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Is it unilateral? Diplopia that is unilateral is rare, but it can be encountered in ectopia lentis as associated with Marfan's disease, as well as in congenital double pupil, cataracts, and corneal opacities.
Is it ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there redness of the eye? Redness of the eye suggests definite eye pathology. Without redness, one should suspect disease in the adjacent structures or retrobulbar neuritis.
If there is redness, is there periorbital edema as well? ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it intermittent? Intermittent hemianopsia, whether it is bitemporal or homonymous in type, would suggest migraine, carotid artery insufficiency, or vertebral basilar artery insufficiency.
Is the ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the onset acute or gradual? An acute onset would suggest optic neuritis, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, extradural hematoma, brain abscess, dural sinus thrombosis, meningitis, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. On the other hand, a ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? If the scotomas are transient, then migraine, transient ischemic attacks, and retrobulbar neuritis should be suspected.
Are there abnormalities on the eye examination other than the optic nerve? On a ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Diplopia, or double vision, is a common ophthalmologic complaint. Diplopia may be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. It occurs secondary to paralysis, paresis, and/or restriction of the extraocular muscles. Most cases are binocular, due to misalignment of the two eyes.... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Papilledema is defined as swelling or edema of the optic discs; it is usually bilateral and is due to increased intracranial pressure. Clinically, the disk appears elevated and the margins appear indistinct or blurred with obscuring of some small and medium vessels. Patients may... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Vision loss may be unilateral or bilateral; transient or persistent; of sudden or gradual onset; and painless or painful. Vision loss in one eye may be followed quickly by ensuing vision loss of the other eye, rendering the patient completely blind (e.g.... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diplopia of sudden onset is more related to neurologic disease than to ocular disease. Other than space-occupying orbital lesions, most diplopia can be related to a neurologic disorder. The first causes that should come to mind are undiagnosed or poorly controlled... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Sudden decrease of vision is usually an ominous sign. Most often the cause of permanent loss is at the retinal or optic nerve level. For the optic nerve to be associated there must be inflammation. For the retina to be the cause, there must be hemorrhaging or edema. Neurologic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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True optic disc swelling or edema can be a very ominous sign. Papilledema is defined as disc swelling produced by increased ICP; it may be asymmetric, UL, or BL. Acutely, the vision, color vision, and pupillary responses are normal, but the blind spot is... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest glaucoma and all the refractive
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... No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor cerebri. The polycythemia and right
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... Diplopia is double vision — seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle incoordination? Orbital lesions, the effects of surgery, or impaired... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is a loss of vision in one-half of the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than half the field of vision in each eye (incomplete homonymous... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Vision loss — the inability to perceive visual stimuli — can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, a neurologic, or a systemic disorder or... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle incoordination? Orbital lesions, the effects of... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is loss of vision in one-half the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than half the field of vision in each eye (incomplete homonymous... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity. Typically,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Vision loss—the inability to perceive visual stimuli—can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, a neurologic, or a systemic disorder or from... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Richard C. Mauer
Diplopia, or true double vision, not simply blurred vision, can be a very useful clinical symptom. A range of problems can be limited to the eye or be as severe as an intracranial aneurysm. Evaluation in a systematic... Approach ... History ... Physical examination. Focused physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Richard C. Mauer
Papilledema is optic disc swelling produced by increased intracranial pressure. The diagnostic assessment of papilledema is critical in that the underlying cause can range from a subarachnoid hemorrhage to a totally benign... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Michael J. Puk
Scotoma is defined as a blind or partially blind area in the visual field. A basic understanding of neuroanatomy helps to localize the visual field defect. Simply put, pathology anterior to the optic chiasm produces monocular scotomas,... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testin ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Konrad C. Nau
Memory is the cognitive domain that gives us the ability to store and retrieve information. Up to 80% of community dwelling elderly report subjective memory defects.
Approach
... History ... Physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Conjunctivitis
❑ Corneal abrasion
❑ Foreign body
❑ Sinusitis
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
Diplopia
❑ Alcohol
❑ Diabetes
❑ Brainstem ischemia/lesion
❑ Grave disease ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, itching, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative disorder. ... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... The inability to perceive visual stimuli, vision loss can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, neurologic, or systemic disorder or from trauma or the use... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Diplopia is the clinical term for double vision, or seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. Orbital lesions, the effects of surgery, or impaired function of cranial nerves ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Eye pain, or ophthalmalgia, may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is loss of vision in one-half the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than half the field of vision in each eye (incomplete homonymous hemianopsia), the... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity. Typically, the patient can pinpoint... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Vision loss — the inability to perceive visual stimuli — can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, a neurologic, or a systemic... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle incoordination? Orbital lesions, the effects of... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Hemianopsia is a loss of vision in one-half of the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than one-half of the field of vision in each eye... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Vision loss—the inability to perceive visual stimuli—can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, neurologic, or systemic disorder or from... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
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Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the
eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities
for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest glaucoma and all the ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases
of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable
extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor
cerebri. The polycythemia and right... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
The number of people seeking LASIK and PRK, the two most common laser eye surgeries, has increased dramatically. In the year 2000, an estimated 1.5...
When you reach a certain age, it's usually clear that your vision isn't as sharp as it used to be. Learn how surgery for the cloudy lens of a...
Aging can often mean losing the ability to read up close. But does that mean a life of looking for lost glasses? Learn what other options are...
Have you ever thought about your favorite dessert and started to salivate? You may not have known it, but you were practicing visualization. This...