Diagnostic Tests for Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux: Diagnostic Tests
The list of diagnostic tests
mentioned in various sources as
used in the diagnosis of Vesicoureteral reflux
includes:
Vesicoureteral reflux Tests: Book Excerpts
Home Diagnostic Testing
These home medical tests may be relevant to Vesicoureteral reflux:
- Bladder & Urinary Health: Home Testing:
- Food Allergies & Intolerances: Home Testing:
- Prostate Health: Home Testing:
- Kidney Health: Home Testing:
- Digestive-Related Home Testing:
Vesicoureteral reflux Diagnosis: Book Excerpts
Tests and diagnosis discussion for Vesicoureteral reflux:
Common tests to show the presence of urinary tract infection include
urine tests and cultures. Pictures of the urinary system (cystourogram)
may then be needed to determine whether a defective structure in the
urinary tract is the underlying cause of the VUR and infection.
(Source: excerpt from Vesicoureteral Reflux: NIDDK)
Diagnostic Tests for Vesicoureteral reflux: Online Medical Books
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FREQUENCY OF URINATION:
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)
The first thing to do is a urinalysis and examine the urinary sediment. This will help determine if there is a UTI and if there is diabetes or one of the other causes of polyuria. A sterile sample of the urine should be sent to the lab for culture regardless of whether the urinalysis is normal.
If these studies are unremarkable, a 24-hr urine volume is determined. If the urine volume is substantially increased, the workup may proceed for polyuria . If the 24-hr urine volume is normal, a pelvic and rectal examination must be done for a mass that might be pressing on the bladder. Even if the pelvic and rectal exam is negative, pelvic ultrasound may disclose a pelvic mass.
The next step would be to catheterize for residual urine. If the residual urine is large, bladder neck obstruction is probably the problem, and prostatic hypertrophy, median bar hypertrophy, and urethral stricture must be considered.
Further studies include an intravenous pyelogram, cystogram, cystoscopy, and retrograde pyelography, but these should be done in consultation with a urologist. If a spastic neurogenic bladder is suspected, order cystometric tests and a neurology consult.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs, 2003
Introduction: Renal and Urologic Disorders:
Clinical assessment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Assessment of the renal and urologic systems begins with an accurate patient history and requires a thorough physical examination and certain laboratory data and test results from invasive and noninvasive procedures. When obtaining a patient history, ask about symptoms that pertain specifically to the pathology of the renal and urologic systems, such as frequency or urgency, and about the presence of any systemic diseases that can produce renal or urologic dysfunction, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or bladder infections. Family history may also suggest a genetic predisposition to certain renal diseases, such as glomerulonephritis or polycystic kidney disease. Also, ask what medications the patient has been taking; abuse of analgesics or antibiotics may cause nephrotoxicity.
Physical examination for renal disease
The first step in physical examination is careful observation of the patient’s overall appearance, because renal disease affects all body systems. Examine the patient’s skin for color, turgor, intactness, and texture; mucous membranes for color, secretions, odor, and intactness; eyes for periorbital edema and vision; general activity for motion, gait, and posture; muscle movement for motor function and general strength; and mental status for level of consciousness, orientation, and response to stimuli. (See Common renal symptoms.)
Renal disease causes distinctive changes in vital signs: hypertension due to fluid and electrolyte imbalances and hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system; a strong, fast, irregular pulse due to fluid and electrolyte imbalances; hyperventilation to compensate for metabolic acidosis; and an increased susceptibility to infection due to overall decreased resistance. Palpation and percussion may reveal little because the kidneys and bladder are difficult to palpate unless they are enlarged or distended.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
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