Prevalence and Incidence of Vaginal candidiasis
Vaginal candidiasis Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Lifetime risk for Vaginal candidiasis:
75% women lifetime
Prevalance of Vaginal candidiasis:
Nearly 75% of all adult women have had at least
one genital "yeast infection" in their lifetime. On
rare occasions, men may also experience genital candidiasis. (Source: excerpt from Genital Candidiasis: DBMD)
Prevalence/Incidence of Vaginal candidiasis: Online Medical Books
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for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Vaginal candidiasis.
Candidiasis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Most cases of Candida infection result from C. albicans. Other infective strains include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. guillermondii. These fungi are part of the normal flora of the GI tract, mouth, vagina, and skin. They cause infection when some change in the body (rising glucose levels from diabetes mellitus; lowered resistance from an immunosuppressive drug, radiation, aging, or a disease, such as cancer or human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection) permits their sudden proliferation or when they're introduced systemically by I.V. or urinary cath-eters, drug abuse, hyperalimentation, or surgery. However, the most common predisposing factor remains the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which decrease the number of normal flora and permit an increasing number of candidal organisms to proliferate. The of a mother with vaginal candidiasis can contract oral thrush while passing through the birth canal. Thrush is also found in many infants who are breast-fed. The incidence of candidiasis is rising because of wider use of I.V. therapy and a greater number of immunocompromised patients, especially those with HIV infection.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
No characteristic immunologic defects have been identified in this infection, but many patients have a diminished response to various antigens or to Candida alone. In some patients, anergy may result from deficient migration inhibition factor, a mediator normally produced by lymphocytes.
Candida species infections are the most common causes of fungal infections among patients who are immunocompromised. About 3 of every 4 females have at least one bout of vulvovaginal candidiasis during their lifetimes. In individuals who are HIV-positive, more than 90% experience oropharyngeal candidiasis and 10% have at least one episode of esophageal candidiasis.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Dysmenorrhea:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Although primary dysmenorrhea has no known single cause, possible contributing factors include hormonal imbalances and psychogenic factors. The pain of dysmenorrhea probably results from increased prostaglandin secretion, which intensifies normal uterine contractions. (See Causes of pelvic pain, page 938.) Dysmenorrhea may also be secondary to such gynecologic disorders as endometriosis, cervical stenosis, uterine leiomyomas, uterine malposition, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic tumors, or adenomyosis.
Because dysmenorrhea almost always follows an ovulatory cycle, both the primary and secondary forms are rare during the anovulatory cycles of menses. After age 20, dysmenorrhea is generally secondary.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Vulvovaginitis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Common causes include:
❑ infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan flagellate usually transmitted through sexual intercourse
❑ infection with Candida albicans, a fungus that requires glucose for growth. Incidence rises during the menstrual cycle’s secretory phase (Such infection occurs twice as often in pregnant females as in nonpregnant females. It also commonly affects users of hormonal contraceptives, patients who are diabetic, and patients receiving systemic therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics [incidence may reach 75%.])
❑ infection with Gardnerella vaginalis, a gram-negative bacillus
❑ parasitic infection (Phthirus pubis [crab louse])
❑ trauma (skin breakdown may lead to secondary infection)
❑ poor personal hygiene
❑ chemical irritations, or allergic reactions to hygiene sprays, douches, detergents, clothing, or toilet paper
❑ vulval atrophy in menopausal women due to decreasing estrogen levels
❑ retention of a foreign body, such as a tampon or diaphragm.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Candidiasis:
Candidiasis - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Although C. albicans was once the dominant species in invasive candidiasis, non-albicans Candida species are rapidly emerging as significant pathogens.
Candidiasis - incidence
- The incidence of nosocomial Candida infections has risen over the past 20 years, and Candida spp. are currently the 4th most common recovered isolates in cases of nosocomial bloodstream infection.
- The increase in invasive candidal infections is likely a result of advances in medical therapy that have increased the number of susceptible hosts.
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Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Vaginal candidiasis usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Vaginal candidiasis at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Vaginal candidiasis refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Vaginal candidiasis diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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