... Red urine may be due to hematuria,
hemoglobinuria (hemolytic anemia), myoglobinuria (muscle trauma, myocardial infarction), and coproporphyria or uroporphyria (porphyria). Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (PyridiumŪ) also colors the urine red or orange. Ingestion of
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Is there fever? A significant fever would suggest either pyelonephritis, particularly in females, or acute prostatitis in males.
Is the urine grossly bloody or are there a significant number of red cells on microscopic examination? ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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...
Is there daytime frequency of urination also? If there is daytime frequency, the differential diagnosis of polyuria should be considered.
Is there associated pain or difficulty voiding? These ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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...
Is it transient? Migraine, asthma, and drugs such as diuretics may produce transient polyuria.
Is it massive? Massive polyuria is usually due to pituitary or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia. It may ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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...
Are there significant numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine? This would suggest a UTI. If there are white cell casts or clumps, the infection may be a pyelonephritis. A urine culture and colony count should be ordered. ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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... Most cases of urethral discharge in both males and females are due to gonorrhea or
Chlamydia trachomatis
. When the smear and culture are negative for gonorrhea, a course of tetracycline can be given as a therapeutic trial to diagnose
Chlamydia
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Is there pain on urination? The presence of pain on urination should suggest cystitis, urethritis, urethral caruncle, vesicular calculus, urethral stricture, and acute prostatitis.
Are there focal ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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...
Is the 24-hr urine volume increased? If the 24-hr urine volume is increased, then one has identified polyuria. The differential diagnosis of this condition is found on
page 372
.
Is there dysuria? If there is dysuria, one should ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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...
Is the volume of urine large or small? If the volume of urine released is small, stress incontinence and vesicovaginal fistula should be considered. If the amounts released are large, one should consider a neurologic ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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...
Dysuria is a painful or burning sensation during or immediately after urination. This is a common symptom in primary care; nearly 20% of women aged 20–55 will have one episode of dysuria per year. Women have episodes of acute dysuria much... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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...
Polyuria is defined as urine output greater than 3 L per day. The output of a large volume of dilute urine leads to extracellular dehydration, which stimulates the thirst centers to influence the patient to increase fluid intake; thus, this condition may also lead to polydipsia.
... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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...
A perceived or observed decrease in the strength or flow of one's urine stream is a common complaint. This is often of concern to the patient because of the concern about both a serious medical problem and the slowing of urination and associated dribbling or incomplete emptying... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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...
Dysuria is defined as pain with urination and is a very common complaint in female children. It is commonly due to either urinary tract infection or perineal irritation from a variety of causes.
Differential Diagnosis
... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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...
Proteinuria in children is defined as a quantitative 24-hour urine collection with >4 mg/m2/hour (>100 mg/m2/day) of protein. Semiquantitative definitions include urine dipstick ≥1+ (30 mg/dL) for specific gravity (SG) ≤1.015, or 2+ (100 mg/dL)... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Apart from hematuria, red urine may signify hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria, suggesting the various hemolytic anemias, the march hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal “cold” hemoglobinuria and nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and the Crush syndrome. Red urine
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... Dysuria is difficult or painful micturition. One could cover most of the causes simply by considering the inflammatory lesions of the genitourinary tract in ascending order. Thus, there may be a urethritis or urethral carbuncle, a trigonitis or
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The differential diagnosis of nocturia is similar to that of polyuria. A pathophysiologic analysis of the symptom would indicate that the patient is producing excessive urine at night, there is an obstruction to the output of urine so that the bladder cannot be emptied fully
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Polyuria is an absolute increase in the urine output in a 24-hour period. The average individual excretes 1,500 mL of urine a day. Many physiologic conditions increase the output of urine (stress, exercise, and warm weather associated with copious drinking
... READ EXCERPTS »
... There are many causes of proteinuria. The mnemonic VINDICATE is a helpful way of developing a list of possibilities.
PROTEINURIA
V—Vascular category should call to mind CHF, hypertension
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A significant purulent urethral discharge invariably signals the diagnosis of gonorrhea and, until a Gram stain is done, little consideration is given to the other causes of a nonbloody urethral discharge. However, one should also consider other
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Frequency of urination may be due to polyuria (increased output of urine), obstruction to the output of urine (requiring frequent voiding to get the urine out) because the net capacity of the bladder is reduced, or irritative lesions in or near the urinary tract.
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Incontinence may be due to loss of voluntary control of urination, in which case neurologic disorders are usually the cause, or it may result from overflow of a distended bladder (overflow incontinence), in which case the cause may be bladder neck
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Cloudy, murky, or turbid urine reflects the presence of bacteria, mucus, leukocytes or erythrocytes, epithelial cells, fat, or phosphates (in alkaline urine). It’s characteristic of urinary tract infection (UTI) but can also result from prolonged storage of a... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Bladder distention — abnormal enlargement of the bladder — results from an inability to excrete urine, which results in its accumulation. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic obstruction, neuromuscular disorder, or the use of certain drugs.... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Nocturia — excessive urination at night — may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally, more urine is concentrated during the night... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is aggravated by overhydration,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... This excretion from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection.
History and physical examination
... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may be transient or permanent and may involve large volumes of urine or scant dribbling. It can... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary tract infection. However, it can also stem from another... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Hesitancy — difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream — can result from a urinary tract infection, a partial lower urinary tract obstruction, a neuromuscular disorder, or use of certain drugs. Occurring at all ages and in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the accumulation of even small amounts of urine. Repeated,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Urethral
Congenital urethral stenosis, web, atresia
Posterior urethral valves
Inflammation or stricture
Trauma
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... Central diabetes insipidus
Renal disease
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, congenital
Chronic renal insufficiency (especially tubulointerstitial disease)
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Benign/Physiologic
Fever
Exercise
Orthostatic
Contrast dye
Usually Nonnephritic
Chronic pyelonephritis
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Cystitis and urethritis, the two forms of lower urinary tract infection (UTI), are nearly 10 times more common in females than in males and affect approximately 10% to 20% of all females at least once. Lower UTI is also a prevalent bacterial disease in children, with... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Cloudy, murky, or turbid urine reflects the presence of bacteria, mucus, leukocytes or erythrocytes, epithelial cells, fat, or phosphates (in alkaline urine). It’s characteristic of urinary tract infection (UTI), but it can also result from prolonged storage of a urine... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Bladder distention—abnormal enlargement of the bladder—results from an inability to excrete urine, which then accumulates in the bladder. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic obstruction, a neuromuscular disorder, or the use of certain drugs. Relatively common in... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Dysuria—painful or difficult urination—is commonly accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency, or hesitancy. This symptom usually reflects lower urinary tract infection (UTI)—a common disorder, especially in women. (See Preventing... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Nocturia—excessive urination at night—may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally, more urine is concentrated during the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is aggravated by overhydration, consumption of caffeine or alcohol,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urethral discharge from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection.
History and physical examination
Ask the patient... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may be transient or permanent and may involve large volumes of urine or scant dribbling. It... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urinary frequency refers to an increased urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, urinary frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary tract infection (UTI). However, it can also stem from another urologic disorder,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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... Urinary hesitancy—difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream—can result from a urinary tract infection (UTI), a partial lower urinary tract obstruction, a neuromuscular disorder, or use of certain drugs.... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... A sudden compelling urge to urinate accompanied by bladder pain is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the accumulation of even small amounts of urine. Frequent voiding in an effort to... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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... David M. Quillen
Approach Dysuria is defined as “painful urination.” Acute dysuria is a frequent problem seen in ambulatory practices, accounting for more than three million office visits a year. The most common... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Anna M. Wright and Vincent H. Ober
Approach Nocturia, defined as awakening from sleep to urinate, is a frequent symptom in patients of all ages and it is associated with many disease processes. Nocturia is usually caused by increased... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Irene M. Hamrick
The prevalence of proteinuria in the general population is 3%, and 5% in healthy adolescents (1). Heavy and persistent proteinuria is associated with the development of end-stage renal disease in patients with glomerular pathology.
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... George P.N. Samraj
Discharge from the urethra is a common symptom. The characteristics and the cause of urethral discharge (UD) vary widely. Discharge can be profuse or scanty; clear, yellowish, or white; mucopurulent or serous; bloody, watery, or frank pus. UD... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Richard Rathe
Urinary incontinence (UI) in adults is one of the most prevalent and underdiagnosed afflictions in the United States (>25 million effected individuals, >50% of nursing home residents). The economic impact... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Lower urinary tract infection
❑ Acute pyelonephritis
❑ Urethritis
❑ Vaginitis
❑ Acute prostatitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Differential Overview
❑ Urinary tract infection
❑ Diabetes mellitus
❑ Diuretic therapy
❑ Bladder outlet obstruction
❑ Nephrogenic... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Differential Overview
❑ Diabetes
❑ Drugs/toxins
❑ Acute tubular necrosis
❑ Glomerulonephritis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Differential Overview
❑ Cystitis
❑ Benign prostatic hypertrophy
❑ Pelvic floor relaxation
❑ Drugs
❑ Prostatitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Cystitis and urethritis, the two forms of lower urinary tract infection (UTI), are nearly 10 times more common in women than in men and affect approximately 10% to 20% of all women at least once. Lower UTI is also a prevalent bacterial disease in children, with... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Bladder distention is an abnormal enlargement of the bladder due to the accumulation of urine arising from an inability to excrete urine. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic obstruction, neuromuscular disorder, or the use of certain drugs. Although it... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Bladder distention — abnormal enlargement of the bladder — results from an inability to excrete urine, which results in its accumulation. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic obstruction, neuromuscular disorder, or the use... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Dysuria (painful or difficult urination) is commonly accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency, or hesitancy. This symptom usually reflects lower urinary tract infection (UTI) — a common disorder, especially in women.
Dysuria also results from... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Nocturia — excessive urination at night — may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally, more urine is concentrated... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It’s usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is aggravated by overhydration, consumption of... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urethral discharge from the urinary meatus may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection.
History
Ask the patient when... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may be transient or permanent and may involve large volumes of urine or scant... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, urinary frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary tract infection (UTI). (See... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urinary hesitancy — difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream — can result from a urinary tract infection (UTI), a partial lower urinary tract obstruction, a neuromuscular disorder, or use of certain drugs. Occurring... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the accumulation of even small amounts of urine. Repeated, frequent... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...Dysuria (pain on urination) is usually producedby inflammation of urethra or bladder or both. Principal Causes of Dysuria Urinarytract infection Urethritis Cystitis Pyelonephritis Chemical irritation ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Table 15.1. Criteria for Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections ... References
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Proteinuriais a common finding in childhood and adolescence. Usual pathogenesis involves increasein permeability of glomerular basement membrane. Less common isdecreased absorption or increased secretion of protein by renaltubules,... Principal Causes of Proteinuria ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Urinaryincontinence or enuresis refers to the involuntary passage of urine. Most children have achieved urine continenceduring the day by 4 yrs of age, and during the night by 6 yrs ofage. Primary incontinence exists when achild has never gained bladder control,... Principal Causes of Urinary Incontinence ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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...Polyuria (excessive urine volume) is usuallyassociated with polydipsia (excessive thirst). Principal Causes of Polyuria and Polydipsia Diabetesmellitus Diabetes insipidus Antidiuretichormone deficiency (central diabetes insipidus) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Cloudy, murky, or turbid urine reflects the presence of bacteria, mucus, leukocytes or erythrocytes, epithelial cells, fat, or phosphates (in alkaline urine). It's characteristic of urinary tract infection (UTI) but can also result from prolonged... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Bladder distention—abnormal enlargement of the bladder—results from an inability to excrete urine, which results in its accumulation. Distention can be caused by a mechanical or anatomic obstruction, neuromuscular disorder, or the use... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Dysuria—painful or difficult urination—is commonly accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency, or hesitancy. This symptom usually reflects lower urinary tract infection (UTI)—a common disorder, especially in women.
Dysuria... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Nocturia—excessive urination at night—may result from disruption of the normal diurnal pattern of urine concentration or from overstimulation of the nerves and muscles that control urination. Normally, more urine is concentrated during the night than during the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A relatively common sign, polyuria is the daily production and excretion of more than 3 L of urine. It's usually reported by the patient as increased urination, especially when it occurs at night. Polyuria is aggravated by overhydration,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urethral discharge is an excretion from the urinary meatus that may be purulent, mucoid, or thin; sanguineous or clear; and scant or profuse. It usually develops suddenly, most commonly in men with a prostate infection.
History and physical examination
... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urinary incontinence, the uncontrollable passage of urine, can result from a bladder abnormality, a neurologic disorder, or an alteration in pelvic muscle strength. A common urologic sign, incontinence may be transient or permanent and may involve large volumes of urine or scant... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Urinary frequency refers to increased incidence of the urge to void without an increase in the total volume of urine produced. Usually resulting from decreased bladder capacity, frequency is a cardinal sign of urinary tract infection. However, it can also stem... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Hesitancy—difficulty starting a urine stream generally followed by a decrease in the force of the stream—can result from a urinary tract infection (UTI), a partial lower urinary tract obstruction, a neuromuscular disorder, or use of certain drugs. Occurring at all ages and in... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A sudden compelling urge to urinate (urinary urgency), accompanied by bladder pain, is a classic symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI). As inflammation decreases bladder capacity, discomfort results from the accumulation of even small amounts of urine.... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Apart from hematuria, red urine may signify hemoglobinuria or
myoglobinuria, suggesting the various hemolytic anemias, the march
hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal “cold” hemoglobinuria and nocturnal
hemoglobinuria, and the... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Dysuria is difficult or painful micturition. One could cover most of
the causes simply by considering the inflammatory lesions of the
genitourinary tract in ascending order. Thus, there may be a urethritis or ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The differential diagnosis of nocturia is similar to that of polyuria.
A pathophysiologic analysis of the symptoms would indicate that the patient
is producing excessive urine at night, there is an obstruction to the output
of urine so that the bladder... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Polyuria is an absolute increase in the urine output in a 24-hour
period. The average individual excretes 1,500 mL of urine a day. Many
physiologic conditions increase the output of urine (stress, exercise, and
warm weather... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
There are many causes of proteinuria. The mnemonic VINDICATE is a
helpful way of developing a list of possibilities.
V—Vascular category should call to mind CHF, hypertension, and
renal vein thrombosis.
... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
A significant purulent urethral discharge invariably signals the
diagnosis of gonorrhea and, until a Gram stain is done, little consideration
is given to the other causes of a nonbloody urethral discharge. However, one
should also consider other etiologic... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Frequency of urination may be due to polyuria (increased output of
urine), obstruction to the output of urine (requiring frequent voiding to
get the urine out) because the net capacity of the bladder is reduced, or
irritative... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Incontinence may be due to loss of voluntary control of urination, in
which case neurologic disorders are usually the cause, or it may result from
overflow of a distended bladder (overflow incontinence), in which case the
cause may be bladder neck obstruction or
... READ EXCERPTS »
Urinary incontinence is an embarrassing and frustrating problem that affects millions of adults in the United States. Many think it's just a...
When people start having the symptoms of urinary incontinence, they're often too embarrassed to talk about it, even with their doctors. But...
Frequent urges to urinate can be the result of overactive bladder (OAB). This is called urinary urgency. People with OAB can also find they have more...
It's no secret that our bodies change as we age, and some adjustments are unavoidable. But urinary incontinence is one problem older people...