Causes of Vulva cancer
List of causes of Vulva cancer
Following is a list of causes or underlying conditions
(see also Misdiagnosis of underlying causes of Vulva cancer)
that could possibly cause Vulva cancer includes:
- Atrophic vulvitis - a vulval skin condition where vulval cancer often develops.
Longer list of causes of Vulva symptoms:
see full list of causes for Vulva symptoms
Vulva cancer Causes: Book Excerpts
Vulva cancer as a complication of other conditions:
Other conditions that might have
Vulva cancer as a complication may,
potentially, be an underlying cause of Vulva cancer.
Our database lists the following as having
Vulva cancer as a complication of that condition:
Related information on causes of Vulva cancer:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Vulva cancer may be found in:
Causes of Vulva cancer: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the causes of Vulva cancer.
Vulvar lesions:
Medical causes
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common in postmenopausal women, this nodular tumor has a central ulcer and a raised, poorly rolled border. Typically asymptomatic, the tumor may occasionally cause pruritus, bleeding, discharge, and a burning sensation.
Benign cysts
Epidermal inclusion cysts, the most common vulvar cysts, appear primarily on the labia majora and are usually round and asymptomatic. Occasionally, they become erythematous and tender.
Bartholin’s duct cysts are usually unilateral, tense, nontender, and palpable; they appear on the posterior labia minora and may cause minor discomfort during intercourse or, when large, difficulty with intercourse or even walking. Bartholin’s abscess, infection of a Bartholin’s duct cyst, causes gradual pain and tenderness and possibly vulvar swelling, redness, and deformity.
Benign vulvar tumors
Cystic or solid benign vulvar tumors are usually asymptomatic.
Chancroid
Chancroid, a rare, sexually transmitted disease, causes painful vulvar lesions. Headache, malaise, and fever to 102.2° F (39° C) may occur, with enlarged, tender inguinal lymph nodes.
Genital warts
Genital warts, a sexually transmitted disease, produces painless warts on the vulva, vagina, and cervix. Warts start as tiny red or pink swellings that grow and become pedunculated. Multiple swellings with a cauliflower appearance are common. Other findings include pruritus, erythema, and a profuse, mucopurulent vaginal discharge. Patients frequently complain of burning or paresthesia in the vaginal introitus.
Gonorrhea
Vulvar lesions, which usually are confined to Bartholin’s glands, may develop along with pruritus, a burning sensation, pain, and a green-yellow vaginal discharge, but most patients are asymptomatic. Other findings include dysuria and urinary incontinence; vaginal redness, swelling, bleeding, and engorgement; and severe pelvic and lower abdominal pain.
Granuloma inguinale
Initially, a single painless macule or papule appears on the vulva, ulcerating into a raised, beefy-red lesion with a granulated, friable border. Other painless and possibly foul-smelling lesions may occur on the labia, vagina, or cervix. These become infected and painful, and regional lymph nodes enlarge and may become tender. Systemic effects include fever, weight loss, and malaise.
Herpes simplex (genital)
With herpes simplex, fluid-filled vesicles appear on the cervix and, possibly, on the vulva, labia, perianal skin, vagina, or mouth. The vesicles, initially painless, may rupture and develop into extensive, shallow, painful ulcers, with redness, marked edema, and tender inguinal lymph nodes. Other findings include fever, malaise, and dysuria.
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Patients with lymphogranuloma venereum, a bacterial infection commonly present with a single, painless papule or ulcer on the posterior vulva that heals in a few days. Painful, swollen lymph nodes, usually unilateral, develop 2 to 6 weeks later. Other findings include fever, chills, headache, anorexia, myalgias, arthralgias, weight loss, and perineal edema.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma occurs primarily in postmenopausal women and may produce vulvar pruritus, pain, and a vulvar lump. As the tumor enlarges, it may encroach on the vagina, anus, and urethra, causing bleeding, discharge, or dysuria. Carcinoma in situ is most common in premenopausal women, producing a vulvar lesion that may be white or red, raised, well defined, moist, crusted, and isolated.
Squamous cell hyperplasia
Formerly known as hyperplastic dystrophy, these vulvar lesions may be well delineated or poorly defined; localized or extensive; and red, brown, white, or both red and white. However, intense pruritus, possibly with vulvar pain, intense burning, and dyspareunia, is the cardinal symptom. With lichen sclerosis, a type of vulvar dystrophy, vulvar skin has a parchmentlike appearance. Fissures may develop between the clitoris and urethra or other vulvar areas.
Syphilis
Chancres, the primary vulvar lesions of syphilis, may appear on the vulva, vagina, or cervix 10 to 90 days after initial contact. Usually painless, they start as papules that then erode, with indurated, raised edges and clear bases. Condylomata lata, highly contagious secondary vulvar lesions, are raised, gray, flat topped, and commonly ulcerated. Other findings include a maculopapular, pustular, or nodular rash; headache; malaise; anorexia; weight loss; fever; nausea; vomiting; generalized lymphadenopathy; and a sore throat.
Viral disease (systemic)
Varicella, measles, and other systemic viral diseases may produce vulvar lesions.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Cancer of the vulva:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Although the cause of cancer of the vulva is unknown, several factors seem to predispose women to this disease:
❑chronic pruritus of the vulva, with friction, swelling, and dryness
❑ chronic vulvar granulomatous disease
❑ diabetes
❑ hypertension
❑ irradiation of the skin such as nonspecific treatment for pelvic cancer
❑ leukoplakia (white epithelial hyperplasia) — in about 25% of patients
❑ obesity
❑ pigmented moles that are constantly irritated by clothing or perineal pads
❑ sexually transmitted diseases (herpes simplex, condyloma acuminatum caused by human papilloma virus).
Cancer of the vulva accounts for approximately 4% of all gynecologic malignancies. It can occur at any age, even in infants, but its peak incidence is in the mid-60s. The most common vulval cancer is squamous cell cancer. Early diagnosis increases the chance of effective treatment and survival. Lymph node dissection allows 5-year survival in 85% of patients if it reveals no positive nodes; otherwise, the survival rate falls to less than 75%.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Introduction: Malignant Neoplasms:
What causes cancer?
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Researchers have found that cancer develops from mutations within the genes of cells. Thus, cancer is a genetic disease. Cancer susceptibility genes are of two types. Some are oncogenes, which activate cell division and influence embryonic development, and some are tumor suppressor genes, which halt cell division.
These genes are typically found in normal human cells, but certain kinds of mutations may transform the normal cells. Inherited defects may cause a genetic mutation, whereas exposure to a carcinogen may cause an acquired mutation. Current evidence indicates that carcinogenesis results from a complex interaction of carcinogens and accumulated mutations in several genes.
In animal studies of the ability of viruses to transform cells, some human viruses exhibit carcinogenic potential. For example, the Epstein-Barr virus, the cause of infectious mononucleosis, has been linked to Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer.
High-frequency radiation, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, damages the genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), possibly inducing genetically transferable abnormalities. Other factors, such as a person's tissue type and hormonal status, interact to potentiate radiation's carcinogenic effect. Examples of substances that may damage DNA and induce carcinogenesis include:
❑alkylating agents — leukemia
❑aromatic hydrocarbons and benzopyrene (from polluted air) — lung cancer
❑asbestos — mesothelioma of the lung
❑tobacco — cancer of the lung, oral cavity and upper airways, esophagus, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder
❑vinyl chloride — angiosarcoma of the liver.
Diet has also been implicated, especially in the development of GI cancer as a result of a high animal fat diet. Additives composed of nitrates and certain methods of food preparation — particularly charbroiling — are also recognized factors.
The role of hormones in carcinogenesis is still controversial, but it seems that excessive use of some hormones, especially estrogen, produces cancer in animals. Also, the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol causes vaginal cancer in some daughters of women who were treated with it. It's unclear, however, whether changes in human hormonal balance retard or stimulate cancer development.
Some forms of cancer and precancerous lesions result from genetic predisposition either directly (as in Wilms' tumor and retinoblastoma) or indirectly (in association with inherited conditions such as Down syndrome or immunodeficiency diseases). Expressed as autosomal recessive, X-linked, or autosomal dominant disorders, their common characteristics include:
❑early onset of malignant disease
❑increased incidence of bilateral cancer in paired organs (breasts, adrenal glands, kidneys, and eighth cranial nerve [acoustic neuroma])
❑increased incidence of multiple primary malignancies in nonpaired organs
❑abnormal chromosome complement in tumor cells.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Malignant spinal neoplasms:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Primary tumors of the spinal cord may be extramedullary (occurring outside the spinal cord) or intramedullary (occurring within the cord itself). Extramedullary tumors may be intradural (meningiomas and schwannomas), which account for 60% of all primary malignant spinal cord neoplasms, or extradural (metastatic tumors from breasts, lungs, prostate, leukemia, or lymphomas), which account for 25% of these malignant neoplasms.
Intramedullary tumors, or gliomas (astrocytomas or ependymomas), are comparatively rare, accounting for only about 10%. In children, they're low-grade astrocytomas.
Spinal cord tumors are rare compared with intracranial tumors (ratio of 1:4). They occur equally in men and women, with the exception of meningiomas, which occur mostly in women. Spinal cord tumors can occur anywhere along the length of the cord or its roots.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Vulvar lesions:
Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common in postmenopausal women, this nodular tumor has a central ulcer and a raised, poorly rolled border. Although it typically produces no symptoms, basal cell carcinoma occasionally causes pruritus, bleeding, discharge, and a burning sensation.
Benign cysts
Epidermal inclusion cysts, the most common vulvar cysts, appear primarily on the labia majora. They’re usually round and cause no symptoms; occasionally, they become erythematous and tender.
Bartholin’s duct cysts are usually unilateral, tense, nontender, and palpable; they appear on the posterior labia minora and may cause minor discomfort during intercourse or, when large, difficulty with intercourse or even walking. Bartholin’s abscess, an infected Bartholin’s duct cyst, causes gradual pain and tenderness and possibly vulvar swelling, redness, and deformity.
Benign vulvar tumors
Cystic or solid benign vulvar tumors usually produce no symptoms.
Chancroid
This rare sexually transmitted disease causes painful vulvar lesions. Other findings may include headache, malaise, fever up to 102.2° F (39° C), and enlarged, tender inguinal lymph nodes.
Dermatoses (systemic)
Psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and other skin conditions may produce vulvar lesions that resemble the causative lesions found in other body areas.
Genital warts
This sexually transmitted condition is characterized by painless warts on the vulva, vagina, and cervix. The warts start as tiny red or pink swellings that grow and become pedunculated. Multiple swellings with a cauliflower-like appearance are common. Other findings include pruritus, erythema, burning or paresthesia in the vaginal introitus, and a profuse mucopurulent vaginal discharge.
Gonorrhea
Although most women with gonorrhea are asymptomatic, some develop vulvar lesions, which are usually confined to Bartholin’s glands and may be accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, pain, and a green-yellow vaginal discharge. Other findings include dysuria and urinary incontinence; vaginal redness, swelling, bleeding, and engorgement; and severe pelvic and lower abdominal pain.
Granuloma inguinale
This rare, chronic venereal infection begins with a single painless macule or papule on the vulva that ulcerates into a raised, beefy-red lesion with a granulated, friable border. Later, other painless and possibly foul-smelling lesions may erupt on the labia, vagina, or cervix. Eventually, they become infected and painful and may be accompanied by enlarged and tender regional lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, and malaise.
Herpes simplex (genital)
In this disorder, fluid-filled vesicles appear on the cervix and, possibly, on the vulva, labia, perianal skin, vagina, or mouth. The vesicles, initially painless, may rupture and develop into extensive shallow, painful ulcers, with redness, marked edema, and tender inguinal lymph nodes. Other findings include fever, malaise, and dysuria.
Herpes zoster
This viral infection may produce vulvar lesions, although other areas are more commonly affected. Small, red nodular lesions erupt on painful erythematous areas. The lesions quickly evolve into vesicles or pustules, which dry and form scabs about 10 days later. Other findings include fever, malaise, paresthesia or hyperesthesia, and pain.
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Most patients with this bacterial infection initially exhibit a single painless papule or ulcer on the posterior vulva that heals in a few days. Painful, swollen lymph nodes, usually unilateral, develop 2 to 6 weeks later. Other findings include fever, chills, headache, anorexia, myalgia, arthralgia, weight loss, and perineal edema.
Malignant melanoma
This type of skin cancer may cause irregular, pigmented vulvar or clitoral lesions that enlarge rapidly and may ulcerate and bleed.
Molluscum contagiosum
This viral infection produces raised, umbilicated, pearly or flesh-colored vulvar papules that are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and have a white core. Pruritic lesions may also appear on the face, eyelids, breasts, and inner thighs.
Pediculosis pubis
This parasitic infection produces erythematous vulvar papules with pruritus and skin irritation. Adult pubic lice and nits are visible on pubic hair with magnification.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma occurs primarily in postmenopausal women and may produce a painful, pruritic vulvar tumor. As the tumor enlarges, it may encroach on the vagina, anus, and urethra, causing bleeding, discharge, or dysuria. Carcinoma in situ is most common in premenopausal women and produces a vulvar lesion that may be white or red, raised, well defined, moist, crusted, and isolated.
Squamous cell hyperplasia
Formerly known as hyperplastic dystrophy, this disorder produces vulvar lesions that may be well delineated or poorly defined; localized or extensive; and red, brown, white, or red and white. However, its cardinal symptom is intense pruritus, possibly with vulvar pain, intense burning, and dyspareunia. In lichen sclerosis, a type of vulvar dystrophy, vulvar skin has a parchmentlike appearance. Fissures may develop between the clitoris and urethra or other vulvar areas.
Syphilis
In this sexually transmitted disease, chancres may appear on the vulva, vagina, or cervix 10 to 90 days after initial contact. They usually start as painless papules and then erode to form indurated ulcers with raised edges and clear bases. Condylomata lata develop after these ulcers clear up. These highly contagious secondary vulvar lesions are raised, gray, flat topped, and commonly ulcerated. Other findings include a maculopapular, pustular, or nodular rash; headache; malaise; anorexia; weight loss; fever; nausea and vomiting; generalized lymphadenopathy; and sore throat.
Viral diseases (systemic)
Varicella, measles, and other systemic viral diseases may produce vulvar lesions.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Vulvar lesions:
Medical causes
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common in postmenopausal women, basal cell carcinoma is a nodular tumor that has a central ulcer and a raised, poorly rolled border. Although it typically doesn’t produce symptoms, the tumor may occasionally cause pruritus, bleeding, discharge, and a burning sensation.
Benign cysts
Epidermal inclusion cysts, the most common benign vulvar cysts, appear primarily on the labia majora, are usually round, and typically produce no symptoms. Occasionally, they become erythematous and tender.
Bartholin’s duct cysts are usually unilateral, tense, nontender, and palpable; they appear on the posterior labia minora and may cause minor discomfort during intercourse or, when large, difficulty with intercourse or even walking. Bartholin’s abscess, infection of a Bartholin’s duct cyst, causes gradual pain and tenderness and possibly vulvar swelling, redness, and deformity.
Genital warts
Genital warts is an STD that produces painless warts on the vulva, vagina, and cervix. Genital warts start as tiny red or pink swellings that grow and become pedunculated. Multiple swellings with a cauliflower appearance are common. Other findings include pruritus, erythema, and a profuse, mucopurulent vaginal discharge. Patients frequently complain of burning or paresthesia in the vaginal introitus.
Gonorrhea
With gonorrhea, vulvar lesions, which usually are confined to Bartholin’s glands, may develop along with pruritus, a burning sensation, pain, and a green-yellow vaginal discharge, but most patients with gonorrhea are asymptomatic. Other findings include dysuria and urinary incontinence; vaginal redness, swelling, bleeding, and engorgement; and severe pelvic and lower abdominal pain.
Herpes simplex (genital)
With genital herpes simplex, fluid-filled vesicles appear on the cervix and, possibly, on the vulva, labia, perianal skin, vagina, or mouth. The vesicles, initially painless, may rupture and develop into extensive, shallow, painful ulcers, with redness, marked edema, and tender inguinal lymph nodes. Other findings include fever, malaise, and dysuria.
Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection that produces raised vulvar papules that are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and pearly or flesh colored with umbilicated centers, and that have a white core. Pruritic lesions may also appear on the face, eyelids, breasts, and inner thighs.
Pediculosis pubis
Infection with pediculosis pubis produces erythematous vulvar papules with pruritus and skin irritation. Adult pubic lice and nits are visible on pubic hair with magnification.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma occurs primarily in postmenopausal women and may produce vulvar pruritus, pain, and a vulvar lump. As the tumor enlarges, it may encroach on the vagina, anus, and urethra, causing bleeding, discharge, or dysuria. Carcinoma in situ is most common in premenopausal women, producing a vulvar lesion that may be white or red, raised, well defined, moist, crusted, and isolated.
Squamous cell hyperplasia
Squamous cell hyperplasia are vulvar lesions that may be well delineated or poorly defined; localized or extensive; and red, brown, white, or both red and white. However, intense pruritus, possibly with vulvar pain, intense burning, and dyspareunia, is the cardinal symptom of squamous cell hyperplasia. With lichen sclerosis, a type of vulvar dystrophy, vulvar skin has a parchmentlike appearance. Fissures may develop between the clitoris and urethra or other vulvar areas.
Syphilis
Chancres, the primary vulvar lesions of syphilis, may appear on the vulva, vagina, or cervix 10 to 90 days after initial contact. Usually painless, they start as papules that then erode, with indurated, raised edges and clear bases. Condylomata lata, highly contagious secondary vulvar lesions, are raised, gray, flat-topped, and commonly ulcerated. Other findings include a maculopapular, pustular, or nodular rash; headache; malaise; anorexia; weight loss; fever; nausea; vomiting; generalized lymphadenopathy; and a sore throat.
Viral disease (systemic)
Varicella, measles, and other systemic viral diseases may produce vulvar lesions. The characteristics of the lesions depend on the particular viral infection.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Vulvar lesions:
Medical causes
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Basal cell carcinoma.This nodular tumor has a central ulcer and a raised, poorly rolled border. Typically producing no symptoms, the tumor may occasionally cause pruritus, bleeding, discharge, and a burning sensation.
Benign cysts.Epidermal inclusion cysts, the most common vulvar cysts, appear primarily on the labia majora and are usually round and produces no symptoms. Occasionally, they become erythematous and tender.
Bartholin's duct cysts are usually unilateral, tense, nontender, and palpable; they appear on the posterior labia minora and may cause minor discomfort during intercourse or, when large, difficulty with intercourse or even walking. Bartholin's abscess, infection of a Bartholin's duct cyst, causes gradual pain and tenderness and possibly vulvar swelling, redness, and deformity.
Benign vulvar tumors.Cystic or solid, benign vulvar tumors usually produce no symptoms.
Chancroid.Chancroid causes painful vulvar lesions. Headache, malaise, and fever to 102.2° F (39° C) may occur, with enlarged, tender inguinal lymph nodes.
Genital warts.Genital warts are painless warts on the vulva, vagina, and cervix. They start as tiny red or pink swellings that grow and become pedunculated. Multiple swellings with a cauliflower appearance are common. Other findings include pruritus, erythema, and a profuse, mucopurulent vaginal discharge. Patients frequently complain of burning or paresthesia in the vaginal introitus.
Gonorrhea.Vulvar lesions, which usually are confined to Bartholin's glands, may develop along with pruritus, a burning sensation, pain, and a green-yellow vaginal discharge, but most patients are asymptomatic. Other findings include dysuria and urinary incontinence; vaginal redness, swelling, bleeding, and engorgement; and severe pelvic and lower abdominal pain.
Granuloma inguinale.With granuloma inguinale, a single painless macule or papule initially appears on the vulva, ulcerating into a raised, beefy-red lesion with a granulated, friable border. Other painless and possibly foul-smelling lesions may occur on the labia, vagina, or cervix. These become infected and painful, and regional lymph nodes enlarge and may become tender. Systemic effects include fever, weight loss, and malaise.
Herpes simplex (genital).With herpes simplex, fluid-filled vesicles appear on the cervix, the vulva, labia, perianal skin, vagina, or mouth. The vesicles, which may initially be painless, may rupture and develop into extensive, shallow, painful ulcers, with redness, marked edema, and tender swollen inguinal lymph nodes. Other findings include fever, malaise, and dysuria. Secondary infections may also occur.
Lymphogranuloma venereum.Lymphogranuloma venereum is a bacterial infection commonly present with a single, painless papule or ulcer on the posterior vulva that heals in a few days. Painful, swollen lymph nodes, usually unilateral, develop 2 to 6 weeks later. Other findings include fever, chills, headache, anorexia, myalgias, arthralgias, weight loss, and perineal edema.
Squamous cell carcinoma.Invasive carcinoma occurs primarily in postmenopausal women and may produce vulvar pruritus, pain, and a vulvar lump. As the tumor enlarges, it may encroach on the vagina, anus, and urethra, causing bleeding, discharge, or dysuria. Carcinoma in situ is most common in premenopausal women, producing a vulvar lesion that may be white or red, raised, well defined, moist, crusted, and isolated.
Squamous cell hyperplasia.Formerly known as hyperplastic dystrophy, these vulvar lesions may be well delineated or poorly defined; localized or extensive; and red, brown, white, or both red and white. However, intense pruritus, possibly with vulvar pain, intense burning, and dyspareunia, is the cardinal symptom. With lichen sclerosis, a type of vulvar dystrophy, vulvar skin has a parchmentlike appearance. Fissures may develop between the clitoris and urethra or other vulvar areas.
Syphilis.Chancres, the primary vulvar lesions of syphilis, may appear on the vulva, vagina, or cervix 10 to 90 days after initial contact. Usually painless, they start as papules that then erode, with indurated, raised edges and clear bases. Condylomata lata, highly contagious secondary vulvar lesions, are raised, gray, flat topped, and commonly ulcerated. Other findings include a maculopapular, pustular, or nodular rash; headache; malaise; anorexia; weight loss; fever; nausea; vomiting; generalized lymphadenopathy; and a sore throat.
Viral disease (systemic).Varicella, measles, and other systemic viral diseases may produce vulvar lesions.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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