Prevalence and Incidence of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis: Rare Disease
Tuberculosis is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Tuberculosis, or a subtype of Tuberculosis,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Ophanet, who are a consortium of European partners,
currently defines a condition rare when if affects 1 person per 2,000.
They list Tuberculosis as a "rare disease".
More information about Tuberculosis is available from Orphanet
Tuberculosis Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Incidence (annual) of Tuberculosis:
18,361 cases annually in the USA (1998); 8 million people worldwide develop active TB and 3 million die; 17,531 annual cases notified in USA 1999 (MMWR 1999); 5.50 per 100,000 in Canada 20001 ... see also overview of Tuberculosis.
Incidence Rate:
approx 1 in 14,814 or 0.01% or 18,360 people in USA [Source statistic for calcuation: "18,361 cases annually in the USA (1998); 8 million people worldwide develop active TB and 3 million die; 17,531 annual cases notified in USA 1999 (MMWR 1999); 5.50 per 100,000 in Canada 20001" -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence extrapolations for USA for Tuberculosis:
18,360 per year,
1,530 per month,
353 per week,
50 per day,
2 per hour,
0 per minute,
0 per second.
[Source statistic for calculation: "18,361 cases annually in the USA (1998); 8 million people worldwide develop active TB and 3 million die; 17,531 annual cases notified in USA 1999 (MMWR 1999); 5.50 per 100,000 in Canada 20001" -- see also general information about data sources]
Prevalance of Tuberculosis:
between 10 and 15 million people in the United States. (Source: excerpt from Microbes in Sickness and in Health - Publications, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: NIAID)
...
In 1998, a total of 18,371 active TB cases, in all
50 states and the District of Columbia, were reported to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (Source: excerpt from Tuberculosis, NIAID Fact Sheet: NIAID)
Worldwide prevalence of Tuberculosis:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion
people, one-third of the world's population, have TB. (Source: excerpt from Microbes in Sickness and in Health - Publications, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: NIAID)
Prevelance statistics for Tuberculosis:
The following statistics relate to the prevalence of Tuberculosis:
- 42 was the mean age of patients hospitalised for tuberculosis in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 69% of hospitalisations for tuberculosis was for 15-59 year olds in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 10% of hospitalisations for tuberculosis was for over 75 year olds in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- more statistics...»
Incidence statistics for Tuberculosis:
The following statistics relate to the incidence of Tuberculosis:
- 16,337 new cases of tuberculosis occurred annually in the US 2000 (Health, United States: 2002, NCHS, CDC)
- 21,327 cases in the USA 1996 (New Jersey Department of Health, 2004)
- 22,860 cases in the USA 1995 (New Jersey Department of Health, 2004)
- 25,287 cases in the USA 1994 (New Jersey Department of Health, 2004)
- 25,313 cases in the USA 1993 (New Jersey Department of Health, 2004)
- 26,673 cases in the USA 1992 (New Jersey Department of Health, 2004)
- 25,701 cases in the USA 1991 (New Jersey Department of Health, 2004)
- more statistics...»
Death statistics for Tuberculosis:
The following statistics relate to deaths and Tuberculosis:
- 749 deaths in the USA 2001 (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC)
- 776 deaths in the USA 2000 (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC)
- 930 deaths in the USA 1999 (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC)
- 1,112 deaths in the USA 1998 (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC)
- more statistics...»
More Statistics about Tuberculosis:
Deaths and related statistics
Hospitalization statistics
Cost statistics
All statistics for Tuberculosis
Prevalence/Incidence of Tuberculosis: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
After exposure to M. tuberculosis, roughly 5% of infected people develop active TB within 1 year; in the remainder, microorganisms cause a latent infection. The host’s immune system usually controls the tubercle bacillus by enclosing it in a tiny nodule (tubercle). The bacillus may lie dormant within the tubercle for years and later reactivate and spread.
Although the primary infection site is the lungs, mycobacteria commonly exist in other parts of the body. Several factors increase the risk of infection reactivation: gastrectomy, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin’s disease, leukemia, silicosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, treatment with corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, and advanced age.
Transmission is by droplet nuclei produced when infected persons cough or sneeze. Persons with a cavitary lesion are particularly infectious because their sputum usually contains 1 to 100 million bacilli per milliliter. If an inhaled tubercle bacillus settles in an alveolus, infection occurs, with alveolocapillary dilation and endothelial cell swelling. Alveolitis results, with replication of tubercle bacilli and influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These organisms spread through the lymph system to the circulatory system and then through the body.
Cell-mediated immunity to the mycobacteria, which develops 3 to 6 weeks later, usually contains the infection and arrests the disease. If the infection reactivates, the body’s response characteristically leads to caseation — the conversion of necrotic tissue to a cheeselike material. The caseum may localize, undergo fibrosis, or excavate and form cavities, the walls of which are studded with multiplying tubercle bacilli. If this happens, infected caseous debris may spread throughout the lungs by the tracheobronchial tree. Sites of extrapulmonary TB include the pleurae, meninges, joints, lymph nodes, peritoneum, genitourinary tract, and bowel.
The incidence of TB has been increasing in the United States secondary to homelessness, drug abuse, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Globally, TB is the leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality, generating 8 to 10 million new cases each year.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- The most common route of infection is via the respiratory tract. TB is spread from a person with disease by droplet nuclei that are inhaled by other people. A child becomes infected with TB after close and prolonged contact with an adult or adolescent who has active untreated infectious disease, usually pulmonary TB, in a poorly ventilated space. But there are people who develop TB without knowledge of an infectious contact.
- Congenital infection occurs, although rarely, in the setting of an untreated mother in the last trimester of pregnancy.
- Infection with the tubercle bacillus needs to be differentiated from disease (i.e., TB).
- The interval between onset of infection and disease is 10–12 weeks (details later in this chapter).
- The greatest chance of disease occurring (that is, of developing a positive result in tests using purified protein derivative [PPD], now renamed tuberculin skin test [TST]) is within the 1st 2 years after infection. However, for infants and children younger than 5 years, progression through the spectrum of pediatric TB (exposure–infection–disease) is age dependent (see “Definition”).
- Postpubertal adolescents and immunosuppressed people, including people with diabetes, with chronic renal failure, the malnourished, and those taking steroids for any reason (including pulse doses), have higher risks of progression of infection to disease.
- Nationwide, the early 1990s had a documented increase in TB in children <2 years of age in the US states where TB is more common; this trend had been reversed owing to adherence to the recommendations for treatment of the American Thoracic Society/US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America updated 2003 (see “Bibliography”). However, now an increase is being seen related to the increasing proportion of foreign-born parents of children in the US.
>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Pediatric Tuberculosis:
Epidemiology
(Pediatric Infectious Disease)
After years of decline in the national rates of tuberculosis, there were
discussions in the early 1980s regarding the elimination of the disease in the
United States. However, from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, there was a 15%
increase in reported cases. Children were even more greatly affected by this
trend, with an increase in reported cases in children 5 to 14 years of age of
almost 40%. The increase in cases of tuberculosis was thought to be the result
of an increase in medically underserved populations, an increased number of
patients from endemic areas, and an increase in patients infected with human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resulting in large numbers of contagious patients.
Although infection control efforts have been somewhat successful in controlling
tuberculosis, it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in selected
areas of the United States. This chapter discusses both the pathophysiology of
pediatric tuberculous infection and the diagnosis and therapy of latent and
active disease.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Tuberculosis usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Tuberculosis at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Tuberculosis refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Tuberculosis diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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