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Diseases » Varicose veins » Causes
 

Causes of Varicose veins

Contents
  1. Varicose veins: Introduction
  2. List of Causes
  3. Hidden causes
  4. Risk factors
  5. Excerpts from book chapters
  6. Causes of symptoms
  7. News
  8. Related cause information

List of causes of Varicose veins

Following is a list of causes or underlying conditions (see also Misdiagnosis of underlying causes of Varicose veins) that could possibly cause Varicose veins includes:

More causes: see full list of causes for Varicose veins

Causes of Varicose veins (Diseases Database):

The follow list shows some of the possible medical causes of Varicose veins that are listed by the Diseases Database:

Source: Diseases Database

Varicose veins Causes: Book Excerpts

Varicose veins as a symptom:

Conditions listing Varicose veins as a symptom may also be potential underlying causes of Varicose veins. Our database lists the following as having Varicose veins as a symptom of that condition:

What causes Varicose veins?

Article excerpts about the causes of Varicose veins:
The veins in the legs have the toughest job of carrying blood back to the heart. They endure the most pressure -- pressure that can overcome the strength of these one-way valves. The force of gravity, the pressure from body weight, and the task of carrying the blood from the bottom of the body up to the heart make the legs the primary location for varicose and spider veins. (Source: excerpt from VARICOSE VEINS AND SPIDER VEINS: NWHIC)

Medical news summaries relating to Varicose veins:

The following medical news items are relevant to causes of Varicose veins:

Related information on causes of Varicose veins:

As with all medical conditions, there may be many causal factors. Further relevant information on causes of Varicose veins may be found in:

Causes of Varicose veins: Online Medical Books

16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE! Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the causes of Varicose veins.

Jugular Venous Distension: Differential Diagnosis
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

  • Congestive heart failure
  • Constrictive pericarditis
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Superior vena cava syndrome
  • Tricuspid regurgitation
  • Heart block (most often complete heart block)
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Right ventricular infarction
  • Tricuspid stenosis
  • Right ventricular dilation
  • Hypervolemia

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004

Skin, mottled: Medical causes
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))

Acrocyanosis

With the rare disorder acrocyanosis, anxiety or exposure to cold can cause vasospasm in small cutaneous arterioles. This results in persistent symmetrical blue and red mottling of the affected hands, feet, and nose.

Arterial occlusion (acute)

Initial signs of acute arterial occlusion include temperature and color changes. Pallor may change to blotchy cyanosis and livedo reticularis. Color and temperature demarcation develop at the level of obstruction. Other effects include sudden onset of pain in the extremity and, possibly, paresthesia, paresis, and a sensation of cold in the affected area. Examination reveals diminished or absent pulses, cool extremities, an increased capillary refill time, pallor, and diminished reflexes.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

Atherosclerotic buildup narrows intra-arterial lumina, resulting in reduced blood flow through the affected artery. Obstructed blood flow to the extremities (most commonly the legs) produces such peripheral signs and symptoms as leg pallor, cyanosis, blotchy erythema, and livedo reticularis. Related findings include intermittent claudication (most common symptom), diminished or absent pedal pulses, and leg coolness. Other symptoms include coldness and paresthesia.

Buerger’s disease

Buerger’s disease, a form of vasculitis, produces unilateral or asymmetrical color changes and mottling, particularly livedo networking in the lower extremities. It also typically causes intermittent claudication and erythema along extremity blood vessels. During exposure to cold, the feet are cold, cyanotic, and numb; later they’re hot, red, and tingling. Other findings include impaired peripheral pulses and peripheral neuropathy. Buerger’s disease is typically exacerbated by smoking.

Cryoglobulinemia

Cryoglobulinemia is a necrotizing disorder that causes patchy livedo reticularis, petechiae, and ecchymoses. Other findings include a fever, chills, urticaria, melena, skin ulcers, epistaxis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, eye hemorrhages, hematuria, and gangrene.

Hypovolemic shock

Vasoconstriction from shock commonly produces skin mottling, initially in the knees and elbows. As shock worsens, mottling becomes generalized. Early signs include a sudden onset of pallor, cool skin, restlessness, thirst, tachypnea, and slight tachycardia. As shock progresses, associated findings include cool, clammy skin; a rapid, thready pulse; hypotension; narrowed pulse pressure; decreased urine output; subnormal temperature; confusion; and a decreased level of consciousness.

Livedo reticularis (idiopathic or primary)

Symmetrical, diffuse mottling can involve the hands, feet, arms, legs, buttocks, and trunk. Initially, networking is intermittent and most pronounced on exposure to cold or stress; eventually, mottling persists even with warming.

Periarteritis nodosa

Skin findings in periarteritis nodosa include asymmetrical, patchy livedo reticularis, palpable nodules along the path of medium-sized arteries, erythema, purpura, muscle wasting, ulcers, gangrene, peripheral neuropathy, a fever, weight loss, and malaise.

Polycythemia vera

Polycythemia vera is a hematologic disorder that produces livedo reticularis, hemangiomas, purpura, rubor, ulcerative nodules, and scleroderma-like lesions. Other symptoms include a headache, a vague feeling of fullness in the head, dizziness, vertigo, vision disturbances, dyspnea, and aquagenic pruritus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

SLE is a connective tissue disorder that can cause livedo reticularis, most commonly on the outer arms. Other signs and symptoms include a butterfly rash, nondeforming joint pain and stiffness, photosensitivity, Raynaud’s phenomenon, patchy alopecia, seizures, a fever, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and emotional lability.

Other causes

Immobility

Prolonged immobility may cause bluish mottling, most noticeably in dependent extremities.

Thermal exposure

Prolonged thermal exposure, as from a heating pad or hot water bottle, may cause erythema Ab Igne — a localized, reticulated, brown-to-red mottling.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006

Thrombophlebitis: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

A thrombus occurs when an alteration in the epithelial lining causes platelet aggregation and consequent fibrin entrapment of red and white blood cells and additional platelets. Thrombus formation is more rapid in areas where blood flow is slower, due to greater contact between platelet and thrombin accumulation. The rapidly expanding thrombus initiates a chemical inflammatory process in the vessel epithelium, which leads to fibrosis. The enlarging clot may occlude the vessel lumen partially or totally, or it may detach and embolize to lodge elsewhere in the systemic circulation.

DVT may be idiopathic, but it usually results from endothelial damage, accelerated blood clotting, and reduced blood flow. Predisposing factors are prolonged bed rest, trauma, surgery, childbirth, and use of hormonal contraceptives such as estrogens. It occurs in about 80 of every 100,000 people; 1 of every 20 persons is affected at some point during his lifetime. Males are at slightly greater risk than females. People older than age 40 are also at increased risk.

Causes of superficial thrombophlebitis include trauma, infection, I.V. drug abuse, and chemical irritation due to extensive use of the I.V. route for medications and diagnostic tests.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005

Skin, mottled: Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))

Acrocyanosis

With this rare disorder, anxiety or exposure to cold can cause vasospasm in small cutaneous arterioles. This results in persistent symmetrical blue and red mottling of the affected hands, feet, and nose.

Arterial occlusion (acute)

Initial signs include temperature and color changes. Pallor may change to blotchy cyanosis and livedo reticularis. Color and temperature demarcation develop at the level of obstruction. Other effects include sudden onset of pain in the extremity and possibly paresthesia, paresis, and a sensation of cold in the affected area. Examination reveals diminished or absent pulses, cool extremities, increased capillary refill time, pallor, and diminished reflexes.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

Atherosclerotic buildup narrows intra-arterial lumina, resulting in reduced blood flow through the affected artery. Obstructed blood flow to the extremities (most commonly the lower) produces such peripheral signs and symptoms as leg pallor, cyanosis, blotchy erythema, and livedo reticularis. Related findings include intermittent claudication (most common symptom), diminished or absent pedal pulses, and leg coolness. Other symptoms include coldness and paresthesia.

Buerger’s disease

This form of vasculitis produces unilateral or asymmetrical color changes and mottling, particularly livedo networking in the lower extremities. It also typically causes intermittent claudication and erythema along extremity blood vessels. During exposure to cold, the feet are cold, cyanotic, and numb; later they’re hot, red, and tingling. Other findings include impaired peripheral pulses and peripheral neuropathy. Buerger’s disease is typically exacerbated by smoking.

Cryoglobulinemia

This necrotizing disorder causes patchy livedo reticularis, petechiae, and ecchymoses. Other findings include fever, chills, urticaria, melena, skin ulcers, epistaxis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, eye hemorrhages, hematuria, and gangrene.

Hypovolemic shock

Vasoconstriction from shock commonly produces skin mottling, initially in the knees and elbows. As shock worsens, mottling becomes generalized. Early signs include sudden onset of pallor, cool skin, restlessness, thirst, tachypnea, and slight tachycardia. As shock progresses, associated findings include cool, clammy skin; rapid, thready pulse; hypotension; narrowed pulse pressure; decreased urine output; subnormal temperature; confusion; and decreased level of consciousness.

Livedo reticularis (idiopathic or primary)

Symmetrical, diffuse mottling can involve the hands, feet, arms, legs, buttocks, and trunk. Initially, networking is intermittent and most pronounced on exposure to cold or stress; eventually, mottling persists even with warming.

Periarteritis nodosa

Skin findings include asymmetrical, patchy livedo reticularis, palpable nodules along the path of medium-sized arteries, erythema, purpura, muscle wasting, ulcers, gangrene, peripheral neuropathy, fever, weight loss, and malaise.

Polycythemia vera

This hematologic disorder produces livedo reticularis, hemangiomas, purpura, rubor, ulcerative nodules, and scleroderma-like lesions. Other symptoms include headache, a vague feeling of fullness in the head, dizziness, vertigo, vision disturbances, dyspnea, and aquagenic pruritus.

Rheumatoid arthritis

This disorder may cause skin mottling. Early nonspecific signs and symptoms progress to joint pain and stiffness with subcutaneous nodules, usually on the elbows.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

This connective tissue disorder can cause livedo reticularis, most commonly on the  outer arms. Other signs and symptoms include a butterfly rash, nondeforming joint pain and stiffness, photosensitivity, Raynaud’s phenomenon, patchy alopecia, seizures, fever, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and emotional lability.

Other causes

Immobility

Prolonged immobility may cause bluish mottling, most noticeably in dependent extremities.

Thermal exposure

Prolonged thermal exposure, as from a heating pad or hot water bottle, may cause erythema Ab Igne—a localized, reticulated, brown-to-red mottling.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006

Thrombophlebitis: Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)

A thrombus occurs when an alteration in the epithelial lining causes platelet aggregation and consequent fibrin entrapment of red blood cells, white blood cells, and additional platelets. Thrombus formation is more rapid in areas where blood flow is slower, due to greater contact between platelets and thrombin accumulation.

The rapidly expanding thrombus initiates a chemical inflammatory process in the vessel epithelium that leads to fibrosis. The enlarging clot may occlude the vessel lumen partially or totally, or it may detach and embolize, to lodge elsewhere in the systemic circulation.

Deep vein thrombophlebitis

This type of thrombophlebitis may be idiopathic, but it usually results from endothelial damage, accelerated blood clotting, and reduced blood flow. Predisposing factors are prolonged bed rest, trauma, surgery, childbirth, and use of hormonal contraceptives such as estrogens.

Superficial thrombophlebitis

Causes of superficial thrombophlebitis include trauma, infection, I.V. drug abuse, and chemical irritation due to the extensive use of the I.V. route for medications and diagnostic tests.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003

Skin, mottled: Medical causes
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)

Acrocyanosis

. With acrocyanosis, a rare disorder, anxiety or exposure to cold can cause vasospasm in small cutaneous arterioles. This results in persistent symmetrical blue and red mottling of the affected hands, feet, and nose.

Arterial occlusion (acute)

Initial signs include temperature and color changes. Pallor may change to blotchy cyanosis and livedo reticularis. Color and temperature demarcation develop at the level of the obstruction. Other effects include a sudden onset of pain in the extremity and possibly paresthesia, paresis, and a sensation of cold in the affected area. Examination reveals diminished or absent pulses, cool extremities, increased capillary refill time, pallor, and diminished reflexes.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

Atherosclerotic buildup narrows intra-arterial lumina, resulting in reduced blood flow through the affected artery. Obstructed blood flow to the extremities (most commonly the lower) produces such peripheral signs and symptoms as leg pallor, cyanosis, blotchy erythema, and livedo reticularis. Related findings include intermittent claudication (most common symptom), diminished or absent pedal pulses, and leg coolness. Other symptoms include coldness and paresthesia.

Buerger’s disease

A form of vasculitis, Buerger’s disease produces unilateral or asymmetrical color changes and mottling, particularly livedo networking in the lower extremities. It also typically causes intermittent claudication and erythema along extremity blood vessels. During exposure to cold, the feet are cold, cyanotic, and numb; later, they’re hot, red, and tingling. Other findings include impaired peripheral pulses and peripheral neuropathy. Buerger’s disease is typically exacerbated by smoking.

Cryoglobulinemia

A necrotizing disorder, cryoglobulinemia causes patchy livedo reticularis, petechiae, and ecchymoses. Other findings include fever, chills, urticaria, melena, skin ulcers, epistaxis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, eye hemorrhage, hematuria, and gangrene.

Hypovolemic shock

Vasoconstriction from shock commonly produces skin mottling, initially in the knees and elbows. As shock worsens, mottling becomes generalized. Early signs include a sudden onset of pallor, cool skin, restlessness, thirst, tachypnea, and slight tachycardia. As shock progresses, associated findings include cool, clammy skin as well as a rapid, thready pulse accompanied by hypotension, narrowed pulse pressure, decreased urine output, subnormal temperature, confusion, and a decreased level of consciousness.

Livedo reticularis (idiopathic or primary)

Symmetrical, diffuse mottling can involve the hands, feet, arms, legs, buttocks, and trunk. Initially, networking is intermittent and most pronounced on exposure to cold or stress; eventually, mottling persists even with warming.

Periarteritis nodosa

Skin findings include asymmetrical, patchy livedo reticularis, palpable nodules along the path of medium-sized arteries, erythema, purpura, muscle wasting, ulcers, gangrene, peripheral neuropathy, fever, weight loss, and malaise.

Polycythemia vera

A hematologic disorder, polycythemia vera produces livedo reticularis, hemangiomas, purpura, rubor, ulcerative nodules, and scleroderma-like lesions. Other symptoms include headache, a vague feeling of fullness in the head, dizziness, vertigo, vision disturbances, dyspnea, aquagenic pruritus, and night sweats.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

RA may cause skin mottling. Early nonspecific signs and symptoms progress to joint pain and stiffness with subcutaneous nodules, usually on the elbows.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A connective tissue disorder, SLE can cause livedo reticularis, most commonly on the outer arms. Other signs and symptoms include a butterfly rash, nondeforming joint pain and stiffness, photosensitivity, Raynaud’s phenomenon, patchy alopecia, seizures, fever, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and emotional lability.

Other causes

Immobility

Prolonged immobility may cause bluish mottling, most noticeably in dependent extremities.

Thermal exposure

Prolonged thermal exposure, such as from a heating pad or hot water bottle, may cause erythema ab igne —a localized, reticulated, brown-to-red mottling.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007

Skin, mottled: Medical causes
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)

Arterial occlusion (acute)

Initial signs of acute arterial occlusion include temperature and color changes. Pallor may change to blotchy cyanosis and livedo reticularis. Color and temperature demarcation develop at the level of obstruction. Other effects include sudden onset of pain in the extremity and possibly paresthesia, paresis, and a sensation of cold in the affected area. Examination reveals diminished or absent pulses, cool extremities, increased capillary refill time, pallor, and diminished reflexes.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans

Atherosclerotic buildup narrows intra-arterial lumina, resulting in reduced blood flow through the affected artery. Obstructed blood flow to the extremities (most commonly the lower) produces such peripheral signs and symptoms as leg pallor, cyanosis, blotchy erythema, and livedo reticularis. Related findings include intermittent claudication (most common symptom), diminished or absent pedal pulses, and leg coolness. Other symptoms include coldness and paresthesia.

Buerger’s disease

Buerger’s disease is a form of vasculitis that produces unilateral or asymmetrical color changes and mottling, particularly livedo networking in the lower extremities. It also typically causes intermittent claudication and erythema along extremity blood vessels. During exposure to cold, the feet are cold, cyanotic, and numb; later they’re hot, red, and tingling. Other findings include impaired peripheral pulses and peripheral neuropathy. Buerger’s disease is typically exacerbated by smoking.

Hypovolemic shock

Vasoconstriction from hypovolemic shock commonly produces skin mottling, initially in the knees and elbows. As shock worsens, mottling becomes generalized. Early signs include sudden onset of pallor, cool skin, restlessness, thirst, tachypnea, and slight tachycardia. As shock progresses, associated findings include cool, clammy skin; rapid, thready pulse; hypotension; narrowed pulse pressure; decreased urine output; subnormal temperature; confusion; and decreased level of consciousness.

Livedo reticularis (idiopathic or primary)

With livedo reticularis, symmetrical, diffuse mottling can involve the hands, feet, arms, legs, buttocks, and trunk. Initially, networking is intermittent and most pronounced on exposure to cold or stress; eventually, mottling persists even with warming.

Polycythemia vera

Polycythemia vera, a hematologic disorder, produces livedo reticularis, hemangiomas, purpura, rubor, ulcerative nodules, and scleroderma-like lesions. Other symptoms include headache, a vague feeling of fullness in the head, dizziness, vertigo, vision disturbances, dyspnea, and aquagenic pruritus.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis may cause skin mottling. Early nonspecific signs and symptoms progress to joint pain and stiffness with subcutaneous nodules, usually on the elbows. The patient may report morning stiffness.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a connective tissue disorder that can cause livedo reticularis, most commonly on the outer arms. Other signs and symptoms include a butterfly rash, nondeforming joint pain and stiffness, photosensitivity, Raynaud’s phenomenon, patchy alopecia, seizures, fever, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and emotional lability.

Other causes

Immobility

Prolonged immobility may cause bluish mottling, most noticeably in dependent extremities.

Thermal exposure

Prolonged thermal exposure, such as from a heating pad or hot water bottle, may cause erythema Ab Igne — a localized, reticulated, brown-to-red mottling.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007

Skin, mottled: Medical causes
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)

Acrocyanosis.With acrocyanosis, anxiety or exposure to cold can cause vasospasm in small cutaneous arterioles. This results in persistent symmetrical blue and red mottling of the affected hands, feet, and nose.

Arterial occlusion (acute).Initial signs of acute arterial occlusion include skin temperature and color changes. Pallor may change to blotchy cyanosis and livedo reticularis. Color and temperature demarcation develop at the level of obstruction. Other effects include sudden onset of pain in the extremity and, possibly, paresthesia, paresis, and a sensation of cold in the affected area. Examination reveals diminished or absent pulses, cool extremities, an increased capillary refill time, pallor, and diminished reflexes.

Arteriosclerosis obliterans.Atherosclerotic buildup narrows intra-arterial lumina, resulting in reduced blood flow through the affected artery. Obstructed blood flow to the extremities (most commonly the legs) produces such peripheral signs and symptoms as leg pallor, cyanosis, blotchy erythema, and livedo reticularis. Related findings include intermittent claudication (most common symptom), diminished or absent pedal pulses, and leg coolness. Other symptoms include coldness and paresthesia.

Buerger's disease.Buerger's disease produces unilateral or asymmetrical color changes and mottling, particularly livedo networking in the lower extremities. It also typically causes intermittent claudication and erythema along extremity blood vessels. During exposure to cold, the feet are cold, cyanotic, and numb; later they're hot, red, and tingling. Other findings include impaired peripheral pulses and peripheral neuropathy. Buerger's disease is typically exacerbated by smoking.

Cryoglobulinemia.Cryoglobulinemia causes patchy livedo reticularis, petechiae, and ecchymoses. Other findings include fever, chills, urticaria, melena, skin ulcers, epistaxis, Raynaud's phenomenon, eye hemorrhages, hematuria, and gangrene.

Hypovolemic shock.Vasoconstriction from hypovolemic shock commonly produces skin mottling, initially in the knees and elbows. As shock worsens, mottling becomes generalized. Early signs include a sudden onset of pallor, cool skin, restlessness, thirst, tachypnea, and slight tachycardia. As shock progresses, associated findings include cool, clammy skin; a rapid, thready pulse; hypotension; narrowed pulse pressure; decreased urine output; subnormal temperature; confusion; and decreased level of consciousness.

Livedo reticularis (idiopathic or primary).With livedo reticularis, symmetrical, diffuse mottling can involve the hands, feet, arms, legs, buttocks, and trunk. Initially, networking is intermittent and most pronounced on exposure to cold or stress; eventually, mottling persists even with warming.

Periarteritis nodosa.Skin findings in periarteritis nodosa include asymmetrical, patchy livedo reticularis, palpable nodules along the path of medium-sized arteries, erythema, purpura, muscle wasting, ulcers, gangrene, peripheral neuropathy, fever, weight loss, and malaise.

Polycythemia vera.Polycythemia vera produces livedo reticularis, hemangiomas, purpura, rubor, ulcerative nodules, and scleroderma-like lesions. Other symptoms include headache, a vague feeling of fullness in the head, dizziness, vertigo, vision disturbances, dyspnea, and aquagenic pruritus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).SLE can cause livedo reticularis, most commonly on the outer arms. Other signs and symptoms include a butterfly rash, nondeforming joint pain and stiffness, photosensitivity, Raynaud's phenomenon, patchy alopecia, seizures, fever, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, and emotional lability.

Other causes

Drugs.Vasoconstrictors administered at a high dose can cause mottling of the extremities.

Immobility.Prolonged immobility may cause bluish mottling, most noticeably in dependent extremities.

Thermal exposure.Prolonged thermal exposure, as from a heating pad or hot water bottle, may cause erythema ab igne—a localized, reticulated, brown-to-red mottling.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007


 » Next page: Risk Factors for Varicose veins

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