Prevalence and Incidence of Wegener's granulomatosis
Prevalance of Wegener's granulomatosis:
uncommon ... see also overview of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Wegener's granulomatosis: Rare Disease
Wegener's granulomatosis is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Wegener's granulomatosis, or a subtype of Wegener's granulomatosis,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Wegener's granulomatosis Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Prevalence/Incidence of Wegener's granulomatosis: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Acute pyelonephritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Acute pyelonephritis results from bacterial infection of the kidneys. Infecting bacteria usually are normal intestinal and fecal flora that grow readily in urine. The most common causative organism is Escherichia coli, but Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (formerly Streptococcus faecalis) may also cause this infection.
Typically, the infection spreads from the bladder to the ureters, then to the kidneys, as in vesicoureteral reflux due to congenital weakness at the junction of the ureter and the bladder. Bacteria refluxed to intrarenal tissues may create colonies of infection within 24 to 48 hours. Infection may also result from instrumentation (such as catheterization, cystoscopy, or urologic surgery), from a hematogenic infection (as in septicemia or endocarditis), or possibly from lymphatic infection.
Pyelonephritis may also result from an inability to empty the bladder (for example, in patients with neurogenic bladder), urinary stasis, or urinary obstruction due to tumors, strictures, or benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Pyelonephritis occurs more commonly in females, probably because of a shorter urethra and the proximity of the urinary meatus to the vagina and the rectum — both conditions allow bacteria to reach the bladder more easily — and a lack of the antibacterial prostatic secretions produced in the male. Incidence increases with age and is higher in the following groups:
❑ Sexually active females: Intercourse increases the risk of bacterial contamination.
❑ Pregnant females: About 5% develop asymptomatic bacteriuria; if untreated, about 40% develop pyelonephritis.
❑ Diabetics: Neurogenic bladder causes incomplete emptying and urinary stasis; glycosuria may support bacterial growth in the urine.
❑ Persons with other renal diseases: Compromised renal function aggravates susceptibility.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Nephrotic syndrome:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
About 75% of nephrotic syndrome cases result from primary (idiopathic) glomerulonephritis. Classifications include:
❑ In lipid nephrosis (nil lesions), the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, the glomerulus looks normal by light microscopy. Some tubules may contain increased lipid deposits.
❑ Membranous glomerulonephritis, the most common lesion in adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, is characterized by uniform thickening of the glomerular basement membrane containing dense deposits and eventually progresses to renal failure.
❑ Focal glomerulosclerosis can develop spontaneously at any age, follow renal transplantation, or result from heroin abuse. Reported incidence of this condition is 10% in children with nephrotic syndrome and up to 20% in adults. Lesions initially affect the deeper glomeruli, causing hyaline sclerosis, with later involvement of the superficial glomeruli. These lesions generally cause slowly progressive deterioration in renal function. Remissions occur occasionally.
❑ In membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, slowly progressive lesions develop in the subendothelial region of the basement membrane. Lesions may follow infection, particularly streptococcal infection. This disease occurs primarily in children and young adults.
Other causes of nephrotic syndrome include metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus; collagen-vascular disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and periarteritis nodosa; circulatory diseases, such as heart failure, sickle cell anemia, and renal vein thrombosis; nephrotoxins, such as mercury, gold, and bismuth; allergic reactions; and infections, such as tuberculosis or enteritis. Other possible causes are pregnancy, hereditary nephritis, multiple myeloma, and other neoplastic diseases. These diseases increase glomerular protein permeability, leading to increased urinary excretion of protein, especially albumin, and subsequent hypoalbuminemia.
Nephrotic patients have an increased risk of infection, particularly of peritonitis.
PEDIATRIC TIP Black children appear to be at greater risk for peritonitis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Acute respiratory failure in COPD:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
ARF may develop in patients with COPD as a result of any condition that increases the work of breathing and decreases the respiratory drive. Such conditions include respiratory tract infection (such as bronchitis or pneumonia). The most common precipitating factor is bronchospasm, or accumulating secretions secondary to cough suppression. Other causes of ARF in COPD include:
❑ central nervous system (CNS) depression — head trauma or injudicious use of sedatives, opioids, tranquilizers, or oxygen (O2)
❑ cardiovascular disorders — myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pulmonary emboli
❑ airway irritants — smoke or fumes
❑ endocrine and metabolic disorders — myxedema or metabolic alkalosis
❑ thoracic abnormalities — chest trauma, pneumothorax, or thoracic or abdominal surgery.
The incidence of ARF increases markedly with age and is especially high among people age 65 and older.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Infant respiratory distress syndrome:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Although airways and alveoli of a neonate’s respiratory system are present by 27 weeks’ gestation, the intercostal muscles are weak and the alveolar capillary system is immature. The premature neonate with IRDS develops widespread alveolar collapse due to a lack of surfactant, a lipoprotein pres-ent in alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. Surfactant lowers surface tension and helps prevent alveolar collapse. This surfactant deficiency results in widespread atelectasis, which leads to inadequate alveolar ventilation with shunting of blood through collapsed areas of lung, causing hypoxemia and acidosis.
IRDS occurs almost exclusively in neonates born before 37 weeks’ gestation (in 60% of those born before the 28th week). The incidence is greatest in the 1,000 to 1,500 g birthweight group. Infants of diabetic mothers, those born by cesarean delivery, second-born twins, infants with perinatal asphyxia, and those delivered suddenly after antepartum hemorrhage are more commonly afflicted.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
APSGN results from the entrapment and collection of antigen-antibody (produced as an immunologic mechanism in response to streptococcus) in the glomerular capillary membranes, inducing inflammatory damage and impeding glomerular function. Sometimes, the immune complement further damages the glomerular membrane. The damaged and inflamed glomerulus loses the ability to be selectively permeable, and allows red blood cells (RBCs) and proteins to filter through as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls. Uremic poisoning may result.
APSGN is most common in males ages 3 to 7, but it can occur at any age. Incidence is rising in the United States and Europe, with epidemics occurring in developing countries in Africa, the West Indies, and the Middle East.
Up to 95% of children and up to 70% of adults with APSGN recover fully; the rest may progress to chronic renal failure within months.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Respiratory syncytial virus infection:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The organism that causes RSV is transmitted from person to person by respiratory secretions and has an incubation period of 4 to 5 days. Antibody titers seem to indicate that few children younger than age 4 escape contracting some form of RSV, even if it's mild. In fact, RSV is the only viral disease that has its maximum impact during the first few months of life (incidence of RSV bronchiolitis peaks at age 2 months). School-age children, adolescents, and young adults with mild reinfections are probably the source of infection for infants and young children.
This virus occurs in annual epidemics during the late winter and early spring in temperate climates and during the rainy season in the tropics. It can also be seen in immunocompromised adults, especially patients with bone marrow transplants.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Chronic glomerulonephritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Common causes of chronic glomerulonephritis include primary renal disorders, such as membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulopathy, focal glomerulosclerosis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and, less often, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Systemic disorders that may cause chronic glomerulonephritis include lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture’s syndrome, or hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
Chronic glomerulonephritis is twice as common in males as it is in females.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Glomerulonephritis:
Glomerulonephritis - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis can occur in anyone >2 years, but is most frequently found in boys between 5–15 years old.
Glomerulonephritis - incidence
- Incidence of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in the US has declined over the last 2 decades.
- Chronic glomerulonephritis occurs more often at the end of the 1st decade of life and in adults.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Wegener's granulomatosis usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Wegener's granulomatosis at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Wegener's granulomatosis refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Wegener's granulomatosis diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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