Prevalence and Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury

Prevalence/Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury: Online Medical Books

16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE! Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury.

Headache: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

Most chronic headaches result from tension (muscle contraction), which may be caused by emotional stress, fatigue, menstruation, or environmental stimuli (noise, crowds, or bright lights). Other possible causes include glaucoma; inflammation of the eyes or mucosa of the nasal or paranasal sinuses; diseases of the scalp, teeth, extracranial arteries, or external or middle ear; muscle spasms of the face, neck, or shoulders; and cervical arthritis. In addition, headaches may be caused by vasodilators (nitrates, alcohol, and histamine), systemic disease, hypoxia, hypertension, head trauma and tumor, intracranial bleeding, abscess, or aneurysm.

The cause of migraine headache is unknown, but it’s associated with constriction and dilation of intracranial and extracranial arteries. Certain biochemical abnormalities are thought to occur during a migraine attack. These include local leakage of a vasodilator polypeptide called neurokinin through the dilated arteries and a decrease in the plasma level of serotonin.

Headache pain may emanate from the pain-sensitive structures of the skin, scalp, muscles, arteries, and veins; cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X; or cervical nerves 1, 2, and 3. Intracranial mechanisms of headaches include traction or displacement of arteries, venous sinuses, or venous tributaries and inflammation or direct pressure on the cranial nerves with afferent pain fibers.

Affecting up to 10% of Americans, headaches are more common in females and have a strong familial incidence.

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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005

Blunt chest injuries: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

Motor vehicle accidents cause two-thirds of major chest injuries in the United States. Other common causes include sports and blast injuries and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. About 50% of these injuries affect the chest wall; 80% of those with significant blunt chest trauma also have extrathoracic injuries.

Chest injuries account for 70% of all trauma-related deaths in the United States.

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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005

Blunt and penetrating abdominal injuries: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

Blunt (nonpenetrating) abdominal injuries usually result from automobile accidents, falls from heights, or sports injuries; penetrating abdominal injuries, from stab and gunshot wounds.

The most commonly injured organs associated with penetrating abdominal trauma are the small intestine (29%), liver (28%), and colon (23%). Penetrating abdominal trauma affects 35% of those admitted to urban trauma centers and 1% to 12% of those admitted to suburban and rural centers.

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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005

Traumatic amputation: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

Traumatic amputations usually result directly from accidents involving factory, farm, power tools, or motor vehicles. Natural disasters, wars, and terrorist attacks can also cause traumatic amputations.

Below the knee amputations account for 53% of traumatic leg amputations; with about 33% above the knee. Lower limb amputations account for 91.7% of traumatic amputations. Incidence of below the elbow amputation is 4.4%, and above the elbow amputations account for 2%.

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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005

Brain Injury, Traumatic: Brain Injury, Traumatic - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)

• Trauma, number 1 cause of death of children >1 year. Head injury most common contributor to morbidity and mortality.
• Between 29,000 and 50,000 children in the US <19 suffer permanent disability from TBI each year.
• Age-dependent mechanism of injury and pathophysiology
• <2 years old: Nonaccidental trauma is principle cause of TBI.
• >2 years old: Falls (~37%) are most common cause of trauma.
• For severe TBI, nonaccidental trauma remains principle cause in young children.
• Motor vehicle accidents in older children, although penetrating injuries becoming more common

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Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008

About prevalence and incidence statistics:

The term 'prevalence' of Traumatic Brain Injury usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing Traumatic Brain Injury at any given time. The term 'incidence' of Traumatic Brain Injury refers to the annual diagnosis rate, or the number of new cases of Traumatic Brain Injury diagnosed each year. Hence, these two statistics types can differ: a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence, but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence. For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.

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