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Is there abdominal pain? The presence of abdominal pain with hematuria should first suggest renal calculus, but other causes, such as renal embolism, renal contusion, or laceration, must be considered.
Is there ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Hematuria is the intermittent or persistent excretion of red or brown urine that can occur with a variety of clinical symptoms. The amount of blood can be grossly evident or microscopic. About 2.5% of the general population has asymptomatic hematuria. It is... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Hematuria is defined as >5 red blood cells per high-power field in a freshly voided, spun urine specimen. Macroscopic (gross) hematuria is less common, is more likely to be attributed to an identified cause, and is always “pathologic.”... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Using the anatomic approach, the physician can arrive at most of the causes of hematuria ( Table 35 ). One need only visualize the urinary tract and proceed from the kidney on down to get a differential list. Let us apply
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... It is questionable whether this topic should be included in a differential diagnosis book, but because it is important for the clinician to be able to recall a fairly complete list of possible causes for these signs while he or she is still examining the patient, a discussion is... Lung ... Heart ... Diseases of Other Organs
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, hematuria is the abnormal presence of blood in urine Strictly defined, it means three or more red blood cells (RBCs) per high-power microscopic field in urine Microscopic hematuria is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Pseudohematuria (Dyes and Pigments)
Beets
Food dyes
Phenytoin
Rifampin
Pyridium
Urates
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... Infection
Bacterial (pyelonephritis, acute or chronic)
Mycoplasmal
Toxoplasmosis
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... 1. Samiy AH, Douglas RG, Barondess JA (eds): Textbook of Diagnostic Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1987.
2. Fraser RG, et al. (eds): Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest, 3/e. Philadelphia:
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... Central Causes
Voluntary hyperventilation
Anxiety, pain
Hypoxia
Fever
Salicylate toxicity
Head trauma
Brain tumor
Central nervous system infection
Cerebrovascular accident
Pregnancy
Recovery
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... Central Nervous System Disorders
Drug intoxication
Sedatives
Tranquilizers
Analgesics
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... Infections
Pneumonia or pneumonitis
Bacterial
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
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... Neoplasm
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Metastatic malignancy
Hamartoma
Bronchial adenoma
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... Neuromuscular Causes
Ingestion or overdose (e.g., tranquilizers, sedatives, anesthetics, anticholinesterases)
Cerebral, brainstem, or high spinal-cord injury or infarct
Primary neuromuscular disease
Guillain-Barré syndrome
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... Acute pyelonephritis (also known as acute infective tubulointerstitial nephritis) is a sudden inflammation caused by bacteria that primarily affects the interstitial area and the renal pelvis or, less often, the renal tubules. It’s one of the most... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. (See What happens in nephrotic syndrome, page 796.) Although nephrotic syndrome isn’t a disease itself, it results from a specific glomerular... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... In patients with essentially normal lung tissue, acute respiratory failure (ARF) usually means partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2)above 50 mm Hg and partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) below 50 mm Hg. These limits, however, don’t apply to... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also called hyaline membrane disease, is the most common cause of neonatal mortality. In the United States alone, it kills 40,000 neonates every year. IRDS occurs in premature neonates and, if untreated, is fatal within 72... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), also known as acute glomerulonephritis, is a relatively common bilateral inflammation of the glomeruli. It usually follows a streptococcal infection of the respiratory tract or, less often, a skin infection... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Signs and Symptoms Rapid, shallow breathing; dyspnea, crackles, rhonchi; hypoxemia; bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray
Treatment (Tx) Treatment of underlying disorder, supportive care ... Pictures
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... Signs and Symptoms Shallow or deep respirations (or both), air hunger, cyanosis, adventitious breath sounds, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension, irritability, decreased reflexes
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... Signs and Symptoms Deep, rapid breathing; dizziness; agitation; circumoral and peripheral paresthesia; carpopedal spasms; twitching; muscle weakness; seizures; arrhythmias
Treatment (Tx) Treatment of underlying
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... Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection results from a subgroup of the myxoviruses that resemble paramyxovirus. RSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. It's the major cause of pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, and bronchiolitis... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A slowly progressive disease, chronic glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which results in sclerosis, scarring, and eventual renal failure. This condition usually remains subclinical until the progressive phase begins, marked by proteinuria,... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... The respiratory system distributes air to the alveoli, where gas exchange — the addition of oxygen (O2) and the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from pulmonary capillary blood — takes place. Certain specialized structures within this system play a... External respiration
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... Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory infection that can progress to pneumonia and, eventually, death. The disease was first recognized in 2003 with outbreaks in China, Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, with other countries — including the... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Signs and Symptoms Confusion, apprehension, asterixis, coma, headache, dyspnea, tachypnea, papilledema, depressed reflexes, tachycardia, hypertension or hypotension, arrhythmias, vasodilation
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, hematuria is the abnormal presence of blood in the urine. Strictly defined, it means three or more red blood cells (RBCs) per high-power microscopic field in the urine. Microscopic hematuria is confirmed by an occult... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Siegfried Schmidt and Ku-Lang Chang
Hematuria, defined as “blood in the urine,” is encountered frequently in family practice. It can occur as gross (macroscopic) hematuria with obvious reddish discoloration or can be... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Michael J. Dodard
The solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) remains a challenge for the clinician despite major advances in diagnostic imaging. Expectant management carries the risk of missing a malignancy of the lung, whereas a surgical approach can be... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Urinary tract infection
❑ Nephrolithiasis
❑ Anticoagulation
❑ Long distance running
&... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Nephrotic syndrome (or nephrosis) is characterized by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipemia, and edema. Although nephrotic syndrome isn’t a disease itself, it results from a specific glomerular defect and indicates renal... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... In patients with essentially normal lung tissue, acute respiratory failure (ARF) usually means a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2) greater than 50 mm Hg and a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pao2) less than 50 mm Hg. These... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Caused by alveolar hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis is a condition marked by a decrease in partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2) to below 35 mm Hg. Uncomplicated respiratory alkalosis leads to a decrease in... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Also called hyaline membrane disease and infant respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome is the most common cause of neonatal mortality.
Respiratory distress syndrome affects 10% of... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A subgroup of the myxoviruses resembling paramyxovirus causes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. RSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children; it’s the major cause of pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, and bronchiolitis... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... One of the most common renal diseases, acute pyelonephritis (also known as acute infective tubulointerstitial nephritis) is a sudden inflammation caused by bacteria that primarily affects the interstitial area and the renal pelvis or, less often, the renal tubules. With... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... An acid-base disturbance characterized by reduced alveolar ventilation and manifested by hypercapnia (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide [Paco2] greater than 45 mm Hg), respiratory acidosis can be acute (from a sudden failure in ventilation) or chronic (as in long... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, hematuria is the abnormal presence of blood in the urine. Microscopic hematuria is confirmed by an occult blood test, whereas macroscopic hematuria is immediately visible. However, macroscopic hematuria must be... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Hematuria—presenceof blood in urine—can be microscopic (urine is not discolored) orgross (urine has red or brown discoloration). >5 red cells per high-powerfield in centrifuged urinary sediment is considered abnormal. Hematuria can occur with or without... Principal Causes of Hematuria ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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...Signs of respiratory distress include tachypnea,dyspnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, and cyanosis. Apneais an extreme form of respiratory distress. Respiratory distress(neonatal and postneonatal) is discussed in the first part of thechapter and apnea in the... Principal Causes of Respiratory Distress (Neonatal) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Respiratory Distress (Neonatal) ... Principal Causes of Respiratory Distress (Postneonatal) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Respiratory Distress (Postneonatal) ... Diagnostic Approach: Respiratory Distress ... Principal Causes of Apnea ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Apnea ... Diagnostic Approach: Apnea ... References
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... A cardinal sign of renal and urinary tract disorders, hematuria is the abnormal presence of blood in urine. Strictly defined, it means three or more red blood cells (RBCs) per high-power microscopic field in urine. Microscopic hematuria is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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...
Using the anatomic approach, the physician can arrive at most of
the causes of hematuria (Table 35). One need only visualize the
urinary tract and proceed from the kidney on down to get a differential
list. Let us apply the mnemonic VINDICATE to... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
It is questionable whether this topic should be included in a
differential diagnosis book, but because it is important for the clinician
to be able to recall a fairly complete list of possible causes for these
signs while he or she is still examining the patient,... Lung ... Heart ... Diseases of Other Organs
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Christine B. Sethna, MD, EdMKevin E.C. Meyers, MB, BCh Glomerulonephritis - BASICS Glomerulonephritis - description Glomerulonephritis (GN) presents with hematuria with RBC casts, proteinuria, oliguria, ... Glomerulonephritis - DIAGNOSIS ... Glomerulonephritis - TREATMENT ... Glomerulonephritis - FOLLOW UP ... Glomerulonephritis - bibliography ... Glomerulonephritis - CODES ... Glomerulonephritis - FAQ
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