilateral tonsillar enlargement in a young adult without sore throat should raise the suspicion of lymphoma.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007
dysphagia/Heartburn:
Diagnostic Approach
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)
Dysphagia, a sensation of sticking usually occurs at the level of the obstruction, although distal esophageal obstruction may be referred to the suprasternal notch. Odynophagia (painful swallowing) is usually caused by infectious esophagitis (Candida, HSV, CMV), severe reflux, or pill-induced esophagitis. Phagophobia (fear of swallowing) can occur in patients with hysteria, rabies, tetanus, or pharyngeal paralysis.
Weight loss may occur with dysphagia of any cause, but a major loss disproportionate to the dysphagia suggests cancer. Hoarseness occurring before dysphagia is consistent with a laryngeal lesion. Hoarseness occurring after the onset of dysphagia suggests recurrent laryngeal involvement with esophageal or bronchogenic cancer or laryngitis due to reflux or neuromuscular disease. Hiccups signal a problem in the terminal esophagus (cancer, achalasia, hiatal hernia). Progressive dysphagia is usually caused by cancer or a peptic stricture, while intermittent dysphagia is most often due to a lower esophageal ring. Unilateral wheezing with dysphagia indicates a mediastinal mass involving both the esophagus and bronchus.
History differentiates mechanical obstruction from motor disorders with 80% accuracy.
Heartburn is typically a retrosternal burning, occurring after meals or awakening the patient from sleep. Patients may regurgitate acid and small amounts of undigested food without nausea or retching. Less common symptoms include water brash, a foamy reflex hypersalivation, and globus, the constant sensation of a lump in the throat. The correlation between severity of heartburn and endoscopic grade of esophagitis is poor.
Early evaluation is indicated by coincident symptoms such as dysphagia, severe nausea, vomiting, weight loss or bleeding, lack of response to empiric therapy, or increase in symptoms with exertion (suggesting angina). Heartburn can mimic angina, with chest pressure radiating to the jaw or shoulder. Pain
or difficulty swallowing suggests active inflammation, malignancy, achalasia, or stricture. Nocturnal pain relieved by intake of food, milk, or antacids favors
peptic ulcer disease. Pain increased by meals and not interfering with daily
activities favors nonulcer dyspepsia.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007
Dysphagia:
Physical assessment
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
To evaluate the patient’s swallowing reflex, place your finger along his thyroid notch and instruct him to swallow. If you feel his larynx rise, the reflex is intact. Next, have him cough to assess his cough reflex. Check his gag reflex if you’re sure he has a good swallow or cough reflex. Listen closely to his speech for signs of muscle weakness. Does he have aphasia or dysarthria? Is his voice nasal, hoarse, or breathy? Assess the patient’s mouth carefully. Check for dry mucous membranes and thick, sticky secretions. Observe for tongue and facial weakness and obvious obstructions (for example, enlarged tonsils). Assess the patient for disorientation, which may make him neglect to swallow.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Mouth lesions:
Physical assessment
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Perform a complete oral examination, noting lesion sites and character. Examine the patient’s lips for color and texture. Inspect and palpate the buccal mucosa and tongue for color, texture, and contour; especially note any painless ulcers on the sides or base of the tongue. Hold the tongue with a piece of gauze, lift it, and examine its underside and the floor of the mouth. Depress the tongue with a tongue blade, and examine the oropharynx. Inspect the teeth and gums, noting missing, broken, or discolored teeth; dental caries; excessive debris; and bleeding, inflamed, swollen, or discolored gums.
Palpate the neck for adenopathy, especially in patients who smoke tobacco or use alcohol excessively.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Throat pain:
Physical assessment
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Carefully examine the pharynx, noting redness, exudate, or swelling. Examine the oropharynx, using a warmed metal spatula or tongue blade, and the nasopharynx, using a warmed laryngeal mirror or a fiber-optic nasopharyngoscope. Laryngoscopic examination of the hypopharynx may be required. (If necessary, spray the soft palate and pharyngeal wall with a local anesthetic to prevent gagging.) Observe the tonsils for redness, swelling, or exudate. Obtain an exudate specimen for culture. Then examine the nose, using a nasal speculum. Also, check the patient’s ears, especially if he reports ear pain. Finally, palpate the neck and oropharynx for nodules or lymph node enlargement.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Sore Throat:
Diagnostic Approach
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
Historyand physical exam provide important clues for proper diagnosis ofsore throat.Most common clinical dilemma in childwith pharyngitis is whether pathogen is virus or group A Streptococcus.Tests to detect streptococcal antigen may be diagnostic, but ifresults of such tests are negative, throat culture should be performed.Because many cases of pharyngitis aredue to viruses, antibiotic use should be guided by antigen detectiontests or culture. Presence of conjunctivitis, cough, rhinitis, andhoarseness suggests viral etiology. Infectious mononucleosis isalso a consideration, especially in older children and adolescents.Neck radiography, flexible laryngoscopy,and CT are useful with suspected foreign body or retropharyngeal/lateralpharyngeal abscess.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics, 2006
Dysphagia:
History and physical examination
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
If the patient's dysphagia doesn't suggest an airway obstruction, begin a health history. Ask the patient if swallowing is painful. If so, is the pain constant or intermittent? Have the patient point to where dysphagia feels most intense. Does eating alleviate or aggravate the symptom? Are solids or liquids more difficult to swallow? If the answer is liquids, ask if hot, cold, and lukewarm fluids affect him differently. Does the symptom disappear after he tries to swallow a few times? Is swallowing easier if he changes position? Ask if he has recently experienced vomiting, regurgitation, weight loss, anorexia, hoarseness, dyspnea, or a cough.
To evaluate the patient's swallowing reflex, place your finger along his thyroid notch and instruct him to swallow. If you feel his larynx rise, the reflex is intact. Next, have him cough to assess his cough reflex. Check his gag reflex if you're sure he has a good swallow or cough reflex. Listen closely to his speech for signs of muscle weakness. Does he have aphasia or dysarthria? Is his voice nasal, hoarse, or breathy? Assess the patient's mouth carefully. Check for dry mucous membranes and thick, sticky secretions. Observe for tongue and facial weakness and obvious obstructions (for example, enlarged tonsils). Assess the patient for disorientation, which may make him neglect to swallow.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Mouth lesions:
History and physical examination
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Begin your evaluation with a thorough history. Ask the patient when the lesions appeared and whether he has noticed odor or drainage or experienced pain. Also ask about associated complaints, particularly skin lesions. Obtain a complete drug history, including drug allergies and antibiotic use, and a complete medical history. Note especially malignancy, sexually transmitted disease, I.V. drug use, recent infection, or trauma. Ask about his dental history, including oral hygiene habits, the frequency of dental examinations, and the date of his most recent dental visit.
Next, perform a complete oral examination, noting lesion sites and character. Examine the patient's lips for color and texture. Inspect and palpate the buccal mucosa and tongue for color, texture, and contour; note especially painless ulcers on the sides or base of the tongue. Hold the tongue with a piece of gauze, lift it, and examine its underside and the floor of the mouth. Depress the tongue with a tongue blade, and examine the oropharynx. Inspect the teeth and gums, noting missing, broken, or discolored teeth; dental caries; excessive debris; and bleeding, inflamed, swollen, or discolored gums. Note any odor.
Palpate the neck for adenopathy, especially in patients who use tobacco or ingest alcohol excessively.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Throat pain:
History and physical examination
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Ask the patient when he first noticed the pain, and have him describe it. Has he had throat pain before? How was it treated? Is it accompanied by fever, ear pain, or dysphagia? Review the patient's medical history for throat problems, allergies, and systemic disorders.
Next, carefully examine the pharynx, noting redness, exudate, or swelling. Examine the oropharynx and the nasopharynx. Laryngoscopic examination of the hypopharynx may be required. (If necessary, spray the soft palate and pharyngeal wall with a local anesthetic to prevent gagging.) Observe the tonsils for redness, swelling, or exudate. Obtain an exudate specimen for culture. Then examine the nose. Also, check the patient's ears, especially if he reports ear pain. Finally, palpate the neck and oropharynx for nodules or lymph node enlargement.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Genital herpes remains one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases, but most don't know they are infected. Learn how to stay safe and...
Whenever you go to a hospital or clinic for a major procedure or diagnostic test, one of the many forms you are given to sign is an "informed...
Germs are a fact of life and catching an infectious disease like a cold may seem inevitable. But there are simple ways to protect yourself against...
Sexual contact can sometimes result in problems. An unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases may be some of those consequences. But by...
See full list of 4 related videos
» Next page: Diagnosis of Throat cancer
Rate This Website
What do you think about the features of this website?
Take our user survey and have your say:
Website User Survey
Medical Tools & Articles:
Next articles:
Tools & Services:
Medical Articles:
Forums & Message Boards
- Ask or answer a question at the Boards:
