Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia: Excerpt from A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
Hemoconcentration (increased serum albumin)*
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary
Parathyroid adenoma
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Parathyroid carcinoma
Multiple endocrine adenomatosis
Secondary (e.g., chronic renal failure)
Ectopic
Malignancy
Bony metastases
Humoral factors (e.g., parathyroid hormone–related peptide, osteoclast-activating cytokines)
Calcium-binding globulin (multiple myeloma)*
Medications
Thiazides
Lithium
Theophylline
Immobilization [in association with rapid bone turnover states (e.g., adolescence or Paget's disease)]
Milk-alkali syndrome
Vitamin D intoxication
Vitamin A intoxication
Granulomatous disease (especially sarcoidosis, tuberculosis)
Hypophosphatemia
Recovery from rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure
Hyperthyroidism
Adrenal insufficiency
Acromegaly
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, other congenital causes
References
1. Popovtzer MM, Knochel JP, Kumar R: Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone Activity, p. 241. See Bibliography, 4.
*Normal serum ionized calcium.
Book Source Details
- Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
- Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
- Year of Publication: 1999
- Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Copyright notice for book excerpts: Copyright © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
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